Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Application of Biomedical Engineering in Neuroscience

Abstract

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Up to 80% of strokes are ischemic and take place due to occlusion of major cerebral arteries or its branches. The pathophysiology of stroke is multifaceted, involving excitotoxicity and activation of inflammatory pathways leading to disturbances in ion channels, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Thrombolytics are the only FDA-approved drug for ischemic stroke. In order to study the pathophysiology, development of a reliable and reproducible model of ischemic stroke is of great importance. The ideal animal model is the one which can mimic the features of the pathology. This chapter summarizes the models of ischemic stroke with its advantages and limitations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fluri F, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C (2015) Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research. Drug Des Dev Ther 9:3445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lipton P (1999) Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol Rev 79(4):1431–1568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fisher M (2004) The ischemic penumbra: identification, evolution and treatment concepts. Cerebrovasc Dis 17(Suppl 1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Adams HP Jr et al (2007) Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation 115(20):e478–e534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fonarow GC et al (2011) Timeliness of tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in acute ischemic stroke: patient characteristics, hospital factors, and outcomes associated with door-to-needle times within 60 minutes. Circulation 123(7):750–758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Durukan A, Tatlisumak T (2008) Animal models of ischemic stroke. Handb Clin Neurol 92:43–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. McAuley M (1995) Rodent models of focal ischemia. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 7(2):153–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sevick R et al (1990) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging and T2-weighted MR imaging in acute cerebral ischaemia: comparison and correlation with histopathology. In: Brain edema VIII. Springer, New York, pp 210–212

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Fisher M et al (2009) Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke 40(6):2244–2250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang L, Qin C, Yang G-Y (2017) Animal models for ischemic stroke. In: Translational research in stroke. Springer, New York, pp 357–379

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F (1988) The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 19(9):1083–1092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Howells DW et al (2010) Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30(8):1412–1431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Longa EZ et al (1989) Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20(1):84–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu S et al (2009) Rodent stroke model guidelines for preclinical stroke trials. J Exp Stroke Transl Med 2(2):2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Trueman RC et al (2011) A critical re-examination of the intraluminal filament MCAO model: impact of external carotid artery transection. Transl Stroke Res 2(4):651–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Tsuchiya D et al (2003) Effect of suture size and carotid clip application upon blood flow and infarct volume after permanent and temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Brain Res 970(1–2):131–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. McCabe C et al (2018) Animal models of ischaemic stroke and characterisation of the ischaemic penumbra. Neuropharmacology 134:169–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Guan Y et al (2012) Effect of suture properties on stability of middle cerebral artery occlusion evaluated by synchrotron radiation angiography. Stroke 43(3):888–891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Yuan F et al (2012) Optimizing suture middle cerebral artery occlusion model in C57BL/6 mice circumvents posterior communicating artery dysplasia. J Neurotrauma 29(7):1499–1505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sommer CJ (2017) Ischemic stroke: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 133(2):245–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shigeno T et al (1985) Recirculation model following MCA occlusion in rats: cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular permeability, and brain edema. J Neurosurg 63(2):272–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Buchan AM, Xue D, Slivka A (1992) A new model of temporary focal neocortical ischemia in the rat. Stroke 23(2):273–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sugimori H et al (2004) Krypton laser-induced photothrombotic distal middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in mice. Brain Res Protocol 13(3):189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tamura A et al (1981) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat: 1. Description of technique and early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1(1):53–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Yanamoto H et al (2003) Evaluation of MCAO stroke models in normotensive rats: standardized neocortical infarction by the 3VO technique. Exp Neurol 182(2):261–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Göb E et al (2015) Blocking of plasma kallikrein ameliorates stroke by reducing thromboinflammation. Ann Neurol 77(5):784–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Watson BD et al (1985) Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann Neurol 17(5):497–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kleinschnitz C et al (2008) Blocking of platelets or intrinsic coagulation pathway–driven thrombosis does not prevent cerebral infarctions induced by photothrombosis. Stroke 39(4):1262–1268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dietrich WD et al (1986) Photochemically induced cortical infarction in the rat. 1. Time course of hemodynamic consequences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6(2):184–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Qian C et al (2016) Precise characterization of the penumbra revealed by MRI: a modified photothrombotic stroke model study. PLoS One 11(4):e0153756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee VM et al (1996) Evolution of photochemically induced focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Stroke 27(11):2110–2118; discussion 2118-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Provenzale JM et al (2003) Assessment of the patient with hyperacute stroke: imaging and therapy. Radiology 229(2):347–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Macrae IM et al (1993) Endothelin-1-induced reductions in cerebral blood flow: dose dependency, time course, and neuropathological consequences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13(2):276–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lecrux C et al (2008) Effects of magnesium treatment in a model of internal capsule lesion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 39(2):448–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhang L et al (2015) Focal embolic cerebral ischemia in the rat. Nat Protoc 10(4):539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hossmann K-A (2008) Cerebral ischemia: models, methods and outcomes. Neuropharmacology 55(3):257–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mayzel-Oreg O et al (2004) Microsphere-induced embolic stroke: an MRI study. Magn Reson Med 51(6):1232–1238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Gerriets T et al (2003) The macrosphere model: evaluation of a new stroke model for permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosci Methods 122(2):201–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Macrae I (2011) Preclinical stroke research–advantages and disadvantages of the most common rodent models of focal ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 164(4):1062–1078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Harpreet Kaur, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Kiran Kalia & Pallab Bhattacharya

  2. Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India

    Anupom Borah

  3. Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Kunjan R. Dave

  4. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Dileep R. Yavagal

Authors
  1. Harpreet Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Deepaneeta Sarmah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kiran Kalia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anupom Borah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kunjan R. Dave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dileep R. Yavagal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Pallab Bhattacharya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

    Sudip Paul

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kaur, H. et al. (2019). Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke. In: Paul, S. (eds) Application of Biomedical Engineering in Neuroscience. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7142-4_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation