Abstract
In this introductory part, I present the book’s goals. The issues of neuroimaging, neuroimaging software, computer programming, and open source, are initially presented. After a brief description of the methods employed, I give an outline of the book’s structure.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
By means of code, programmers make the computer realize structured and repetitive operations called “algorithms.” These latter frequently receive some inputs, which are processed and converted into outputs. If algorithms are correctly implemented, the same input will always generate the same output.
- 2.
The word “hacker” will also be used in this book. Even though this word has recently gained a negative connotation (somebody who realizes criminal actions on the internet), it is worth trying to contribute towards reviving the original usage of this term, making reference to people who possess outstanding programming skills.
References
Aguirre, Geofrey K. 2012. “FIASCO, VoxBo, and MEDx: Behind the code.” NeuroImage 62:765–767.
Arendt, Hannah. 1998. The human condition. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ashburner, John. 2012. “SPM: A history.” NeuroImage 62:791–800.
Atal, Vidya, and Kameshwari Shankar. 2015. “Developers’ incentives and open-source software licensing: GPL vs BSD.” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 15 (3):1381–1416.
Bandettini, Peter. n.d. A short history of Statistical Parametric Mapping in functional neuroimaging.
Barbrook, Richard. 2003. “Giving is receiving.” Digital Creativity 14 (2):91–94.
Berezsky, Oleh, Grigoriy Melnyk, and Yuriy Batko. 2008. “Modern trends in biomedical image analysis system design.” In Biomedical engineering: Trends in electronics, communications and software, edited by Anthony N. Laskovski, 461–480. Rijeka: InTech.
Berry, David M. 2011. The philosophy of software: Code and mediation in the digital age. New York: Palgrave Macmilllan.
Bicudo, Edison. 2014. Pharmaceutical research, democracy and conspiracy: International clinical trials in local medical institutions. London: Gower and Routledge.
Blank, Robert H. 2007. “Policy implications of the new neuroscience.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 16:169–180.
Blau, Peter Michael. 2006. Exchange and power in social life. New Brunswick: Transaction.
Blume, Stuart S. 1992. Insight and industry: On the dynamics of technological change in medicine. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Bradley, William G. 2008. “History of medical imaging.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 152 (3):349–361.
Brooks, Frederick P. 1995. The mythical man-month. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Bruehl, Annette B. 2015. “Making sense of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) and rtfMRI neurofeedback.” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (6):1–7.
Cox, Robert W. 2012. “AFNI: What a long strange trip it’s been.” NeuroImage 62:743–747.
Cutanda, Vicente, David Moratal, and Estanislao Arana. 2015. “Automatic brain morphometry and volumetry using SPM on cognitively impaired patients.” IEEE Latin America Transactions 13 (4):1077–1082.
Devanbu, Prem. 2009. “Study the social side of software engineering.” IEEE Software 26 (1):69.
Dumit, Joseph. 2004. Picturing personhood: Brain scans and biomedical identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dummet, Michael. 1993. The seas of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ensmenger, Nathan. 2010. The computer boys take over: Computers, programmers, and the politics of technical expertise. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.
Filler, Aaron G. 2009. “The history, development and impact of computed imaging in neurological diagnosis and neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI.” Nature Precedings:1–76. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3267.5.
Galloway, Patricia. 2012. “Playpens for mind children: Continuities in the practice of programming.” Information & Culture 47 (1):38–78.
Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer. 2005. “Understanding free software developers: Findings from the FLOSS study.” In Perspectives on free and open source software, edited by Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani, 23–46. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Goebel, Rainer. 2012. “BrainVoyager: Past, present, future.” NeuroImage 62:748–756.
Gold, Sherri, Brad Christian, Stephan Arndt, Gene Zeien, Ted Cizadlo, Debra L. Johnson, Michael Flaum, and Nancy C. Andreasen. 1998. “Functional MRI statistical software packages: A Comparative analysis.” Human Brain Mapping 6:73–84.
Good, Byron. 1994. Medicine, rationality, and experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The theory of communicative action, vol. 1: Reason and the rationalization of society. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. The theory of communicative action, vol. 2: Lifeworld and system. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy, Studies in contemporary German social thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. Between naturalism and religion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Haznedar, M. Mehmet, Francesca Roversi, Stefano Pallanti, Nicolo Baldini-Rossi, David B. Schnur, Elizabeth M. LiCalzi, Cheuk Tang, Patrick R. Hof, Eric Hollander, and Monte S. Buchsbaum. 2005. “Fronto-thalamo-striatal gray and white matter volumes and anisotropy of their connections in bipolar spectrum illnesses.” Biological Psychiatry 57 (7):733–742.
Heliades, G. P., and E. A. Edmonds. 1999. “On facilitating knowledge transfer in software design.” Knowledge-Based Systems 12:391–395.
Henson, Richard. 2005. “What can functional neuroimaging tell the experimental psychologist?” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 58A (2):193–233.
Joyce, Kelly. 2006. “From numbers to pictures: The development of magnetic resonance imaging and the visual turn in medicine.” Science as Culture 15 (1):1–22.
Joyce, Kelly. 2011. “On the assembly line: Neuroimaging production in clinical practice.” In Sociological reflections on the neurosciences, edited by Martyn Pickersgill and Ira van Keulen, 75–98. Bingley: Emerald Group.
Kevles, Bettyann Holtzmann. 1998. Naked to the bone: Medical imaging in the twentieth century. New York: Basic Books.
Kevles, Daniel. 1997. The physicists: The history of a scientific community in modern America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kitchin, Rob. 2017. “Thinking critically about and researching algorithms.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1):14–29.
Kitchin, Rob, and Martin Dodge. 2011. Code/space: Software and everyday life. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kittler, Friedrich A. 1997. “There is no software.” In Literature, media, information systems: Essays, edited by Friedrich A. Kittler and John Johnston, 147–155. Amsterdam: OPA.
Kolk, Anja G. van der, Jeroen Hendrikse, Jaco J. M. Zwanenburg, Fredy Visser, and Peter R. Luitjen. 2013. “Clinical applications of 7T MRI in the brain.” European Journal of Radiology 82:708–748.
Laal, Marjan. 2013. “Innovation process in medical imaging.” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 81:60–64.
Lakhani, Karim R., and Robert G. Wolf. 2005. “Why hackers do what they do: Understanding motivation and effort in free/open source software.” In Perspectives on free and open source software, edited by Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani, 3–22. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lancaster, Jack L., Thomas G. Glass, Bhujanga R. Lankipalli, Hunter Downs, Helen Mayberg, and Peter T. Fox. 1995. “A modality-independent approach to spatial normalization of tomographic images of the human brain.” Human Brain Mapping 3 (3):209–223.
Lash, Scott. 2007. “Power after hegemony: Cultural studies in mutation?” Theory, Culture & Society 24 (3):55–78.
Latour, Bruno. 1996. Aramis, or the love of technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
LaToza, Thomas D., Gina Venolia, and Robert DeLine. 2006. “Maintaining mental models: A study of developer work habits.” Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Software Engineering, New York, USA.
Mackenzie, Adrian. 2003. “The problem of computer code: Leviathan or common power?” Available at http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/staff/mackenza/papers/code-leviathan.pdf.
Mackenzie, Adrian. 2006. Cutting code: Software and sociality. New York: Peter Lang.
Maubon, Antoine J., Jean-Michel Ferru, Vincent Berger, Marie Colette Soulage, Marc DeGraef, Pierre Aubas, Patrice Coupeau, Erik Dumont, and Jean-Pierre Rouanet. 1999. “Effect of field strength on MR images: Comparison of the same subject at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5T.” RadioGraphics 19:1057–1067.
Mohamed, Armin, Stefan Eberl, Michael J. Fulham, Michael Kassiou, Aysha Zaman, David Henderson, Scott Beveridge, Chris Constable, and Sing Kai Lo. 2005. “Sequential I-123-iododexetimide scans in temporal lobe epilepsy: Comparison with neuroimaging scans (MR imaging and F-18-FDG PET imaging).” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 32 (2):180–185.
Moser, Ewald. 2010. “Ultra-high-field-magnetic resonance: why and when?” World Journal of Radiology 2 (1):37-40.
Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf, Cees A. J. Broere, and Leonardo Cerliani. 2015. “A new myeloarchitectonic map of the human neocortex based on data from the Vogt-Vogt school.” Brain Structure & Function 220 (5):2551–2573.
O’Reilly, Tim. 2013. “Open data and algorithmic regulation.” In Beyond transparency: Open data and the future of civic innovation, edited by Brett Goldstein and Lauren Dyson, 289–300. San Francisco: Code for America.
Pasveer, Bernike. 1989. “Knowledge of shadows: The introduction of X‐ray images in medicine.” Sociology of Health and Illness 11 (4):360–381.
Plaja, Carme Junqué i, Vera Vendrell, and Jesús Pujol. 1995. “La resonancia magnética funcional: una nueva técnica para el estudio de las bases cerebrales de los procesos cognitivos.” Psicothema 7 (1):51–60.
Prasad, Amit. 2005. “Making images/making bodies: Visibilizing and disciplining through magnetic resonance imaging.” Science, Technology & Human Values 30 (2):291–316.
Prasad, Amit. 2014. Imperial technoscience: Transnational histories of MRI in the United States, Britain, and India. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Puce, A., R. T. Constable, M. L. Luby, G. McCarthy, A. C. Nobre, D. D. Spencer, J. C. Gore, and T. Allison. 1995. “Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex: Comparison with electrophysiological localization.” Journal of Neurosurgery 83 (2):262–270.
Raymond, Eric S. 2001. The cathedral & the bazaar: Musings on Linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary. Sebastopol: O’Reilly.
Rose, Nikolas. 2016. “Reading the human brain: How the mind became legible.” Body & Society 22 (2):140–177.
Rutt, Brian K., and Donald H. Lee. 1996. “The impact of field strength on image quality in MRI.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1:57–62.
Saad, Ziad S., and Richard C. Reynolds. 2012. “SUMA.” NeuroImage 62:768–773.
Santos, Milton. 2000. La nature de l’espace: technique et temps, raison et émotion. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Santos, Milton. 2002. A natureza do espaço: técnica e tempo, razão e emoção, Milton Santos collection 1. Sao Paulo: Edusp.
Savoy, Robert L. 2001. “History and future directions of human brain mapping and functional neuroimaging.” Acta Psychologica 107:9–42.
Schwarz, Michael, and Yuri Takhteyev. 2010. “Half a century of public software institutions: Open source as a solution to hold-up problem.” Journal of Public Economic Theory 12 (4):609–639.
Sennett, Richard. 2008. The craftsman. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer. 1985. Leviatahn and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Skog, Knut. 2003. “From binary strings to visual programming.” In History of Nordic computing, edited by Janis Bubenko Jr., John Impagliazzo, and Arne Solvberg, 297–310. Boston: Springer.
Stallman, Richard M. 2002a. “Free software definition.” In Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, edited by Joshua Gay, 41–44. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, Richard M. 2002b. “Free software: Freedom and cooperation.” In Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, edited by Joshua Gay, 155–186. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, Richard M. 2002c. “Releasing free software if you work at a university.” In Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, edited by Joshua Gay, 61–62. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, Richard M. 2002d. “Why software should be free.” In Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, edited by Joshua Gay, 119–132. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, Richard M. 2002e. “Why software should not have owners.” In Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, edited by Joshua Gay, 45–50. Boston: GNU Press.
Torvalds, Linus, and David Diamond. 2001. Just for fun: The story of an accidental revolutionary. New York: HarperCollins.
van Essen, David C. 2012. “Cortical cartography and Caret software.” NeuroImage 62:757–764.
van Horn, John Darrel, John Wolfe, Autumn Agnoli, Jeffrey Woodward, Michael Schmitt, James Dobson, Sarene Schumacher, and Bennet Vance. 2005. “Neuroimaging databases as a resource for scientific discovery.” International Review of Neurobiology 66:55–87.
von Hippel, Eric, and Georg von Krogh. 2003. “Open source software and the ‘private-collective’ innovation model: Issues for organization science.” Organization Science 14 (2):209–223.
Wagstrom, Patrick Adam. 2009. “Vertical interaction in open software engineering communities.” PhD, Carnegie Insitute of Technology/School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University.
Waldby, Catherine. 2000. “The Visible Human Project: Data into flesh, flesh into data.” In Wild science: Reading feminism, medicine and the media, edited by J. Marchessault and K. Sawchuk, 24–38. New York: Routledge.
Warach, Steven, Jochen Gaa, Bettina Siewert, Piotr Wielopolski, and Robert R. Edelman. 1995. “Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.” Annals of Neurology 37 (2):231–241.
Weber, Steven. 2004. The success of open source. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Yoxen, Edward. 1987. “Seeing with sound: A study of the development of medical images.” In The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology, edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor J. Pinch, 281–303. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ziewitz, Malte. 2016. “Governing algorithms: Myth, mess, and methods.” Science, Technology & Human Values 41 (1):3.
Zimmer, Carl. 2004. Soul made flesh: The discovery of the brain—And how it changed the world. London: William Heinemann.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bicudo, E. (2019). chapterOne First Words. In: Neuroimaging, Software, and Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7060-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7060-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7059-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7060-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)