Abstract
In the past decade, food allergies have occurred frequently, and the number of allergic people has been increasing, making it a serious problem that jeopardized public health. A large number of researchers are dedicated to the exploration of food allergy mechanisms and how to prevent and treat food allergies. Allergenicity evaluation of food proteins is the basis of all food allergy-related researches. At present, there are many methods and strategies for evaluating the allergenicity of food proteins, such as bioinformatics analysis, serological analysis, cell experiment, and animal experiment, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition, there are currently no globally accepted standards for assessing the allergenicity of food proteins. Different methods often lead to differences in conclusions, making the data on food allergies highly variable. The search and construction of an effective standard for allergenic assessment of food allergens will help to reduce the incidence and slow the trend of food allergies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldemir H, Bars R, Herouetguicheney C, Embry M, Gibson JE (2009) Murine models for evaluating the allergenicity of novel proteins and foods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 54:S52–S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.004
Amiya T, Kurashima Y, Fujisawa K, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H (2012) Relationship and regulation of mast cell on food allergy. In: Meeting of the Japanese Society of Toxicology, pp MS2-2
Antunes J, Borrego L, Romeira A, Pinto P (2009) Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis. Allergol Immunopathol 37:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(09)71728-8
Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL (1996) Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat Biotechnol 14:1269–1273. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1096-1269
Baderschneider B, Crevel RW, Earl LK, Lalljie A, Sanders DJ, Sanders IJ (2002) Sequence analysis and resistance to pepsin hydrolysis as part of an assessment of the potential allergenicity of ice structuring protein type III HPLC 12. Food Chem Toxicol 40:965–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00100-X
Barsumian EL, Isersky C, Petrino MG, Siraganian RP (2010) IgE-induced histamine release from rat basophilic leukemia cell lines: isolation of releasing and nonreleasing clones. Eur J Immunol 11:317–323
Berin MC, Zheng Y, Domaradzki M, Li XM, Sampson HA (2010) Role of TLR4 in allergic sensitization to food proteins in mice. Allergy 61:64–71
Birmingham NP et al (2007) An adjuvant-free mouse model of tree nut allergy using hazelnut as a model tree nut. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 144:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000103993
Bischoff SC (2016) Mast cells in gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 778:139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.018
Bøgh KL, Madsen CB (2015) Food allergens: is there a correlation between stability to digestion and allergenicity? C R C Crit Rev Food Technol 56:1545–1567
Bollrath J, Powrie FM (2013) Controlling the frontier: regulatory T-cells and intestinal homeostasis. Semin Immunol 25:352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2013.09.002
Bowman CC, Selgrade MJK (2008a) Differences in allergenic potential of food extracts following oral exposure in mice reflect differences in digestibility: potential approaches to safety assessment. Toxicol Sci 102:100–109
Bowman CC, Selgrade MK (2008b) Failure to induce oral tolerance in mice is predictive of dietary allergenic potency among foods with sensitizing capacity. Toxicol Sci 106:435. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn200
Butterfield JH, Weiler D, Dewald G, Gleich GJ (1988) Establishment of an immature mast cell line from a patient with mast cell leukemia. Leuk Res 12:345–355
Cabanillasa B et al (2012) Heat and pressure treatments effects on peanut allergenicity. Food Chem 132:360–366
Chen C, Jia X (2012) Advances in the study of allergenicity evaluation cell models for transgenic foods. J Hyg Res 41:1044–1049
Chinthrajah RS, Hernandez JD, Boyd SD, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC (2016) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of food allergy and food tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:984–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.004
Chomiciene A, Jurgauskiene L, Kowalski ML, Blaziene A (2014) Serum induced CD63 and CD203c activation tests in chronic urticaria. Cent Eur J Med 9:339–347. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11536-013-0274-2
Chrysostomou C, Seker H (2014) Prediction of protein allergenicity based on signal-processing bioinformatics approach. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2014:808–811
Dambacher WM, Kort EHD, Blom WM, Houben GF, Vries ED (2013) Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges in children with alleged cow’s milk allergy: prevention of unnecessary elimination diets and determination of eliciting doses. Nutr J 12:22
de Leon MP, Drew AC, Glaspole IN, Suphioglu C, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE (2010) Functional analysis of cross-reactive immunoglobulin E antibodies: peanut-specific immunoglobulin E sensitizes basophils to tree nut allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 35:1056–1064. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02310.x
Dearman RJ, Kimber I (2007) A mouse model for food allergy using intraperitoneal sensitization. Methods 41:91–98
Dearman RJ, Kimber I (2010) Animal models of protein allergenicity: potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 39:458–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03194.x
Dearman RJ, Skinner RA, Deakin N, Shaw D, Kimber I (2005) Evaluation of an in vitro method for the measurement of specific IgE antibody responses: the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell assay. Toxicology 206:195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.08.007
Deckwart M et al (2014) Development of a sensitive ELISA for the detection of casein-containing fining agents in red and white wines. J Agric Food Chem 62:6803–6812. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5006098
Devey ME, Anderson KJ, Coombs RR, Henschel MJ, Coates ME (1976) The modified anaphylaxis hypothesis for cot death. Anaphylactic sensitization in guinea-pigs fed cow’s milk. Clin Exp Immunol 26:542–548
Dinakarpandian D, Dinakar C (2017) Evaluating proteins for potential allergenicity using bioinformatic approaches. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 119:197–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.06.020
Ebo DG, Hagendorens MM, Bridts CH, Schuerwegh AJ, De Clerck LS, Stevens WJ (2010a) Flow cytometric analysis of in vitro activated basophils, specific IgE and skin tests in the diagnosis of pollen-associated food allergy. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 64B:28–33
Ebo DG et al (2010b) Flow-assisted allergy diagnosis: current applications and future perspectives. Allergy 61:1028–1039
Eccleston E, Leonard BJ, Lowe JS, Welford HJ (1973) Basophilic leukaemia in the albino rat and a demonstration of the basopoietin. Nat New Biol 244:73–76
Ermel RW, Kock M, Griffey SM, Reinhart GA, Frick OL (1997) The atopic dog: a model for food allergy. Lab Anim Sci 47:40
Fao J, Consultation WHOE, Derived F (2001) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods. World Health Organization
Fernandes KA et al (2015) Using genetic mouse models to gain insight into glaucoma: past results and future possibilities. Exp Eye Res 141:42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.019
Fleischer DM et al (2011) Oral food challenges in children with a diagnosis of food allergy. J Pediatr 158:578–583.e571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.09.027
Fu Z, Lin J (2017) An overview of bioinformatics tools and resources in allergy. Methods Mol Biol 1592:223–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_18
Fu TJ, Abbott UR, Hatzos C (2002) Digestibility of food allergens and nonallergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid-a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem 50:7154–7160
Ganeshan K, Neilsen CV, Hadsaitong A, Schleimer RP, Luo X, Bryce PJ (2009) Impairing oral tolerance promotes allergy and anaphylaxis: a new murine food allergy model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:231–238.e234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.011
Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F (2017) Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 170:37–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010
Gao L, Yang A, Gao J, Chen H (2014) Research progress in allergenicity assessment of food allergens. Food Sci 35:252–257 (in Chinese with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201407050
Gizzarelli F et al (2010) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified soybean protein extract in a murine model of oral allergen-specific sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 36:238–248
Gong J, Yang NS, Croft M, Weng IC, Sun L, Liu FT, Chen SS (2010) The antigen presentation function of bone marrow-derived mast cells is spatiotemporally restricted to a subset expressing high levels of cell surface FcepsilonRI and MHC II. BMC Immunol 11:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-11-34
Grishina G, Bardina L, Grishin A (2017) 2D-electrophoresis and immunoblotting in food allergy. Methods Mol Biol 1592:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_5
Gueders MM et al (2009) Mouse models of asthma: a comparison between C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains regarding bronchial responsiveness, inflammation, and cytokine production. Inflamm Res 58:845–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-009-0054-2
Guo Y, Li Z, Lin H, Samee H, Khalid J (2009a) Studies on the specific degranulation of mast cell sensitized by several allergens in vitro. Chin J Immunol 6:149–153. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2009.21
Guo Y, Li Z, Lin H (2009b) Investigation on the relationship among histamine, tryptase and beta-hexosaminidase in the process of mast cell degranulation. Chin J Cell Mol Immunol 25:1073–1075
Hajos G, Polgar M, Farkas J (2004) High-pressure effects on IgE immunoreactivity of proteins in a sausage batter. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 5:443–449
Han H, Thelen TD, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF (2014) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated epicutaneous inflammation promotes acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis. J Clin Investig 124:5442. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI77798
Han NR, Moon PD, Ryu KJ, Jang JB, Kim HM, Jeong HJ (2016) β-eudesmol suppresses allergic reactions via inhibiting mast cell degranulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 44:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12698
Hardy JI, Hendricks A, Loeffler A, Chang YM, Verheyen KL, Garden OA, Bond R (2014) Food-specific serum IgE and IgG reactivity in dogs with and without skin disease: lack of correlation between laboratories. Vet Dermatol 25:447–e470
Helm RM et al (2002) A neonatal swine model for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.12055
Huang YY, Liu GM, Cai QF, Weng WY, Maleki SJ, Su WJ, Cao MJ (2010) Stability of major allergen tropomyosin and other food proteins of mud crab (Scylla serrata) by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem Toxicol 48:1196–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.010
Jiang BP, Tian L, Fang TH (2014a) Allergenicity reevaluation of several traditional Chinese medicine injections which can cause the typeIhypersensitivity in clinical practice. Anhui Med Pharm J
Jiang D, Jiang H, Ji J, Sun X, Qian H, Zhang G, Tang L (2014b) Mast-cell-based fluorescence biosensor for rapid detection of major fish allergen parvalbumin. J Agric Food Chem 62:6473–6480. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf501382t
Jiang H et al (2016) A novel mast cell co-culture microfluidic chip for the electrochemical evaluation of food allergen. Biosens Bioelectron 83:126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.028
Jin Y, Goodman RE, Tetteh AO, Lu M, Tripathi L (2017) Bioinformatics analysis to assess potential risks of allergenicity and toxicity of HRAP and PFLP proteins in genetically modified bananas resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease. Food Chem Toxicol 109:81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.024
Justice MJ, Siracusa LD, Stewart AF (2011) Technical approaches for mouse models of human disease. Dis Model Mech 4:305–310. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.000901
Kahlert H, Cromwell O, Fiebig H (2010) Measurement of basophil-activating capacity of grass pollen allergens, allergoids and hypoallergenic recombinant derivatives by flow cytometry using anti-CD203c. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1266–1272
Kaliner MA (2012) Allergy and asthma proceedings. OceanSide Publications, Inc, Providence
Karasuyama H, Obata K, Wada T, Tsujimura Y, Mukai K (2011) Newly appreciated roles for basophils in allergy and protective immunity. Allergy 66:1133–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02613.x
Kaul S, Hoffmann A (2001) Mediator release assay of rat basophil leukemia cells as alternative for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing (PCA) in laboratory animals. Altern Anim Experimentation 18:55–58
Knippels LM, Penninks AH, Van MM, Houben GF (1999) Humoral and cellular immune responses in different rat strains on oral exposure to ovalbumin. Food Chem Toxicol 37:881–888
Knipping K et al (2016) Intra- and inter-laboratory validation of an innovative huFcεRIα-RBL-2H3 degranulation assay for in vitro allergenicity assessment of whey hydrolysates. Toxicol in Vitro 33:29–34
Kraft S, Novak N (2006) Fc receptors as determinants of allergic reactions. Trends Immunol 27:88–95
Ladics GS, Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH, Bannon GA, Goodman RE, Herouetguicheney C (2010) Review of animal models designed to predict the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 56:212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.018
Lambrecht BN, Kool M, Willart MA, Hammad H (2009) Mechanism of action of clinically approved adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 21:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2009.01.004
Leyva-Castillo JM, Hener P, Michea P, Karasuyama H, Chan S, Soumelis V, Li M (2013) Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin initiates Th2 responses through an orchestrated immune cascade. Nat Commun 4:2847. doi: UNSP 284710.1038/ncomms3847
Lifrani A, Santos JD, Dubarry M, Rautureau M, Blachier F, Tome D (2009) Development of animal models and sandwich-ELISA tests to detect the allergenicity and antigenicity of fining agent residues in wines. J Agric Food Chem 57:525–534. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8024584
Liu T, Navarro S, Lopata AL (2016) Current advances of murine models for food allergy. Mol Immunol 70:104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.011
Liu G et al (2017) Allergenicity and oral tolerance of enzymatic cross-linked tropomyosin evaluated using cell and mouse models. J Agric Food Chem 65:2205–2213. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05816
Lv L, Lin H, Li Z, Ahmed I, Chen G (2018) Allergenicity of acrolein-treated shrimp tropomyosin evaluated using RBL-2H3 cell and mice model. J Sci Food Agric 98(11):4374–4378
Martin PE et al (2015) Which infants with eczema are at risk of food allergy? Results from a population-based cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 45:255–264
Matsunaga K, Kuroda Y, Sakai S, Adachi R, Teshima R, Yagami A, Itagaki H (2015) Anaphylactic augmentation by epicutaneous sensitization to acid-hydrolyzed wheat protein in a guinea pig model. J Toxicol Sci 40:745–752. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.745
Mayorga C et al (2010) In vitro diagnosis of immediate allergic reactions to drugs: an update. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 20:103–109
Ménard S et al (2014) Perinatal exposure to a low dose of bisphenol a impaired systemic cellular immune response and predisposes young rats to intestinal parasitic infection. PLoS One 9:e112752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112752
Meyer P, Zanetti S (2015) Detection of traces of ovalbumin and casein in white and red wines by quantitative western blotting. J Food Sci 80:T2102–T2109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12990
Moscoso T, Melo A, Neto M, Santos MP (2012) Basophil activation tests using CD63 or CD203c expression in patients with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 67:45–45
Moscoso T, Melo AC, Neto M, Santos MCP (2014) Basophil activation tests using CD63 and CD203c expression in patients with diclofenac hypersensitivity. Rev Port Imunoalergologia 22:195–205
Nagai K, Fukushima T, Oike H, Kobori M (2012) High glucose increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and secretion of TNFα and β-hexosaminidase in human mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 687:39–45
Nilsson G et al (2010) Phenotypic characterization of the human mast-cell line HMC-1. Scand J Immunol 39:489–498
Ocmant A, Mulier S, Hanssens L, Goldman M, Casimir G, Mascart F, Schandené L (2009) Basophil activation tests for the diagnosis of food allergy in children. Clin Exp Allergy 39:1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03292.x
Oyoshi MK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Geha RS (2010) Mechanical injury polarizes skin dendritic cells to elicit a T(H)2 response by inducing cutaneous thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126:976–984.e975
Pabst O, Mowat AM (2012) Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunol 5:232–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.4
Passante E, Frankish N (2009) The RBL-2H3 cell line: its provenance and suitability as a model for the mast cell. Inflamm Res 58:737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-009-0074-y
Pickles J, Rafiq S, Cochrane SA, Lalljie A (2014) In vitropepsin resistance of proteins: effect of non-reduced SDS-PAGE analysis on fragment observation. Toxicol Rep 1:858–870
Polukort SH et al (2016) IL-10 enhances IgE-mediated mast cell responses and is essential for the development of experimental food allergy in IL-10-deficient mice. J Immunol 196:4865–4876. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600066
Qian Z et al (2016) Xinqin exhibits the anti-allergic effect through the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 193:466–473
Qureshi ST, Larivière L, Leveque G, Clermont S, Moore KJ, Gros P, Malo D (1999) Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). J Exp Med 189:615–625
Randhawa GJ, Singh M, Grover M (2011) Bioinformatic analysis for allergenicity assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins expressed in insect-resistant food crops. Food Chem Toxicol 49:356–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.008
RLM G, Elshanawany T, SRA J, Selwood C, Heaps AG, Carne EM, Williams PE (2017) Comparison of the performance of skin prick, immunoCAP, and ISAC tests in the diagnosis of patients with allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 172:215
Sabato V et al (2011) Human basophils: a unique biological instrument to detect the allergenicity of food. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 21:179–184
Sampson HA et al (2012) Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology-European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130:1260–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.017
Sánchez-Monge R, Salcedo G (2005) Analytical methodology for assessment of food allergens: opportunities and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 23:415–422
Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Sampson HA (1998) Clinical features of acute allergic reactions to peanut and tree nuts in children. Pediatrics 102:e6
Siraganian RP, Mcgivney A, Barsumian EL, Crews FT, Hirata F, Axelrod J (1982) Variants of the rat basophilic leukemia cell line for the study of histamine release. Fed Proc 41:30–34
Smart JM, Kemp AS (2010) Increased Th1 and Th2 allergen-induced cytokine responses in children with atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 32:796–802
Song P, Herman RA, Kumpatla S (2014) Evaluation of global sequence comparison and one-to-one FASTA local alignment in regulatory allergenicity assessment of transgenic proteins in food crops. Food Chem Toxicol 71:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.008
Sudheer PS, Hall JE, Read GF, Rowbottom AW, Williams PE (2005) Flow cytometric investigation of peri-anaesthetic anaphylaxis using CD63 and CD203c. Anaesthesia 60:251–256
Tordesillas L, Mondoulet L, Blazquez AB, Benhamou PH, Sampson HA, Berin MC (2016) Epicutaneous immunotherapy induces gastrointestinal LAP+ regulatory T cells and prevents food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 139:189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.057
Tordesillas L, Berin MC, Sampson HA (2017) Immunology of food allergy. Immunity 47:32–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.004
Török K, Hajas L, Horváth V, Schall E, Bugyi Z, Kemény S, Tömösközi S (2015) Identification of the factors affecting the analytical results of food allergen ELISA methods. Eur Food ResTechnol 241:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2441-y
Toyoshima S, Wakamatsu E, Ishida Y, Obata Y, Kurashima Y, Kiyono H, Abe R (2017) The spleen is the site where mast cells are induced in the development of food allergy. Int Immunol 29:31–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxx005
Untersmayr E, Poulsen LK, Platzer MH, Pedersen MH, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Skov PS, Jensen-Jarolim E (2005) The effects of gastric digestion on codfish allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:377–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.10.029
Van WF, Hartgring S, Koppelman SJ, Pieters R, Knippels LM (2010) Mixed antibody and T cell responses to peanut and the peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6 in an oral sensitization model. Clin Exp Allergy 34:1422–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02062.x
Veličković TĆ, Gavrović-Jankulović M (2014) Methods for allergen identification and quantification in food matrices. Springer New York, New York
Venkatachalam M, Teuber SS, Roux KH, Sathe SK (2002) Effects of roasting, blanching, autoclaving, and microwave heating on antigenicity of almond (Prunus dulcis L.) proteins. J Agric Food Chem 50:3544–3548. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020012z
Vlieg-Boerstra BJ et al (2011) Validation of novel recipes for double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges in children and adults. Allergy 66:948–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02539.x
Vogel L, Lüttkopf D, Hatahet L, Haustein D, Vieths S (2015) Development of a functional in vitro assay as a novel tool for the standardization of allergen extracts in the human system. Allergy 60:1021–1028
Yagami T, Haishima Y, Nakamura A, Osuna H, Ikezawa Z (2000) Digestibility of allergens extracted from natural rubber latex and vegetable foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:752–762. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.109171
Yamashita S, Yokoyama Y, Hashimoto T, Mizuno M (2016) A novel in vitro co-culture model comprised of Caco-2/RBL-2H3 cells to evaluate anti-allergic effects of food factors through the intestine. J Immunol Methods 435:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.011
Yang B et al (2013) Food allergen – induced mast cell degranulation is dependent on PI3K-mediated reactive oxygen species production and upregulation of store-operated calcium channel subunits. Scand J Immunol 78:35–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12062
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fu, L., Cherayil, B.J., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y. (2019). Allergenicity Evaluation of Food Proteins. In: Food Allergy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6928-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6928-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6927-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6928-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)