Abstract
Fungi are considered one of the most diverse, ecologically significant, and economically important organisms on Earth. The edible and medicinal mushrooms have long been known by humans and were used by ancient civilizations not only as valuable food but also as medicines. Mushrooms are producers of high- and low-molecular-weight bioactive compounds (alkaloids, lectins, lipids, peptidoglycans, phenolics, polyketides, polysaccharides, proteins, polysaccharide-protein/peptides, ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides, steroids, terpenoids, etc.) possessing more than 130 different therapeutic effects (analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, antiviral, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive, mitogenic/regenerative, etc.).
The early record of Materia Medica shows evidence of using mushrooms for treatment of different diseases. Mushrooms were widely used in the traditional medicine of many countries around the world and became great resources for modern clinical and pharmacological research. However, the medicinal and biotechnological potential of mushrooms has not been fully investigated. This review discusses recent advances in research on the pharmacological potential of mushrooms and perspectives for their clinical application.
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Abbreviations
- ACE:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
- AIDS:
-
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CL:
-
Cultural liquid
- COX-1:
-
Cyclooxygenase-1
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- CSF:
-
Colony-stimulating factor
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular diseases
- DENV-2:
-
Dengue virus type 2
- DS:
-
Dietary supplement
- EPS:
-
Exopolysaccharides
- FIP:
-
Fungal immunomodulatory protein
- GLPS:
-
G. lucidum polysaccharide
- GSK-3:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HK2:
-
Hexokinase 2
- HMG-CoA:
-
5-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- HPV-1:
-
Human papillomavirus 1
- HSV-2:
-
Herpes simplex virus 2
- IC50:
-
The half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- iNOS:
-
Inducible NO synthase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MDCK:
-
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
- MIC:
-
Minimal inhibitory concentrations
- MMDD:
-
Medicinal mushroom-derived drug
- MS:
-
Mycosterol
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NSAID:
-
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- OLTT:
-
Oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoid
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PPAR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PRR:
-
Pattern recognition receptor
- PI3K/Akt:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase B
- PSK:
-
Polysaccharide K
- PSP:
-
Polysaccharide-protein
- PSPC:
-
Polysaccharide-protein complex
- PTP1B:
-
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- QoL:
-
Quality of life
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
- TNBC:
-
Triple-negative breast cancer
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alfa
- VDM:
-
Vitamin D-enriched mushroom
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Acknowledgments
This chapter arises from a long-standing cooperation between two authors (S.M.B. and S.R.) on fungal research directed to the identification of bioactive compounds and medicinal properties supported by the collaboration between the Institute of Pharmacy; Yerevan State University, Armenia; and Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Montpellier/UMR 5175 CNRS, France.
We thank Philippe Callac (INRA, Villenave d’Ornon, France) for advice on the genus Agaricus. We are grateful to our colleagues Claudio Angelini (Pordenone, Italy), Guy Fourré (France), Jacques Guinberteau (France), Jean-Paul Maurice (Société Lorraine de Mycologie, Neufchâteau, France), Jean-Marc Moingeon (Goux-les-Usiers, France), Luigi Perrone (Roma, Italy), Jean-Philippe Rioult (EREM, Caen, France), and Peter Verstraeten (Nazareth, Belgium) for kindly providing photos of medicinal mushrooms (Figs. 1.1 and 1.2). We are also very thankful to mycologists and researchers around the world for providing literature data.
The authors have not reported any conflict of interest that would likely raise questions about their independence.
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Badalyan, S.M., Barkhudaryan, A., Rapior, S. (2019). Recent Progress in Research on the Pharmacological Potential of Mushrooms and Prospects for Their Clinical Application. In: Agrawal, D., Dhanasekaran, M. (eds) Medicinal Mushrooms. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_1
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