Abstract
In this chapter, we make an attempt to examine the health system productivity changes and health expenditure productivity changes for 17 major Indian states in the post-reform period. The time period of 2004–2005 to 2014–2015 is chosen owing to consistent availability of data. Further, an attempt is made to see if the states’ income growth has any role in their behaviour of health system/expenditure productivity change. Both the productivity changes are calculated in per capita terms too. The selection of inputs and outputs for measuring productivity changes are guided by consistent availability of data across the states for our time period. The results of productivity changes are mixed in nature, though all the productivity changes are volatile as depicted by the coefficient of variation. Some of the measures witness higher fluctuation in the last 3 years of the study. Some of the possible reasons may be attributed to the nature of allocation of health expenditure in the revenue and capital accounts. Most of the states have legislated the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Bill by now. This might have constrained the states to spend adequately on health. Moreover, health being primarily state subject governance in the sector in terms of proper allocation of budget and timely utilisation of the budget allocated matters a lot for the infrastructure to be in place.
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Notes
- 1.
As stated in the National Health Accounts, 2014–2015, THE constitutes current and capital expenditures incurred by government and private sources including external funds. THE as a percentage of GDP indicates health spending relative to the country’s economic development. GHE constitutes spending under all schemes funded and managed by union, state and local governments including quasi-governmental organisations, and donors in case funds are channelled through government organisations. Out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) as per cent of THE: out-of-pocket expenditures are expenditures directly made by households at the point of receiving healthcare.
- 2.
Note that in our model setup, these two outputs are undesirable outputs by considering their additive inverses because the underlying objective is to minimise them for achieving higher productivity in any health system.
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Acharya, D., Sahoo, B.K., Venkatachalapathy, T.K. (2019). Health System and Health Expenditure Productivity Changes in Indian States: Has It Changed for the Better in the Post-reform Period?. In: Batabyal, A., Higano, Y., Nijkamp, P. (eds) Disease, Human Health, and Regional Growth and Development in Asia. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 38. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6268-2_4
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