Abstract
This chapter focuses on the missionary periodical Xiaohai yuebao (The Child’s Paper, 1875–1915). It examines translations, original works from Chinese writers, use of illustrations, and the role of the Xiaohai yuebao in disseminating Western knowledge of nineteenth-century science. In addition, it addresses issues of circulation, distribution, editorship, and authorship. The chapter argues that instead of simply presenting a monolithic image of the saintly evangelical child, the Xiaohai yuebao acknowledges children’s playfulness and inner struggles, while simultaneously trying to construct an ideal child reader who is both a knowledgeable, religious child interested in science, travel, and geography and a participatory child who enters contests and joins in a reading community.
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Notes
- 1.
Naixin zi also authored “Beware of Danger” (vol. 4.2). English titles for the articles are provided at the back of most issues. I refer to the English titles where available. In the first year of publication, Farnham issued a second edition of Xiaohai yuebao. The English title on the covers is still “The Child’s Paper,” but in Chinese, the second edition is Xiaohai yuebao zhiyi. When I cite articles in volume 1, I am referring to issues of the Xiaohai yuebao zhiyi that I consulted at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University. All other citations follow the volume and issue number provided by the Quanguo baokan suoyin (National index to Chinese newspapers and periodicals) database, which is why some references only have issue numbers, while others have both volume number and issue number.
- 2.
Daniel H. Bays calls this the “easy modified literary style” (1985, 23). Instead of using the English title of the periodical, I use XHYB throughout in order to distinguish it from the ATS’s The Child’s Paper and Kerr’s The Child’s Paper.
- 3.
In some versions of the filial piety tale, it is the father who is ill, while in others it is the mother. Some tales also have a daughter cutting off the flesh rather than a son. In some stories, the organ that is cut is a liver; in others, the arm or thigh is cut (Smith 2015, 349).
- 4.
Deng’s article (2001) contains many factual errors. For example, it states that Farnham was born in 1830 (instead of 1829) and that The Children’s News (instead of Kerr’s The Child’s Paper) was continued as The Child’s Paper in Shanghai.
- 5.
I accessed a digital version of Zhang Mei’s monograph, which is not paginated, so references to her book do not have page numbers.
- 6.
The Dream of the Red Chamber (1791) by Cao Xueqin is an example of a novel for adults that “explores the psychological and emotional dimensions of growing up” (Pease 1995, 228).
- 7.
See Xiong (2011, 367–69) for more discussion of Kerr’s other publications.
- 8.
Tse incorrectly states that this story comes from Exodus, but it comes from Numbers 21:4–8. For her analysis of Kerr’s Child’s Paper, see pages 465–71 of her dissertation.
- 9.
In Greece, the Child’s Paper was published by Rev. Dr. M. D. Kalopothakes. His wife, Martha H. Blackler, corrected proofs, translated and wrote for the paper, which was “widely circulated, not only in Greece, but other parts of the East where Greek is spoken” (M. K. 1872, 32). It was later edited by Rev. G. Constantine (“Appendix” 1877, no. 3, 77). For detailed analysis of the Greek version of The Child’s Paper, see Irakleous (2014a, b).
- 10.
Comparing these numbers with the circulation of non-religious publications at the time, David Morgan finds that they were on par and sometimes exceeded other popular periodicals’ distribution figures (1999, 210).
- 11.
According to Farnham (1910), “The rebellion that destroyed the neighboring cities and drove their inhabitants forth to suffering and death furnished us our first pupils. In the summer of 1860 the rebellion was advancing from the south and up to the west of Shanghai. In turn, Hangchow, Soochow and Nanking fell. Hundreds of thousands who escaped from the sword of the rebels fell victims to want and exposure. Even those who reached Shanghai were closely pursued by the rebels” (6). Graduates of the Lowrie Institute went into various careers. There were government officials, pastors, bankers, teachers, printers, customs officers, leaders involved with the YMCA, and many who worked in the publishing industry. For more history of the schools, see First Fifty Years of Lowrie High School 1860–1910 (1910) and Qingxin (1931).
- 12.
The school was named after Mrs. Reuben Lowrie who was a missionary from the first Presbyterian Church in New York City who returned to the United States after her husband passed away. She formed the Society of “Earnest Workers for China,” which supported the school for many years (First Fifty Years, 4).
- 13.
Shen bao was not only read by the elite Chinese but also a mass audience (Mittler 2004, 419).
- 14.
This was not a unique phenomenon, because another missionary publication, the illustrated periodical Gezhi huibian (Scientific Magazine), which was established in 1876, focused solely on scientific articles (Wright 2000, 158).
- 15.
See Zhang Mei (2016, Chapter 1, Section 3) for a detailed analysis of the relationship between the illustrations and text in the XHYB’s serialization of The Pilgrim’s Progress . For analysis of the translations of Pilgrim’s Progress, see Lai (2012b). According to Uchida (2017), Farnham contributed some of the translations of Aesop’s fables under the pen name “Haishang shanying jushi,” which Uchida translates as “the Shanghai mountain-flower retired scholar” (220). Other translators of the fables include Chinese students at Dengzhou Academy, Mrs. T. P. (Martha) Crawford, W. A. P. Martin, and Zhou Songhe. Uchida’s research indicates that the translations are based on Robert Thom’s Esop’s Fables (Yishi yuyan, 1840). For a list of the Aesop’s fables that appear in XHYB, see Uchida (2017, 219–20).
- 16.
- 17.
According to Zhao and Wu, XHYB was the first periodical in China to print sheet music (244).
- 18.
Lu Xun recalls that he was reprimanded for looking at illustrated books and even suffered corporal punishment when his teachers caught him reading them (Zhang Mei 2012, 175). See Chapter 1 of Zhang Mei (2016) for a detailed discussion of the visual images in the XHYB and the use of different printing techniques in the production of these illustrations.
- 19.
For more information about changes to Chinese visual culture in the late Qing and early Republican era, see Kuo (2007).
- 20.
The drought lasted between 1876 and 1878 and affected thirteen provinces, including Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu (see Zhang and Liang 2010).
- 21.
Detailed descriptions of the donations sent to Farnham can be found in several appendices of The Religious Tract Society Record of Work at Home and Abroad for the years 1876 to 1894.
- 22.
Xia Ruifang (1871–1914) came from a poor family in Qingpu. He recalls that his father was the owner of a roadside stall, while his mother moved to Shanghai to find work and became a casual worker for the Farnhams (who had six daughters and one son), leaving her son in the countryside to look after their cattle. At the age of ten, he missed his mother so much that he decided to catch a boat-ride up to Shanghai to reunite with her, and the Farnhams enrolled him in the Lowrie Institute. At first, he was an apprentice in Tongren Hospital, but he was unable to keep up due to lack of medical training and transferred to work for the Wenhui bao (Wenhui Daily) and the North-China Herald where he was in charge of the printing. The Bao brothers Xian’en (1861–1910) and Xianchang (1864–1929) were sons of the Reverend Bao Zhecai (1833–95) who was also educated at the Lowrie Institute. Gao Fengchi (1864–1950) was born in Shanghai and entered the School in 1874 at the age of eleven and finished at the age of nineteen in 1882. He started working for the Presbyterian Mission Press at the age of twenty-one (see First Fifty Years and Qingxin).
- 23.
See Chap. 5 for more discussion of mission schools.
- 24.
In 1872, Farnham notes that in Shanghai, there were 921 pupils in Schools and 347 Sunday school scholars (1879a, 8).
- 25.
Foreign Sunday School Association Founder and President Mr. A. Woodruff “has from the first taken a lively interest in The Child’s Paper, making it the organ of his Society” (ARCRTS 1894, 8).
- 26.
This is probably a reproduction of a story of the same name by Lian Fang that was first published in the Zhongxi jianwen lu (The Peking Magazine) in 1873 (no. 11).
- 27.
A kang is a sleeping platform that can be heated, commonly used in northern China.
- 28.
Pastor Cai Lianfu (1868–?) succeeded Zhong to take up editorship of the XHYB.
- 29.
He also worked as a teacher for Martha Crawford’s girls’ school. He later formed a church at Kwin-san (see Yates 1879, 463).
- 30.
See Chapter 7 in Pickering (1993) on “Liars and Tell-Tales” in British and American moral fiction of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
- 31.
See Wakely-Mulroney (2016) for a discussion of this poem and Watts’s idea of child interiority; she argues that Watts was apprehensive about a child’s inner life.
- 32.
In ancient China, the heart was initially thought to be the organ for thinking (Bai 2005b, 188).
- 33.
Henry Dwight Porter (1845–1916) graduated from Yale University with a combined degree in theology and medicine. See Chen-Ling Hsu (2015) for analysis of the column and a comparison with Benjamin Hobson’s Quanti xinlun.
- 34.
Lyon was sent by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and arrived on January 8, 1870. He worked in Hangzhou until his death.
- 35.
There is a copy of XHYB, volume 6, number 2, from May 1880, in the Library of Congress, donated by private gift of the Devan family with a handwritten note: “Gift T. Q. Devan, S. Q. Devan, Oct. 19, 1940” (EHGBooks 2014, 89). This inscription suggests that although the XHYB ceased in 1915, it was still preserved and presumably read in 1940.
- 36.
See “Foreign Chinese Literature” (1882, 336); sixtieth Annual Report of the American Tract Society (1885, 97); eleventh Annual Report of the Chinese Religious Tract Society (1889, 1); tenth Annual Report of the Chinese Religious Tract Society (1888, 4).
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Chen, SW.S. (2019). “Instructive and Amusing”: Xiaohai yuebao (The Child’s Paper, 1875–1915) and Childhood. In: Children’s Literature and Transnational Knowledge in Modern China. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6083-1_3
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