Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intracerebral Haemorrhage

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emergencies in Neurology

  • 713 Accesses

Abstract

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Spontaneous or non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the commonest of all haemorrhagic strokes [1]. It represents the second most common cause of stroke, with an incidence of 8–15% in Australia, the UK and the USA and 25% in Japan [2]. An overall high incidence of ICH is reported in Asians compared with the Caucasian population [3]. Although ICH occurs less frequently than ischaemic stroke, mortality rates are higher—50% for ICH versus 20% for ischaemic strokes. Depending on the aetiology, ICH can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary ICH, which occurs more frequently (78–88%), is caused by the rupture of a vessel usually degenerated by mechanisms such as hypertension [4] or an underlying amyloid angiopathy. Secondary ICH occurs from other disorders that predispose to bleeding. Predilection sites for ICH include the basal ganglia (40–50%), lobar regions (20–50%), thalamus (10–15%), pons (5–12%), cerebellum (5–10%) and other brain stem sites (1–5%). Intraventricular haemorrhage occurs in approximately one-third of cases of ICH from extension of bleeding into the ventricular space and carries a worse prognosis. The 30-day mortality in ICH is high (35–52%) and is associated with a high morbidity, as only 10% of the patients are independent at 30 days and 20% at 6 months.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Refer to the text for details. No single feature may be diagnostic. Headache, vomiting and drowsiness may be seen in any location with a sizeable ICH.

References

  1. Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1450–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kimura Y, Takishita S, Muratani H, et al. Demographic study of first-ever stroke and acute myocardial infarction in Okinawa, Japan. Intern Med. 1998;37:736–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Taqui A, Kamal AK. Stroke in Asians. Pak J Neurol Sci. 2007;2:14–7.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Lancet. 2009;373:1632–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage more than twice as common as subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:188–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, et al. Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36:934–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lovelock CE, Molyneux AJ, Rothwell PM. Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:487–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zia E, Hedblad B, Pessah-Rasmussen H, et al. Blood pressure in relation to the incidence of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertensive hemorrhage: debated nomenclature is still relevant. Stroke. 2007;38:2681–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A, et al. Three important subgroups of hypertensive persons at greater risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Melbourne Risk Factor Study Group. Hypertension. 1998;31:1223–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Alcohol use and subsequent cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations. Stroke. 1989;20:741–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Segal AZ, Chiu RI, Eggleston-Sexton PM, et al. Low cholesterol as a risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a case–control study. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18:185–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, et al. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003;34:2060–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ritter MA, Droste DW, Hegedüs K, et al. Role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in intracerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients. Neurology. 2005;64:1233–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, et al. Decreased glomerular filtration rate is a risk factor for hemorrhagic but not for ischemic stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2007;38:3127–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jackson CA, Sudlow CL. Is hypertension a more frequent risk factor for deep than for lobar supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1244–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Garcia JH, Ho KL. Pathology of hypertensive arteriopathy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1992;3:497–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fisher CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1971;30:536–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Offenbacher H, Fazekas F, Schmidt R, et al. MR of cerebral abnormalities concomitant with primary intracerebral hematomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:573–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain. 2007;130:1988–2003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zodpey SP, Tiwari RR, Kulkarni HR. Risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke: a case–control study. Public Health. 2000;114:177–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dearden NM. Mechanisms and prevention of secondary brain damage during intensive care. Clin Neuropathol. 1998;17:221–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rosenberg GA, Navratil M. Metalloproteinase inhibition blocks edema in intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat. Neurology. 1997;48:921–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997;28:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, et al. Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998;29:1160–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Barras CD, Tress BM, Christensen S, et al., and for the Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Density and shape as CT predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage growth. Stroke. 2009;40:1325–31.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dowlatshahi D, Smith EE, Flaherty ML, et al., on behalf of the VISTA Collaborators. Small intra-cerebral hemorrhages are associated with less hematoma expansion and better outcomes. Int J Stroke. 2011;6:201–6.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Yamaki T, Yoshino E, Higuchi T. Extravasation of contrast medium during both computed tomography and cerebral angiography. Surg Neurol. 1983;19:247–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wolpert SM, Schatzki SC. Extravasation of contrast material in the intracerebral basal ganglia. Radiology. 1972;102:83–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Huckman MS, Weinberg PE, Kim KS, et al. Angiographic and clinico-pathologic correlates in basal ganglionic hemorrhage. Radiology. 1970;95:79–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Murai Y, Ikeda Y, Teramoto A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-documented extravasation as an indicator of acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:650–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Bybee HM, et al. Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1999;30:2025–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, et al. CT angiography ‘spot sign’ predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38:1257–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goldstein JN, Fazen LE, Snider R, et al. Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:889–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Thompson AL, Kosior JC, Gladstone DJ, et al PREDICTS/Sunnybrook ICH CTA Study Group. Defining the CT angiography ‘spot sign’ in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36:456–61.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Demchuk AM, Dowlatshahi D, Rodriguez-Luna D, Molina CA, Blas YS, Dzialowski I, Kobayashi A, Boulanger JM, Lum C, Gubitz G, Padma V, Roy J, Kase CS, Kosior J, Bhatia R, Tymchuk S, Subramaniam S, Gladstone DJ, Hill MD, Aviv RI, PREDICT/Sunnybrook ICH CTA study group. Prediction of haematoma growth and outcome in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage using the CT-angiography spot sign (PREDICT): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(4):307–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. David J. Gladstone, Richard I. Aviv, Andrew M. Demchuk, Michael D. Hill, Kevin E. Thorpe, Jane C. Khoury et al. LB16—randomized trial of hemostatic therapy for ‘spot sign’ positive intracerebral hemorrhage: primary results from the SPOTLIGHT/STOP-IT study collaboration. 2017. http://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/-!/4172/presentation/13152.

  37. Andrews BT, Chiles BW, Olsen WL, et al. The effect of intracerebral hematoma location on the risk of brain-stem compression and on clinical outcome. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:518–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mayer SA, Sacco RL, Shi T, et al. Neurologic deterioration in noncomatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 1994;44:1379–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hemphill JC, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:891–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Clarke JL, Johnston SC, Farrant M, et al. External validation of the ICH score. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cheung RT, Zou LY. Use of the original, modified, or new intracerebral hemorrhage score to predict mortality and morbidity after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2003;34:1717–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ruiz-Sandoval JL, Chiquete E, Romero-Vargas S, et al. Grading scale for prediction of outcome in primary intracerebral hemorrhages. Stroke. 2007;38:1641–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hemphill JC III, Farrant M, Neill TA Jr. Prospective validation of the ICH score for 12-month functional outcome. Neurology. 2009;73:1088–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Zurasky JA, Aiyagari V, Zazulia AR, et al. Early mortality following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;64:725–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology. 2001;56:766–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rost NS, Smith EE, Chang Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: The FUNC score. Stroke. 2008;39:2304–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Beach MC, Morrison RS. The effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on physician decision-making. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:2057–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hemphill JC III, Newman J, Zhao S, et al. Hospital usage of early do-not-resuscitate orders and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:1130–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC III, Anderson C, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41:2108–29.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Delgado Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. Systematic characterization of the computed tomography angiography spot sign in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk for hematoma expansion. The Spot Sign Score. Stroke. 2009;40(9):2994–3000.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Delgado Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. The spot sign score in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors. Stroke. 2010;41(1):54–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Brouwers HB, Chang Y, Falcone GJ, Cai X, Ayres AM, Battey TW, Vashkevich A, McNamara KA, Valant V, Schwab K, Orzell SC, Bresette LM, Feske SK, Rost NS, Romero JM, Viswanathan A, Chou SH, Greenberg SM, Rosand J, Goldstein JN. Predicting hematoma expansion after primary intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(2):158–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Wang X, Arima H, Al-Shahi Salman R, Woodward M, Heeley E, Stapf C, Lavados PM, Robinson T, Huang Y, Wang J, Delcourt C, Anderson CS, INTERACT Investigators. Clinical prediction algorithm (BRAIN) to determine risk of hematoma growth in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):376–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Misra UK, Kalita J, Ranjan P, et al. Mannitol in intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled study. J Neurol Sci. 2005;234:41–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tan G, Zhou JY, Mao YC, et al. Most effective daily dose and use method of mannitol in patients with cerebral hemorrhage at acute stage. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008;88:889–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A, et al. Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1229–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tellez H, Bauer R. Dexamethasone as treatment in cerebrovascular disease, 1: a controlled study in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1973;4:541–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Yu YL, Kumana CR, Lauder IJ, et al. Treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage with intravenous glycerol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Stroke. 1992;23:967–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Schwab S, Spranger M, Schwarz S, et al. Barbiturate coma in severe hemispheric stroke: useful or obsolete? Neurology. 1997;48:1608–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Aguilar MI, Hart RG, Kase CS, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:82–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Steiner T, Poli S, Griebe M, Hüsing J, Hajda J, Freiberger A, Bendszus M, Bösel J, Christensen H, Dohmen C, Hennerici M, Kollmer J, Stetefeld H, Wartenberg KE, Weimar C, Hacke W, Veltkamp R. Fresh frozen plasma versus prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with intracranial haemorrhage related to vitamin K antagonists (INCH): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(6):566–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Robinson MT, Rabinstein AA, Meschia JF, et al. Safety of recombinant activated Factor VII in patients with warfarin-associated hemorrhages of the central nervous system. Stroke. 2010;41:1459–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, et al. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest. 2001;119:478–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. The EINSTEIN–PE Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1287–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. The EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2499–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:840–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dhakal P, Rayamajhi S, Verma V, Gundabolu K, Bhatt VR. Reversal of anticoagulation and management of bleeding in patients on anticoagulants. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2017;23(5):410–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tummala R, Kavtaradze A, Gupta A, Ghosh RK. Specific antidotes against direct oral anticoagulants: a comprehensive review of clinical trials data. Int J Cardiol. 2016;214:292–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Lawrence JH, Yue P, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Demchuk AM, Pallin DJ, Concha M, Goodman S, Leeds J, Souza S, Siegal DM, Zotova E, Meeks B, Ahmad S, Nakamya J, Milling TJ Jr; ANNEXA-4 Investigators. Full Study Report of Andexanet Alfa for Bleeding Associated with Factor Xa Inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814051. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  73. Yates SW. Interrupting anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. P T. 2014;39:858–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Wakefield TW, Stanley JC. Intraoperative heparin anticoagulation and its reversal. Semin Vasc Surg. 1996;9:296–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, et al. Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:8–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al.; FAST Trial Investigators. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2127–37.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Mayer SA, Davis SM, Skolnick BE, et al. FAST trial investigators. Can a subset of intracerebral hemorrhage patients benefit from hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII? Stroke. 2009;40:833–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yuan ZH, Jiang JK, Huang WD, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage without hemophilia. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:685–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1999;30:905–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6–22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2001;57:18–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al.; INTERACT Investigators. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:391–9.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, et al.; INTERACT2 Investigators. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2355–65.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Martin R, Novitzke J, Cruz-Flores S, Ehtisham A. Effect of systolic blood pressure reduction on hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and 3-month outcome among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage study. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(5):570–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG, Hanley DF, Hsu CY, Martin RL, Moy CS, Silbergleit R, Steiner T, Suarez JI, Toyoda K, Wang Y, Yamamoto H, Yoon BW, ATACH-2 Trial Investigators and the Neurological Emergency Treatment Trials Network. Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(11):1033–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Gioia LC, Kate M, Dowlatshahi D, et al. Blood pressure management in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: current evidence and ongoing controversies. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21(2):99–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fogelholm R, Murros K, Rissanen A, et al. Admission blood glucose and short term survival in primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:349–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A, et al. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000;54:354–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rossi S, Zanier ER, Mauri I, et al. Brain temperature, body core temperature, and intracranial pressure in acute cerebral damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:448–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, et al. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia. 2002;43:1175–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Vespa PM, O’Phelan K, Shah M, et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology. 2003;60:1441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rincon F, Mayer SA. Clinical review: critical care management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2008;12:237.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, et al. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:466–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Dickmann U, Voth E, Schicha H, et al. Heparin therapy, deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after intracerebral hemorrhage. Klin Wochenschr. 1988;66:1182–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Rohit Bhatia

  2. Bangalore Neuro Centre, Vagus Superspeciality Hospital, Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    N. Shobha

  3. Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Pablo Garcia Bermejo

  4. Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Dar Dowlatshahi

Authors
  1. Rohit Bhatia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. Shobha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pablo Garcia Bermejo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dar Dowlatshahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Mamta Bhushan Singh

  2. Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Rohit Bhatia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bhatia, R., Shobha, N., Bermejo, P.G., Dowlatshahi, D. (2019). Intracerebral Haemorrhage. In: Singh, M., Bhatia, R. (eds) Emergencies in Neurology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5866-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5866-1_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-5864-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-5866-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation