Spatial Pattern of Development in Districts of India

Abstract

Though data constraints at the district level are improving over time, there are few studies that have examined the spatial pattern of development in the districts of India. Using a set of nine indicators in three dimensions of human development (health, social and economic), this chapter examines the spatial pattern of development in 640 districts of India. Two composite indices, namely, the District Development Index (DDI) and the Relative Development Index (RDI), are constructed and used to rank the districts according to the level of development. The spatial pattern of development has been assessed using Moran’s I statistics.

Results suggest that Indian districts exhibit a positively skewed pattern and high degree of clustering in development. Among 640 districts, the DDI value was lower than 0.43 in 109 districts, between 0.43 and 0.54 in 237 districts, between 0.54 and 0.64 in 185 districts, between 0.64 and 0.74 in 89 districts and more than 0.74 in 20 districts of India. Moran’s I statistics of DDI was 0.83 suggesting high and significant clustering of development in the districts of India. The variations in RDI were large across the states. The clustering in development was found to be intense in the state of Odisha followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka. We suggest that districts with lower DDI value should be accorded high priority in developmental planning within and across the states of India.

Appendixes

Appendix 10.1: List of Top Fifty Rank and Bottom Fifty Rank Districts in District Development Index (DDI) in India, 2011

Bottom 50 districts				Top 50 district
Districts	State	DDI	All India Rank	Districts	State	DDI	All India Rank
Shravasti	Uttar Pradesh	0.255	640	Ernakulam	Kerala	0.828	1
Godda	Jharkhand	0.295	639	East Delhi	Delhi	0.809	2
Purnia	Bihar	0.299	638	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	0.777	3
Rayagada	Odisha	0.299	637	Thrissur	Kerala	0.776	4
Supaul	Bihar	0.313	636	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	0.774	5
Madhepura	Bihar	0.320	635	Alappuzha	Kerala	0.769	6
Bahraich	Uttar Pradesh	0.324	634	Pathanamthitta	Kerala	0.769	7
Sitamarhi	Bihar	0.325	633	Imphal West	Manipur	0.762	8
Pakur	Jharkhand	0.326	632	Kottayam	Kerala	0.761	9
Sheohar	Bihar	0.335	631	West Delhi	Delhi	0.761	10
Araria	Bihar	0.335	630	Kollam	Kerala	0.759	11
Alirajpur	Madhya Pradesh	0.339	629	New Delhi	Delhi	0.757	12
Jhabua	Madhya Pradesh	0.345	628	Mahe	Puducherry	0.755	13
Balrampur	Uttar Pradesh	0.348	627	Kanniyakumari	Tamil Nadu	0.750	14
Khagaria	Bihar	0.348	626	North Goa	Goa	0.749	15
Sheopur	Madhya Pradesh	0.349	625	Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala	0.748	16
Gaya	Bihar	0.350	624	North Delhi	Delhi	0.748	17
Nabarangpur	Odisha	0.356	623	South Goa	Goa	0.746	18
Banka	Bihar	0.356	622	South Delhi	Delhi	0.744	19
Yadgir	Karnataka	0.357	621	Kozhikode	Kerala	0.740	20
Sahibganj	Jharkhand	0.358	620	Panchkula	Haryana	0.739	21
Madhubani	Bihar	0.361	619	Aizawl	Mizoram	0.739	22
West Champaran	Bihar	0.362	618	South West Delhi	Delhi	0.738	23
Tikamgarh	Madhya Pradesh	0.363	617	Kannur	Kerala	0.738	24
Katihar	Bihar	0.363	616	Central Delhi	Delhi	0.733	25
Garhwa	Jharkhand	0.365	615	Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali)	Punjab	0.733	26
East Champaran	Bihar	0.366	614	North East Delhi	Delhi	0.728	27
Begusarai	Bihar	0.366	613	Bengaluru Urban	Karnataka	0.727	28
Palamu	Jharkhand	0.367	612	Mumbai City	Maharashtra	0.725	29
Malkangiri	Odisha	0.368	611	Jalandhar	Punjab	0.723	30
Saharsa	Bihar	0.371	610	Kasaragod	Kerala	0.721	31
Mewat	Haryana	0.371	609	Dakshina Kannada	Karnataka	0.720	32
Samastipur	Bihar	0.373	608	Rupnagar	Punjab	0.717	33
Gajapati	Odisha	0.375	607	Kancheepuram	Tamil Nadu	0.715	34
Chhatarpur	Madhya Pradesh	0.375	606	Ambala	Haryana	0.715	35
Nawada	Bihar	0.377	605	Kohima	Nagaland	0.713	36
Koraput	Odisha	0.377	604	Daman	Daman & Diu	0.713	37
Kurung Kumey	Arunachal Pradesh	0.379	603	Mumbai Suburban	Maharashtra	0.712	38
Rajgarh	Madhya Pradesh	0.380	602	Lakshadweep	Lakshadweep	0.710	39
Siddharth Nagar	Uttar Pradesh	0.381	601	Jammu	Jammu & Kashmir	0.707	40
Mahrajganj	Uttar Pradesh	0.382	600	Udupi	Karnataka	0.707	41
Ashoknagar	Madhya Pradesh	0.383	599	North West Delhi	Delhi	0.706	42
Kishanganj	Bihar	0.386	598	Ludhiana	Punjab	0.703	43
Dindori	Madhya Pradesh	0.387	597	Una	Himachal Pradesh	0.701	44
Pratapgarh	Rajasthan	0.388	596	Kolkata	West Bengal	0.701	45
Kandhamal	Odisha	0.388	595	Hamirpur	Himachal Pradesh	0.700	46
Vaishali	Bihar	0.389	594	Dehradun	Uttarakhand	0.699	47
Darbhanga	Bihar	0.390	593	Serchhip	Mizoram	0.698	48
Shajapur	Madhya Pradesh	0.391	592	Fatehgarh Sahib	Punjab	0.697	49
Gonda	Uttar Pradesh	0.391	591	Kamrup Metropolitan	Assam	0.695	50

1. Source: Authors

Appendix 10.2: Disability, District Development Index (DDI), All India Rank in DDI, Relative Development Index (RDI) and Rank of District within the State and All Districts of India, 2011

Sr no	India/State/District	Disability per 1000 population	District Development Index (DDI)	All India rank in DDI	Relative Development Index (RDI)	Rank of district within the state
	India	22.15	0.527
	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	17.5	0.643		1
1	Nicobar	17.53	0.596	187	0.927	2
2	North and Middle Andaman	24.03	0.562	250	0.875	3
3	South Andaman	14.60	0.685	63	1.066	1
	Andhra Pradesh	26.80	0.472		1
1	Anantapur	29.87	0.438	517	0.929	9
2	Chittoor	26.23	0.499	390	1.057	2
3	East Godavari	22.32	0.500	388	1.06	1
4	Guntur	18.43	0.495	400	1.049	4
5	Krishna	29.99	0.498	393	1.056	3
6	Kurnool	23.23	0.411	564	0.872	12
7	Prakasam	18.92	0.422	550	0.896	11
8	Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore	22.35	0.456	490	0.967	8
9	Srikakulam	26.68	0.427	540	0.905	10
10	Visakhapatnam	30.79	0.494	402	1.048	5
11	Vizianagaram	31.15	0.407	571	0.864	13
12	West Godavari	20.29	0.476	448	1.009	6
13	Y.S.R. (Cuddapah)	22.90	0.468	462	0.992	7
	Arunachal Pradesh	19.32	0.548		1
1	Anjaw	22.35	0.527	316	0.961	9
2	Changlang	16.51	0.571	235	1.041	6
3	Dibang Valley	29.24	0.506	364	0.924	12
4	East Kameng	21.41	0.444	505	0.81	15
5	East Siang	19.93	0.635	116	1.158	1
6	Kurung Kumey	25.41	0.379	603	0.692	16
7	Lohit	14.26	0.590	204	1.075	4
8	Lower Dibang Valley	23.10	0.588	205	1.073	5
9	Lower Subansiri	15.64	0.532	305	0.971	8
10	Papum Pare	15.85	0.615	144	1.122	3
11	Tawang	22.53	0.541	287	0.987	7
12	Tirap	18.59	0.517	340	0.943	11
13	Upper Siang	21.21	0.526	320	0.96	10
14	Upper Subansiri	22.73	0.475	449	0.866	14
15	West Kameng	27.42	0.485	426	0.885	13
16	West Siang	17.79	0.624	132	1.137	2
	Assam	15.38	0.549		1
1	Baksa	15.67	0.573	232	1.044	12
2	Barpeta	14.07	0.487	421	0.887	22
3	Bongaigaon	12.92	0.525	322	0.957	19
4	Cachar	15.81	0.592	199	1.079	9
5	Chirang	16.80	0.491	406	0.896	21
6	Darrang	17.78	0.485	425	0.884	25
7	Dhemaji	12.12	0.584	212	1.065	10
8	Dhubri	16.78	0.409	568	0.745	27
9	Dibrugarh	14.99	0.579	225	1.055	11
10	Dima Hasao	11.31	0.639	111	1.165	2
11	Goalpara	14.00	0.486	422	0.886	23
12	Golaghat	14.29	0.594	194	1.083	8
13	Hailakandi	14.75	0.562	251	1.025	15
14	Jorhat	16.55	0.630	124	1.148	4
15	Kamrup	16.01	0.566	245	1.031	14
16	Kamrup Metropolitan	16.15	0.695	50	1.268	1
17	Karbi Anglong	13.67	0.598	178	1.09	7
18	Karimganj	15.33	0.533	304	0.972	17
19	Kokrajhar	13.14	0.522	332	0.951	20
20	Lakhimpur	13.50	0.634	117	1.155	3
21	Morigaon	18.11	0.469	460	0.854	26
22	Nagaon	15.98	0.526	318	0.96	18
23	Nalbari	15.26	0.610	156	1.111	5
24	Sivasagar	17.03	0.601	170	1.095	6
25	Sonitpur	15.35	0.569	238	1.036	13
26	Tinsukia	13.72	0.558	258	1.018	16
27	Udalguri	18.60	0.486	424	0.885	24
	Bihar	22.39	0.397		1
1	Araria	16.11	0.335	630	0.842	33
2	Arwal	18.23	0.394	589	0.992	18
3	Aurangabad	28.24	0.427	541	1.075	11
4	Banka	24.37	0.356	622	0.897	30
5	Begusarai	27.83	0.366	613	0.922	25
6	Bhagalpur	21.51	0.457	489	1.15	9
7	Bhojpur	27.67	0.461	481	1.16	8
8	Buxar	18.80	0.481	435	1.211	3
9	Darbhanga	17.90	0.390	593	0.983	19
10	East Champaran (Motihari)	21.91	0.366	614	0.922	26
11	Gaya	33.84	0.350	624	0.88	31
12	Gopalganj	18.20	0.476	447	1.199	4
13	Jamui	16.77	0.403	577	1.016	16
14	Jehanabad	17.33	0.400	584	1.006	17
15	Kaimur (Bhabhua)	20.00	0.428	537	1.077	10
16	Katihar	15.08	0.363	616	0.914	27
17	Khagaria	16.27	0.348	626	0.876	32
18	Kishanganj	14.38	0.386	598	0.973	21
19	Lakhisarai	14.85	0.408	570	1.026	15
20	Madhepura	15.92	0.320	635	0.807	36
21	Madhubani	17.46	0.361	619	0.909	29
22	Munger	15.63	0.475	451	1.195	5
23	Muzaffarpur	27.04	0.420	551	1.057	12
24	Nalanda	20.89	0.414	559	1.043	13
25	Nawada	18.63	0.377	605	0.95	22
26	Patna	32.39	0.496	396	1.248	2
27	Purnia	29.94	0.299	638	0.752	38
28	Rohtas	22.74	0.467	465	1.176	6
29	Saharsa	14.14	0.371	610	0.933	24
30	Samastipur	19.21	0.373	608	0.94	23
31	Saran	22.73	0.466	467	1.174	7
32	Sheikhpura	22.15	0.411	565	1.034	14
33	Sheohar	23.84	0.335	631	0.842	34
34	Sitamarhi	28.67	0.325	633	0.818	35
35	Siwan	18.16	0.524	325	1.318	1
36	Supaul	17.79	0.313	636	0.788	37
37	Vaishali	29.88	0.389	594	0.98	20
38	West Champaran	19.42	0.362	618	0.912	28
	Chandigarh	14.02	0.777		1
1	Chandigarh	14.02	0.777	3	1	1
	Chhattisgarh	24.46	0.499		1
1	Bastar	19.61	0.471	455	0.944	12
2	Bijapur	17.46	0.448	500	0.896	14
3	Bilaspur	25.10	0.487	419	0.976	10
4	Dantewada (Dakshin Bastar)	17.33	0.457	486	0.916	13
5	Dhamtari	20.62	0.558	262	1.117	2
6	Durg	23.63	0.581	221	1.164	1
7	Janjgir-Champa	27.26	0.504	372	1.009	8
8	Jashpur	26.05	0.429	532	0.86	15
9	Kabirdham	25.15	0.417	555	0.835	17
10	Kanker (Uttar Bastar)	22.55	0.526	319	1.054	3
11	Korba	20.66	0.525	323	1.051	4
12	Korea	23.33	0.488	416	0.977	9
13	Mahasamund	29.42	0.426	544	0.853	16
14	Narayanpur	18.92	0.475	450	0.951	11
15	Raigarh	24.38	0.504	370	1.01	7
16	Raipur	27.97	0.513	344	1.028	6
17	Rajnandgaon	27.33	0.525	324	1.051	5
18	Surguja	21.97	0.416	556	0.834	18
	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	9.58	0.616		1
1	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	9.58	0.616	142	1	1
	Daman and Diu	9.03	0.695		1
1	Daman	7.61	0.713	37	1.025	1
2	Diu	14.25	0.650	94	0.935	2
	Delhi (NCT)	13.99	0.741		1
1	Central Delhi	19.77	0.733	25	0.989	7
2	East Delhi	13.59	0.809	2	1.092	1
3	New Delhi	18.02	0.757	12	1.021	3
4	North Delhi	13.56	0.748	17	1.009	4
5	North East Delhi	14.25	0.728	27	0.983	8
6	North West Delhi	12.82	0.706	42	0.953	9
7	South Delhi	13.86	0.744	19	1.005	5
8	South West Delhi	14.25	0.738	23	0.996	6
9	West Delhi	14.23	0.761	10	1.026	2
	Goa	22.63	0.749		1
1	North Goa	23.20	0.749	15	1	1
2	South Goa	21.91	0.746	18	0.997	2
	Gujarat	18.07	0.568		1
1	Ahmedabad	28.59	0.668	83	1.176	2
2	Amreli	20.47	0.534	302	0.941	14
3	Anand	15.34	0.534	303	0.941	15
4	Banaskantha	13.61	0.463	476	0.816	23
5	Bharuch	16.77	0.540	291	0.952	13
6	Bhavnagar	20.47	0.546	275	0.963	11
7	Dangs (Ahwa)	14.08	0.462	478	0.813	24
8	Dohad	14.87	0.442	508	0.778	26
9	Gandhinagar	18.77	0.558	259	0.983	10
10	Jamnagar	21.63	0.602	169	1.06	6
11	Junagadh	17.47	0.595	192	1.047	7
12	Kheda	17.84	0.489	414	0.861	20
13	Kutch-Bhuj	17.94	0.518	336	0.913	16
14	Mehsana	15.66	0.581	222	1.023	9
15	Narmada (Rajpipla)	13.31	0.448	499	0.789	25
16	Navsari	16.18	0.616	141	1.086	5
17	Panchmahal	13.51	0.511	350	0.901	18
18	Patan	18.62	0.486	423	0.856	21
19	Porbandar	20.28	0.623	133	1.098	4
20	Rajkot	15.61	0.655	88	1.155	3
21	Sabarkantha (Himmatnagar)	17.13	0.466	468	0.821	22
22	Surat	11.82	0.692	54	1.219	1
23	Surendranagar	18.83	0.503	375	0.887	19
24	Tapi (Vyara)	14.84	0.512	346	0.903	17
25	Vadodara	20.60	0.546	276	0.963	12
26	Valsad	15.90	0.583	218	1.027	8
	Haryana	21.55	0.592		1
1	Ambala	21.14	0.715	35	1.207	2
2	Bhiwani	18.88	0.569	236	0.961	16
3	Faridabad	23.19	0.643	103	1.085	4
4	Fatehabad	25.33	0.567	243	0.958	17
5	Gurgaon	14.91	0.631	122	1.066	7
6	Hisar	22.94	0.596	183	1.007	10
7	Jhajjar	19.54	0.640	108	1.081	5
8	Jind	21.74	0.585	209	0.988	13
9	Kaithal	25.16	0.541	286	0.914	19
10	Karnal	26.48	0.581	219	0.982	15
11	Kurukshetra	18.09	0.630	123	1.065	8
12	Mahendragarh	24.18	0.608	158	1.028	9
13	Mewat	17.11	0.371	609	0.627	21
14	Palwal	18.36	0.531	306	0.896	20
15	Panchkula	20.69	0.739	21	1.248	1
16	Panipat	20.28	0.592	201	1	12
17	Rewari	18.18	0.632	118	1.067	6
18	Rohtak	22.18	0.594	193	1.004	11
19	Sirsa	24.07	0.559	256	0.943	18
20	Sonipat	22.98	0.585	211	0.988	14
21	Yamunanagar	25.24	0.643	102	1.086	3
	Himachal Pradesh	22.63	0.654		1
1	Bilaspur	20.85	0.671	77	1.026	4
2	Chamba	18.30	0.604	167	0.922	12
3	Hamirpur	21.98	0.700	46	1.07	2
4	Kangra	22.35	0.655	89	1.001	5
5	Kinnaur	22.81	0.614	148	0.939	10
6	Kullu	19.60	0.650	95	0.993	6
7	Lahaul and Spiti	22.05	0.611	154	0.934	11
8	Mandi	25.93	0.648	97	0.99	7
9	Shimla	26.82	0.638	113	0.974	8
10	Sirmaur	20.66	0.638	114	0.974	9
11	Solan	25.53	0.672	75	1.027	3
12	Una	18.01	0.701	44	1.071	1
	Jammu and Kashmir	28.80	0.572		1
1	Anantnag	45.10	0.523	326	0.915	14
2	Bandipore	35.16	0.516	342	0.903	15
3	Baramulla	26.28	0.555	267	0.97	10
4	Budgam	28.92	0.557	264	0.973	9
5	Doda	27.70	0.528	313	0.923	13
6	Ganderbal	32.31	0.516	343	0.902	16
7	Jammu	22.08	0.707	40	1.237	1
8	Kargil	28.76	0.491	407	0.859	20
9	Kathua	27.14	0.598	175	1.047	5
10	Kishtwar	25.15	0.490	410	0.858	21
11	Kulgam	33.96	0.548	273	0.959	11
12	Kupwara	36.53	0.447	502	0.782	22
13	Leh	28.91	0.624	131	1.091	4
14	Poonch	26.02	0.501	386	0.876	19
15	Pulwama	45.01	0.529	310	0.925	12
16	Rajouri	26.06	0.510	357	0.892	17
17	Ramban	23.06	0.504	374	0.881	18
18	Reasi	17.73	0.577	226	1.009	8
19	Samba	21.08	0.682	68	1.193	3
20	Shopian	29.69	0.580	223	1.014	7
21	Srinagar	21.32	0.682	67	1.193	2
22	Udhampur	20.75	0.583	215	1.02	6
	Jharkhand	23.34	0.459		1
1	Bokaro	34.07	0.504	373	1.097	6
2	Chatra	16.97	0.403	578	0.877	19
3	Deoghar	31.91	0.405	575	0.882	18
4	Dhanbad	25.07	0.559	255	1.217	3
5	Dumka	26.25	0.407	572	0.885	17
6	East Singhbhum	15.62	0.603	168	1.314	2
7	Garhwa	19.86	0.365	615	0.795	21
8	Giridih	20.12	0.428	538	0.931	14
9	Godda	39.20	0.295	639	0.643	24
10	Gumla	18.51	0.505	367	1.1	5
11	Hazaribagh	20.25	0.465	471	1.013	12
12	Jamtara	27.87	0.419	552	0.913	15
13	Khunti	15.82	0.487	420	1.061	10
14	Kodarma	14.23	0.496	397	1.079	9
15	Latehar	21.11	0.415	558	0.903	16
16	Lohardaga	18.09	0.503	376	1.095	7
17	Pakur	23.06	0.326	632	0.709	23
18	Palamu	29.90	0.367	612	0.8	20
19	Ramgarh	14.78	0.609	157	1.326	1
20	Ranchi	22.11	0.548	274	1.193	4
21	Sahibganj	31.82	0.358	620	0.779	22
22	Seraikella Kharsawan	25.77	0.480	438	1.045	11
23	Simdega	16.84	0.501	382	1.092	8
24	West Singhbhum	13.14	0.455	491	0.992	13
	Karnataka	21.67	0.570		1
1	Bagalkot	22.85	0.487	417	0.855	24
2	Ballari	20.75	0.464	474	0.814	26
3	Belagavi	19.37	0.542	282	0.951	16
4	Bengaluru Rural	20.48	0.625	130	1.097	6
5	Bengaluru Urban	28.50	0.727	28	1.277	1
6	Bidar	25.03	0.507	362	0.889	20
7	Chamarajanagar	20.05	0.467	464	0.82	25
8	Chikaballapura	23.78	0.502	380	0.88	21
9	Chikkmagaluru	18.65	0.632	119	1.109	5
10	Chitradurga	21.68	0.541	290	0.949	17
11	Dakshina Kannada	13.44	0.720	32	1.263	2
12	Davanagere	20.98	0.536	300	0.94	18
13	Dharwad	20.15	0.593	198	1.04	11
14	Gadag	23.59	0.511	351	0.897	19
15	Hassan	18.14	0.612	152	1.074	9
16	Haveri	23.63	0.495	398	0.869	22
17	Kalaburagi (Gulbarga)	25.87	0.446	504	0.782	27
18	Kodagu	13.29	0.670	80	1.176	4
19	Kolar	21.01	0.558	260	0.979	15
20	Koppal	24.89	0.424	545	0.744	29
21	Mandya	20.06	0.596	186	1.046	10
22	Mysuru	20.15	0.586	208	1.027	12
23	Raichur	20.41	0.439	513	0.771	28
24	Ramanagara	17.72	0.576	229	1.011	13
25	Shivamogga	16.45	0.612	150	1.074	8
26	Tumakuru	22.01	0.573	233	1.005	14
27	Udupi	14.37	0.707	41	1.24	3
28	Uttara Kannada	15.72	0.620	135	1.087	7
29	Vijayapura	19.99	0.490	411	0.861	23
30	Yadgir	21.21	0.357	621	0.626	30
	Kerala	22.81	0.742		1
1	Alappuzha	27.24	0.769	6	1.037	3
2	Ernakulam	20.14	0.828	1	1.117	1
3	Idukki	21.62	0.695	52	0.937	11
4	Kannur	21.80	0.738	24	0.995	9
5	Kasaragod	22.74	0.721	31	0.973	10
6	Kollam	23.70	0.759	11	1.023	6
7	Kottayam	24.69	0.761	9	1.026	5
8	Kozhikode	27.19	0.740	20	0.998	8
9	Malappuram	19.12	0.690	56	0.93	12
10	Palakkad	20.48	0.690	57	0.93	13
11	Pathanamthitta	25.17	0.769	7	1.036	4
12	Thiruvananthapuram	24.48	0.748	16	1.009	7
13	Thrissur	21.19	0.776	4	1.046	2
14	Wayanad	25.25	0.626	129	0.843	14
	Lakshadweep	25.05	0.710		1
1	Lakshadweep	25.05	0.710	39	1	1
	Madhya Pradesh	21.37	0.463		1
1	Alirajpur	14.91	0.339	629	0.733	50
2	Anuppur	24.58	0.466	470	1.007	18
3	Ashoknagar	19.50	0.383	599	0.828	44
4	Balaghat	17.58	0.555	268	1.199	5
5	Barwani	15.11	0.401	580	0.867	39
6	Betul	23.11	0.540	293	1.167	6
7	Bhind	20.23	0.495	399	1.07	10
8	Bhopal	35.64	0.585	210	1.264	3
9	Burhanpur	17.20	0.461	479	0.997	20
10	Chhatarpur	22.61	0.375	606	0.811	46
11	Chhindwara	20.72	0.522	329	1.129	7
12	Damoh	22.14	0.436	519	0.941	28
13	Datia	15.73	0.434	524	0.939	29
14	Dewas	19.46	0.434	526	0.937	30
15	Dhar	17.38	0.414	560	0.895	36
16	Dindori	25.97	0.387	597	0.836	43
17	Guna	15.51	0.426	543	0.921	32
18	Gwalior	17.35	0.566	246	1.222	4
19	Harda	22.03	0.482	433	1.041	13
20	Hoshangabad	23.70	0.504	371	1.089	9
21	Indore	24.04	0.610	155	1.318	2
22	Jabalpur	23.98	0.613	149	1.325	1
23	Jhabua	17.52	0.345	628	0.745	49
24	Katni	22.44	0.457	488	0.987	24
25	Khandwa (East Nimar)	23.56	0.464	473	1.003	19
26	Khargone (West Nimar)	19.42	0.442	509	0.954	26
27	Mandla	24.56	0.440	512	0.951	27
28	Mandsaur	17.37	0.422	549	0.913	34
29	Morena	17.05	0.506	366	1.094	8
30	Narsinghpur	20.88	0.481	434	1.04	14
31	Neemuch	20.49	0.469	461	1.013	17
32	Panna	18.58	0.457	487	0.988	23
33	Raisen	21.71	0.455	492	0.983	25
34	Rajgarh	25.46	0.380	602	0.821	45
35	Ratlam	19.19	0.406	573	0.878	38
36	Rewa	24.48	0.469	458	1.014	16
37	Sagar	22.11	0.476	445	1.029	15
38	Satna	23.31	0.489	413	1.057	11
39	Sehore	28.22	0.459	483	0.991	21
40	Seoni	21.34	0.483	429	1.044	12
41	Shahdol	24.61	0.410	567	0.886	37
42	Shajapur	20.92	0.391	592	0.845	42
43	Sheopur	19.53	0.349	625	0.755	48
44	Shivpuri	19.09	0.392	590	0.848	41
45	Sidhi	21.59	0.401	581	0.867	40
46	Singrauli	19.61	0.433	527	0.936	31
47	Tikamgarh	17.30	0.363	617	0.784	47
48	Ujjain	19.56	0.458	485	0.99	22
49	Umaria	21.53	0.422	547	0.913	33
50	Vidisha	22.13	0.416	557	0.898	35
	Maharashtra	26.37	0.578		1
1	Ahmednagar	26.51	0.559	254	0.967	16
2	Akola	25.65	0.568	241	0.982	15
3	Amravati	26.53	0.541	288	0.936	18
4	Aurangabad	26.80	0.528	312	0.914	20
5	Beed	23.16	0.484	428	0.838	24
6	Bhandara	37.24	0.529	309	0.916	19
7	Buldhana	28.37	0.483	430	0.835	25
8	Chandrapur	35.57	0.496	395	0.858	23
9	Dhule	27.91	0.469	459	0.811	30
10	Gadchiroli	22.36	0.526	321	0.909	21
11	Gondia	20.09	0.587	206	1.015	12
12	Hingoli	25.97	0.470	456	0.814	28
13	Jalgaon	32.56	0.469	457	0.812	29
14	Jalna	34.06	0.414	561	0.716	35
15	Kolhapur	28.36	0.611	153	1.058	9
16	Latur	30.94	0.477	444	0.825	27
17	Mumbai City	31.79	0.725	29	1.254	1
18	Mumbai Suburban	25.90	0.712	38	1.232	2
19	Nagpur	24.48	0.671	78	1.161	4
20	Nanded	27.46	0.467	466	0.808	31
21	Nandurbar	16.84	0.428	535	0.741	34
22	Nashik	18.94	0.568	239	0.983	14
23	Osmanabad	30.46	0.461	480	0.797	32
24	Parbhani	33.93	0.441	511	0.763	33
25	Pune	24.38	0.695	51	1.202	3
26	Raigarh	22.51	0.647	99	1.119	5
27	Ratnagiri	21.08	0.628	127	1.087	7
28	Sangli	32.76	0.596	185	1.031	11
29	Satara	32.32	0.598	177	1.035	10
30	Sindhudurg	27.62	0.612	151	1.059	8
31	Solapur	26.81	0.551	271	0.953	17
32	Thane	22.76	0.640	110	1.107	6
33	Wardha	22.48	0.575	231	0.994	13
34	Washim	26.94	0.501	384	0.867	22
35	Yavatmal	24.33	0.481	436	0.832	26
	Manipur	22.78	0.677		1
1	Bishnupur	18.56	0.685	64	1.012	3
2	Chandel	30.05	0.556	265	0.822	7
3	Churachandpur	14.69	0.619	136	0.915	5
4	Imphal East	20.92	0.686	61	1.014	2
5	Imphal West	25.62	0.762	8	1.125	1
6	Senapati	48.99	0.540	292	0.798	8
7	Tamenglong	17.99	0.498	391	0.736	9
8	Thoubal	15.26	0.677	70	0.999	4
9	Ukhrul	24.46	0.600	173	0.886	6
	Meghalaya	14.94	0.541		1
1	East Garo Hills	14.81	0.537	298	0.994	4
2	East Khasi Hills	12.43	0.607	161	1.122	1
3	Jaintia Hills	13.17	0.458	484	0.847	7
4	Ri Bhoi	16.85	0.496	394	0.918	5
5	South Garo Hills	18.39	0.577	227	1.066	2
6	West Garo Hills	17.04	0.538	297	0.995	3
7	West Khasi Hills	16.16	0.491	409	0.908	6
	Mizoram	13.82	0.681		1
1	Aizawl	13.41	0.739	22	1.084	1
2	Champhai	14.62	0.628	128	0.921	5
3	Kolasib	16.50	0.622	134	0.913	6
4	Lawngtlai	12.71	0.508	358	0.745	8
5	Lunglei	11.52	0.629	125	0.922	4
6	Mamit	15.25	0.583	216	0.856	7
7	Saiha	15.94	0.647	100	0.949	3
8	Serchhip	15.26	0.698	48	1.025	2
	Nagaland	14.98	0.609		1
1	Dimapur	11.03	0.689	58	1.131	2
2	Kiphire	13.76	0.508	359	0.834	10
3	Kohima	10.06	0.713	36	1.171	1
4	Longleng	20.07	0.521	333	0.855	9
5	Mokokchung	14.08	0.679	69	1.115	3
6	Mon	23.64	0.465	472	0.764	11
7	Peren	15.67	0.563	249	0.925	7
8	Phek	14.40	0.600	172	0.986	5
9	Tuensang	17.94	0.527	317	0.865	8
10	Wokha	12.97	0.673	73	1.105	4
11	Zunheboto	18.05	0.593	197	0.974	6
	Odisha	29.65	0.488		1
1	Angul	26.84	0.498	392	1.02	12
2	Balangir	34.58	0.430	530	0.881	22
3	Balasore	30.48	0.517	339	1.059	10
4	Bargarh	28.45	0.494	403	1.012	13
5	Bhadrak	27.94	0.560	252	1.148	5
6	Boudh	29.08	0.439	516	0.899	21
7	Cuttack	38.87	0.576	230	1.18	4
8	Deogarh	27.72	0.466	469	0.955	15
9	Dhenkanal	31.10	0.463	477	0.948	16
10	Gajapati	28.44	0.375	607	0.769	27
11	Ganjam	29.35	0.460	482	0.943	17
12	Jagatsinghapur	30.15	0.617	140	1.264	2
13	Jajpur	29.66	0.554	270	1.135	8
14	Jharsuguda	36.51	0.545	278	1.117	9
15	Kalahandi	27.98	0.394	588	0.808	24
16	Kandhamal	33.58	0.388	595	0.795	25
17	Kendrapara	27.85	0.558	261	1.143	6
18	Keonjhar	23.75	0.452	495	0.927	18
19	Khordha	28.40	0.641	105	1.314	1
20	Koraput	26.30	0.377	604	0.773	26
21	Malkangiri	26.88	0.368	611	0.754	28
22	Mayurbhanj	27.14	0.441	510	0.904	20
23	Nabarangpur	26.15	0.356	623	0.73	29
24	Nayagarh	34.92	0.483	432	0.989	14
25	Nuapada	33.74	0.422	548	0.866	23
26	Puri	31.59	0.606	162	1.242	3
27	Rayagada	29.27	0.299	637	0.612	30
28	Sambalpur	34.16	0.507	361	1.04	11
29	Sonepur	29.52	0.452	496	0.927	19
30	Sundargarh	23.64	0.555	266	1.138	7
	Puducherry	24.19	0.680		1
1	Karaikal	25.45	0.662	85	0.973	2
2	Mahe	16.38	0.755	13	1.109	1
3	Pondicherry	24.33	0.659	87	0.969	3
4	Yanam	23.24	0.543	281	0.798	4
	Punjab	23.58	0.662		1
1	Amritsar	23.71	0.670	81	1.012	11
2	Barnala	24.10	0.605	163	0.914	15
3	Bathinda	23.45	0.637	115	0.961	13
4	Faridkot	23.02	0.598	181	0.903	17
5	Fatehgarh Sahib	25.81	0.697	49	1.053	5
6	Ferozpur	21.90	0.590	203	0.891	18
7	Gurdaspur	21.83	0.685	62	1.035	9
8	Hoshiarpur	21.22	0.691	55	1.044	6
9	Jalandhar	20.48	0.723	30	1.092	2
10	Kapurthala	23.00	0.687	60	1.037	8
11	Ludhiana	23.06	0.703	43	1.062	4
12	Mansa	32.66	0.522	331	0.788	20
13	Moga	29.24	0.604	166	0.912	16
14	Muktsar	22.70	0.576	228	0.87	19
15	Patiala	23.18	0.689	59	1.04	7
16	Rupnagar	23.76	0.717	33	1.084	3
17	Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali)	21.63	0.733	26	1.108	1
18	Sangrur	26.68	0.640	109	0.954	12
19	Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar	24.31	0.673	72	1.03	10
20	Tarn Taran	27.04	0.619	137	0.935	14
	Rajasthan	22.81	0.480		1
1	Ajmer	20.50	0.517	337	1.078	7
2	Alwar	22.38	0.504	369	1.051	10
3	Banswara	21.42	0.417	554	0.869	26
4	Baran	26.18	0.435	521	0.906	19
5	Barmer	21.58	0.405	574	0.844	30
6	Bharatpur	18.66	0.489	412	1.02	11
7	Bhilwara	22.44	0.434	523	0.905	21
8	Bikaner	16.03	0.522	328	1.088	6
9	Bundi	29.64	0.435	522	0.906	20
10	Chittorgarh	27.58	0.428	534	0.893	23
11	Churu	15.93	0.510	355	1.063	8
12	Dausa	23.51	0.484	427	1.009	12
13	Dholpur	17.41	0.472	452	0.984	14
14	Dungarpur	24.32	0.435	520	0.906	18
15	Hanumangarh	23.91	0.507	360	1.057	9
16	Jaipur	23.98	0.584	213	1.217	1
17	Jaisalmer	23.93	0.400	583	0.833	32
18	Jalor	24.10	0.410	566	0.855	29
19	Jhalawar	22.33	0.439	515	0.915	16
20	Jhunjhunu	18.37	0.564	248	1.176	4
21	Jodhpur	24.88	0.476	446	0.992	13
22	Karauli	21.48	0.428	536	0.891	24
23	Kota	22.99	0.583	217	1.215	2
24	Nagaur	22.21	0.446	503	0.928	15
25	Pali	32.38	0.401	582	0.835	31
26	Pratapgarh	24.22	0.388	596	0.808	33
27	Rajsamand	25.95	0.432	528	0.901	22
28	Sawai Madhopur	24.38	0.427	539	0.89	25
29	Sikar	15.80	0.565	247	1.178	3
30	Sirohi	22.81	0.437	518	0.912	17
31	Sri Ganganagar	25.00	0.545	277	1.136	5
32	Tonk	28.50	0.413	563	0.861	28
33	Udaipur	26.81	0.414	562	0.862	27
	Sikkim	29.79	0.557		1
1	East District	26.67	0.595	190	1.067	1
2	North District	30.73	0.557	263	1	2
3	South District	36.60	0.542	283	0.972	3
4	West District	28.62	0.491	408	0.882	4
	Tamil Nadu	16.35	0.652		1
1	Ariyalur	19.97	0.540	294	0.829	31
2	Chennai	19.38	0.774	5	1.187	1
3	Coimbatore	15.17	0.693	53	1.063	4
4	Cuddalore	16.36	0.639	112	0.98	19
5	Dharmapuri	16.78	0.595	189	0.913	28
6	Dindigul	15.26	0.581	220	0.892	30
7	Erode	15.70	0.632	121	0.969	21
8	Kancheepuram	17.27	0.715	34	1.097	3
9	Kanyakumari	18.90	0.750	14	1.151	2
10	Karur	13.19	0.615	145	0.944	23
11	Krishnagiri	15.26	0.641	107	0.983	18
12	Madurai	15.42	0.666	84	1.022	10
13	Nagapattinam	17.46	0.618	139	0.947	22
14	Namakkal	15.26	0.641	106	0.983	17
15	Perambalur	18.38	0.586	207	0.899	29
16	Pudukottai	15.13	0.615	147	0.943	24
17	Ramanathapuram	17.31	0.654	91	1.003	11
18	Salem	12.54	0.644	101	0.988	15
19	Sivaganga	18.01	0.674	71	1.034	6
20	Thanjavur	15.09	0.632	120	0.969	20
21	The Nilgiris	13.63	0.670	79	1.028	9
22	Theni	16.84	0.535	301	0.82	32
23	Thiruvallur	20.00	0.672	76	1.031	8
24	Thiruvarur	20.78	0.596	184	0.914	27
25	Thoothukudi	17.92	0.684	66	1.049	5
26	Tirunelveli	16.75	0.642	104	0.986	16
27	Tiruppur	13.51	0.672	74	1.031	7
28	Tiruvannamalai	15.49	0.604	164	0.927	25
29	Trichirappalli	14.79	0.648	98	0.994	14
30	Vellore	15.54	0.650	93	0.998	13
31	Viluppuram	16.92	0.598	176	0.918	26
32	Virudhunagar	14.84	0.651	92	0.998	12
	Telangana	29.74	0.505		1
1	Adilabad	27.56	0.423	546	0.839	9
2	Hyderabad	45.12	0.684	65	1.355	1
3	Karimnagar	30.41	0.506	365	1.003	3
4	Khammam	29.55	0.429	533	0.849	7
5	Mahabubnagar	26.59	0.395	587	0.783	10
6	Medak	22.30	0.478	440	0.948	5
7	Nalgonda	27.51	0.426	542	0.844	8
8	Nizamabad	25.85	0.477	442	0.945	6
9	Rangareddy	32.30	0.601	171	1.19	2
10	Warangal	24.90	0.487	418	0.965	4
	Tripura	17.51	0.572		1
1	Dhalai	20.79	0.450	498	0.787	4
2	North Tripura	15.52	0.510	354	0.892	3
3	South Tripura	15.15	0.512	347	0.895	2
4	West Tripura	18.80	0.596	188	1.041	1
	Uttar Pradesh	20.81	0.504		1
1	Agra	27.18	0.560	253	1.111	12
2	Aligarh	20.68	0.488	415	0.969	49
3	Allahabad	29.94	0.520	334	1.033	28
4	Ambedkar Nagar	19.43	0.550	272	1.091	14
5	Amroha (Jyotiba Phule Nagar)	14.06	0.527	315	1.046	25
6	Auraiya	20.04	0.517	338	1.027	30
7	Azamgarh	16.50	0.590	202	1.171	7
8	Baghpat	17.09	0.597	182	1.186	5
9	Bahraich	20.56	0.324	634	0.644	70
10	Ballia	28.35	0.499	389	0.99	45
11	Balrampur	14.19	0.348	627	0.69	69
12	Banda	15.55	0.501	385	0.995	43
13	Barabanki	22.16	0.454	493	0.901	55
14	Bareilly	20.75	0.501	387	0.994	44
15	Basti	17.64	0.502	377	0.997	39
16	Bhadohi	17.59	0.523	327	1.039	26
17	Bijnor	16.74	0.571	234	1.134	9
18	Budaun	18.93	0.395	586	0.785	65
19	Bulandshahar	17.41	0.522	330	1.036	27
20	Chandauli	16.41	0.513	345	1.018	32
21	Chitrakoot	15.53	0.451	497	0.896	57
22	Deoria	22.93	0.519	335	1.03	29
23	Etah	17.61	0.502	379	0.996	40
24	Etawah	19.72	0.512	349	1.016	34
25	Faizabad (Ayodhya)	18.52	0.511	353	1.014	36
26	Farukkhabad	16.71	0.512	348	1.016	33
27	Fatehpur	21.02	0.479	439	0.951	50
28	Firozabad	20.25	0.541	284	1.075	17
29	Gautam Buddh Nagar	21.82	0.655	90	1.3	1
30	Ghaziabad	30.82	0.594	195	1.179	6
31	Ghazipur	22.06	0.511	352	1.015	35
32	Gonda	18.19	0.391	591	0.777	66
33	Gorakhpur	22.68	0.528	311	1.049	23
34	Hamirpur	17.26	0.530	308	1.052	22
35	Hardoi	18.10	0.464	475	0.921	54
36	Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar)	16.97	0.494	401	0.981	46
37	Jalaun	18.49	0.516	341	1.025	31
38	Jaunpur	26.19	0.530	307	1.053	21
39	Jhansi	19.41	0.545	279	1.081	15
40	Kannauj	18.90	0.544	280	1.08	16
41	Kanpur Dehat	19.93	0.501	383	0.995	42
42	Kanpur Nagar	25.38	0.628	126	1.247	3
43	Kanshiram Nagar	16.55	0.471	454	0.936	52
44	Kaushambi	26.39	0.408	569	0.81	62
45	Kushinagar	39.18	0.396	585	0.787	64
46	Lakhimpur Kheri	17.89	0.401	579	0.797	63
47	Lalitpur	14.72	0.444	506	0.882	59
48	Lucknow	26.61	0.649	96	1.288	2
49	Mahoba	17.90	0.492	405	0.976	48
50	Mahrajganj	23.04	0.382	600	0.759	67
51	Mainpuri	17.96	0.568	240	1.127	10
52	Mathura	20.09	0.527	314	1.047	24
53	Mau	17.64	0.580	224	1.151	8
54	Meerut	19.23	0.607	160	1.205	4
55	Mirzapur	16.76	0.472	453	0.937	51
56	Moradabad	17.35	0.505	368	1.002	38
57	Muzaffarnagar	15.87	0.541	285	1.075	18
58	Pilibhit	18.31	0.447	501	0.888	58
59	Pratapgarh	24.28	0.541	289	1.073	19
60	Raebareli	18.27	0.537	299	1.066	20
61	Rampur	16.36	0.501	381	0.996	41
62	Saharanpur	17.68	0.567	242	1.127	11
63	Sant Kabir Nagar	15.74	0.467	463	0.928	53
64	Shahjahanpur	19.32	0.444	507	0.881	60
65	Shravasti	18.72	0.255	640	0.506	71
66	Siddharth Nagar	17.26	0.381	601	0.755	68
67	Sitapur	19.88	0.418	553	0.831	61
68	Sonbhadra	16.67	0.453	494	0.9	56
69	Sultanpur	19.21	0.492	404	0.976	47
70	Unnao	20.50	0.506	363	1.006	37
71	Varanasi	26.36	0.558	257	1.109	13
	Uttarakhand	18.37	0.616		1
1	Almora	21.56	0.618	138	1.004	4
2	Bageshwar	17.68	0.599	174	0.974	6
3	Chamoli	22.87	0.593	196	0.964	9
4	Champawat	13.64	0.598	179	0.972	7
5	Dehradun	18.27	0.699	47	1.135	1
6	Haridwar	16.66	0.569	237	0.924	12
7	Nainital	16.86	0.668	82	1.086	2
8	Pauri Garhwal	18.75	0.660	86	1.072	3
9	Pithoragarh	20.22	0.592	200	0.962	10
10	Rudraprayag	21.57	0.607	159	0.986	5
11	Tehri Garhwal	21.92	0.595	191	0.966	8
12	Udham Singh Nagar	16.90	0.584	214	0.948	11
13	Uttarkashi	20.76	0.566	244	0.919	13
	West Bengal	22.10	0.522		1
1	Bankura	21.52	0.481	437	0.921	12
2	Birbhum	21.43	0.430	531	0.824	18
3	Burdwan	19.82	0.538	296	1.031	8
4	Cooch Behar	20.16	0.477	443	0.914	14
5	Dakshin Dinajpur	21.30	0.477	441	0.915	13
6	Darjeeling	21.73	0.604	165	1.157	4
7	Hooghly	19.83	0.598	180	1.146	5
8	Howrah	21.64	0.615	143	1.179	2
9	Jalpaiguri	21.28	0.510	356	0.977	9
10	Kolkata	27.00	0.701	45	1.343	1
11	Malda	21.10	0.404	576	0.775	19
12	Murshidabad	23.30	0.431	529	0.825	17
13	Nadia	18.14	0.555	269	1.062	6
14	North 24 Parganas	21.96	0.615	146	1.178	3
15	Paschim Medinipur	24.28	0.483	431	0.925	11
16	Purba Medinipur	22.39	0.540	295	1.034	7
17	Purulia	21.09	0.434	525	0.831	16
18	South 24 Parganas	27.83	0.502	378	0.962	10
19	Uttar Dinajpur	17.04	0.439	514	0.841	15

1. Source: Authors