Abstract
This chapter explores the pillars of an inclusive development strategy that a developing country like Tunisia shall pursue. It begins by examining three multidimensional approaches of change and development. At first, it presents Kaplan and Freeman’s (Inclusive transitions framework, 2015) approach for a successful inclusive reform during a political transition. Then, it examines the multidimensional development theory of the Tunisian philosopher Abderrahmane Ibn Khaldun. The third examined multidimensional development paradigm is Stiglitz (Towards a new paradigm for development: Strategies, policies, and processes, 1998). Then, it dedicates special sections to the role of inclusive institutions and the process of reengineering political institutions. This institutional dimension is crucial to Tunisia, which shall conceive its development strategy taking into account its strengths and weaknesses on a multidimensional space. Finally, it focuses on the role of leadership in the country’s transformation process and justifies the urgency to reinvent it on the institutional ground (institutional leadership).
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Notes
- 1.
Despite their concern about the unemployment problem and the soundness of the banking system.
- 2.
The Washington consensus is criticized for its focus on privatization, trade liberalization, price stability and the controls of budget deficit and money supply much more than on the resilience of the financial system, the stability of output, the inclusiveness of growth and the quality of the institutional environment.
- 3.
Which means “introduction” and constitutes the first volume of a seven-volume book entitled The Book of Lessons and Record of Cause and Effect in the History of Arabs, Persians and Berbers and their Powerful Contemporaries.
- 4.
It is particularly important to note that women benefited from equal rights as men and were accorded property rights since that time. As a result, 41% of the charitable endowments (awqaf ) in the Othman Aleppo were founded by women (Roded, 1994). The inheritance-sharing rules commonly reduced to a “2:1 ratio” in favor of men are a misleading interpretation which undermines the financial obligation under the shelves of the latter and ignores many cases where the inheritance ratio is equal or is in favor of women.
- 5.
Chapra (2008) also notes that the institutional ingredients for development emphasized by North (1990) and North and Thomas (1973) were available and contributed to the rise and supremacy of the Muslim civilization from the eighth to the middle of the twelfth century. He adds that the analysis of Ibn Khaldun reveals that the political illegitimacy triggered the reverse declining dynamic. It started with the hereditary succession initiated by the fifth Caliph (Muawiyah) who appointed his son Yazid to the Caliphate in 679. This event had progressively led to the deterioration of the political system and governance framework (deterioration of “G”). Authoritarian and arbitrary governments progressively emerged, resulting in shrinking the scope of accountability of the rulers and the political elite, as well as impeding the freedom of expression. Chapra (2008) notes that many religious scholars (ulama) were persecuted, which led to their progressive separation from the political sphere (deterioration of “S”). The vicious dynamic accelerated leading to gradual deterioration in the quality of life (“J” & “D”) as a consequence of misuse of the state resources for the royal court’s luxury, increase in taxes, disincentives to working, production and innovation.
- 6.
For example, education occupies the center of the “individuals’” development, but is also important for the “private sector” strategy and the women (“family”) empowerment.
- 7.
The interaction between “sustaining democracy” and developing an “inclusive economic system” is not particular to developing countries like Tunisia. Reich (2015) emphasizes the need for an upsurge in the public in order to rescue the democracy and to take back the economy in the US, Europe and Japan. Noam Chomsky argues that financial institutions expanded enormously and a vicious cycle between finance and politics accelerated. This is because wealth was concentrated in the financial sector and politicians were facing the rising cost of campaigns (Polychroniou, 2016).
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Nabi, M.S. (2019). Toward an Inclusive Development Strategy. In: Making the Tunisian Resurgence. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3771-0_4
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