Abstract
Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspects. These saline habitat plants flourish on soils with high salt concentration and can be substituted for conventional crops. A total of 728 taxa of halophytes have been recorded from Southwest Asia. These belong to 68 families. The majority are from the families Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminosae (Papiliondeae), Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae. Chenopodiaceae has the largest number of species and genera. It is exceeded by Poaceae which has more genera but fewer species. Halophytes in this region constitute about half the number of halophyte taxa (and families) recorded for the world. A total of 115 halophyte taxa are evaluated as food here together with a total of 331 as fodder. Especially in the Arabian Gulf countries, Aerva javanica, Aizoon canariense, Blepharis ciliaris, Cleome brachycarpa, Convolvulus glomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Senna italica, Tecomella undulata, and Zaleya pentandra halophyte taxa are good fodder for camels, cattle, goat, and sheep. In the Mediterranean part of Southwest Asia, more than 20 taxa are used as animal feed. These are mainly the taxa like Aellenia, Aeluropus, Halocnemum, Haloxylon, Salsola, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. In Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, the number of halophytes used as animal feed exceeds 100 taxa. The use of halophytes for food purposes in Southwest Asia is as follows: Mediterranean countries use over 10 taxa, Arabian Gulf countries use over 10 taxa, and Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan use over 40 taxa.
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Appendices
Appendices
11.1.1 Appendix I: Halophytes from Southwest Asia with Potential Human Food Value
Sl. no. | Taxa |
|---|---|
1 | Aizoon canariense |
2 | Alhagi graecorum |
3 | Allium trifoliatum |
4 | Amaranthus retroflexus |
5 | Amaranthus viridis |
6 | Apium graveolens |
7 | Arthrocnemum macrostachyum |
8 | Arundo donax |
9 | Asparagus persicus |
10 | Aster tripolium |
11 | Atriplex canescens |
12 | Atriplex dimorphostegia |
13 | Atriplex griffithii |
14 | Atriplex halimus |
15 | Atriplex hortensis |
16 | Atriplex leucoclada |
17 | Atriplex littoralis |
18 | Atriplex portulacoides |
19 | Atriplex rosea |
20 | Atriplex sagittata |
21 | Avicennia marina |
22 | Bassia scoparia |
23 | Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima |
24 | Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. maritimus |
25 | Bruguiera gymnorrhiza |
26 | Cakile maritima |
27 | Capparis spinosa |
28 | Ceriops tagal |
29 | Chenopodium album |
30 | Chenopodium foliosum |
31 | Chenopodium murale |
32 | Chenopodium rubrum |
33 | Cichorium intybus |
34 | Cichorium pumilum |
35 | Cichorium spinosum |
36 | Cocos nucifera |
37 | Crepis sancta |
38 | Cressa cretica |
39 | Crithmum maritimum |
40 | Cynara cardunculus |
41 | Cynodon dactylon |
42 | Cynomorium coccineum |
43 | Cyperus longus |
44 | Cyperus rotundus |
45 | Dysphania ambrosioides |
46 | Echinochloa crus-galli |
47 | Elymus farctus |
48 | Eryngium campestre var. virens |
49 | Eryngium creticum |
50 | Eryngium glomeratum |
51 | Eryngium maritimum |
52 | Glinus lotoides |
53 | Glossonema varians |
54 | Glycyrrhiza glabra |
55 | Halogeton glomeratus |
56 | Halopyrum mucronatum |
57 | Halosarcia indica |
58 | Haloxylon griffithii ssp. griffithii |
59 | Haloxylon griffithii ssp. wakhanicum |
60 | Haloxylon stocksii |
61 | Hibiscus tiliaceus |
62 | Imperata cylindrica |
63 | Inula crithmoides |
64 | Krascheninnikovia ceratoides |
65 | Lepidium latifolium |
66 | Lycium shawii |
67 | Mesembryanthemum crystallinum |
68 | Mesembryanthemum forskahlii |
69 | Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum |
70 | Neurada procumbens |
71 | Nitraria retusa |
72 | Nitraria schoberi |
73 | Oligomeris linifolia |
74 | Oxystelma esculentum |
75 | Pancratium maritimum |
76 | Pedalium murex |
77 | Pentatropis nivalis |
78 | Phoenix dactylifera |
79 | Phoenix sylvestris |
80 | Phragmites australis |
81 | Plantago coronopus |
82 | Plantago lanceola |
83 | Plantago major ssp. intermedia |
84 | Polygonum aviculare |
85 | Polypogon monspeliensis |
86 | Portulaca oleracea |
87 | Prosopis farcta |
88 | Rhizophora mucronata |
89 | Rumex vesicarius |
90 | Salicornia bigelovii |
91 | Salicornia perennis |
92 | Salicornia ramosissima |
93 | Salsola soda |
94 | Salvadora oleoides |
95 | Salvadora persica |
96 | Sarcocornia fruticosa |
97 | Sarcocornia perennis |
98 | Sesuvium portulacastrum |
99 | Sinapis arvensis |
100 | Solanum incanum |
101 | Suaeda aegyptiaca |
102 | Suaeda fruticosa |
103 | Suaeda maritima |
104 | Terminalia catappa |
105 | Tetraena alba |
106 | Tetraena simplex |
107 | Thespesia populneoides |
108 | Trianthema portulacastrum |
109 | Tribulus terrestris |
110 | Trifolium campestre |
111 | Trifolium repens |
112 | Triglochin maritima |
113 | Typha latifolia |
114 | Vicia sativa |
115 | Zizyphus nummularia |
11.1.2 Appendix II: Halophytes with Potential Fodder Value in Southwest Asia
Sl. no. | Taxa |
|---|---|
1 | Acacia saligna |
2 | Acacia tortilis |
3 | Acantholippia seriphioides |
4 | Aegiceras corniculatum |
5 | Aellenia auricula |
6 | Aeluropus lagopoides |
7 | Aeluropus littoralis |
8 | Aeluropus macrostachyus |
9 | Aerva javanica |
10 | Agathophora alopecuroides |
11 | Agrostis stolonifera |
12 | Aizoon canariense |
13 | Alhagi graecorum |
14 | Alhagi pseudalhagi |
15 | Alopecurus myosuroides var. myosuroides |
16 | Ammi visnaga |
17 | Anabasis articulata |
18 | Anabasis elatior |
19 | Anabasis salsa |
20 | Anabasis setifera |
21 | Anagallis arvensis |
22 | Aristida adscensionis |
23 | Aristida mutabilis |
24 | Artemisia campestris |
25 | Artemisia scoparia |
26 | Arthrocnemum halocnemoides |
27 | Arthrocnemum macrostachyum |
28 | Asparagus persicus |
29 | Aster tripolium |
30 | Astragalus hamosus |
31 | Astragalus kahiricus |
32 | Astrebla lappacea |
33 | Atriplex cana |
34 | Atriplex canescens |
35 | Atriplex confertifolia |
36 | Atriplex dimorphostegia |
37 | Atriplex griffithii |
38 | Atriplex halimus |
39 | Atriplex hortensis |
40 | Atriplex lasiantha |
41 | Atriplex leucoclada |
42 | Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata |
43 | Atriplex moneta |
44 | Atriplex muricata |
45 | Atriplex patula |
46 | Atriplex polycarpa |
47 | Atriplex portulacoides |
48 | Atriplex prostrata ssp. calotheca |
49 | Atriplex sagittata |
50 | Atriplex spongiosa |
51 | Atriplex stocksii |
52 | Atriplex tatarica |
53 | Atriplex verrucifera |
54 | Avicennia marina |
55 | Bassia eriophora |
56 | Bassia hyssopifolia |
57 | Bassia indica |
58 | Bassia prostrata |
59 | Bassia scoparia |
60 | Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima |
61 | Bienertia cycloptera |
62 | Blepharis ciliaris |
63 | Blysmus rufus |
64 | Bolboschoenus glaucus |
65 | Bolboschoenus maritimus |
66 | Bromus arvensis |
67 | Bromus japonicus |
68 | Bromus tectorum ssp. tectorum |
69 | Buchloe dactyloides |
70 | Caesalpinia bonduc |
71 | Calligonum comosum |
72 | Calligonum leucocladum |
73 | Calligonum polygonoides |
74 | Camphorosma monspeliaca |
75 | Capparis spinosa |
76 | Carex divisa |
77 | Carex extensa |
78 | Caroxylon nitrarium |
79 | Caroxylon scleranthum |
80 | Cenchrus biflorus |
81 | Cenchrus ciliaris |
82 | Cenchrus pennisetiformis |
83 | Centaurea postii |
84 | Centaurium spicatum |
85 | Cerastium dubium |
86 | Ceriops tagal |
87 | Chenopodium chenopodioides |
88 | Chenopodium species |
89 | Chloris gayana |
90 | Chloris virgata |
91 | Cichorium intybus |
92 | Cleome brachycarpa |
93 | Convolvulus glomeratus |
94 | Cornulaca aucheri |
95 | Cornulaca monacantha |
96 | Crambe cordifolia ssp. kotschyana |
97 | Crepis sancta |
98 | Cressa cretica |
99 | Cynodon dactylon |
100 | Cyperus conglomeratus |
101 | Cyperus fuscus |
102 | Cyperus laevigatus |
103 | Cyperus rotundus |
104 | Dactyloctenium aegyptium |
105 | Dactyloctenium aristatum |
106 | Dactyloctenium scindicum |
107 | Dalbergia sissoo |
108 | Desmostachya bipinnata |
109 | Diarthron lessertii |
110 | Dichanthium annulatum |
111 | Digitaria ciliaris |
112 | Echinochloa colona |
113 | Echinochloa crus-galli |
114 | Echinochloa turneriana |
115 | Eleusine indica |
116 | Eleusine tristachya |
117 | Elymus elongatus |
118 | Elytrigia x littorea |
119 | Enteropogon macrostachyus |
120 | Eragrostis curvula |
121 | Eragrostis japonica |
122 | Eragrostis superba |
123 | Eryngium campestre var. virens |
124 | Fagonia arabica |
125 | Fagonia bruguieri |
126 | Fagonia mollis |
127 | Festuca rubra |
128 | Frankenia pulverulenta |
129 | Girgensohnia oppositifolia |
130 | Glinus lotoides |
131 | Glycyrrhiza glabra |
132 | Halimocnemis mollissima |
133 | Halimocnemis pilosa |
134 | Halimodendron halodendron |
135 | Halocharis hispida |
136 | Halocharis sulphurea |
137 | Halocharis violacea |
138 | Halocnemum strobilaceum |
139 | Halopeplis perfoliata |
140 | Halopeplis pygmaea |
141 | Halopyrum mucronatum |
142 | Halosarcia indica |
143 | Halostachys belangeriana |
144 | Halostachys caspica |
145 | Halothamnus glaucus |
146 | Halothamnus subaphyllus |
147 | Haloxylon ammodendron |
148 | Haloxylon recurvum |
149 | Haloxylon salicornicum |
150 | Haloxylon stocksii |
151 | Helianthemum lippii |
152 | Heliotropium bacciferum |
153 | Holcus lanatus |
154 | Hordeum marinum |
155 | Hyparrhenia hirta |
156 | Imperata cylindrica |
157 | Indigofera argentea |
158 | Inula crithmoides |
159 | Iris spuria |
160 | Juncus acutus |
161 | Juncus subulatus |
162 | Kali tragus |
163 | Kalidium caspicum |
164 | Kaviria tomentosa |
165 | Kochia iranica |
166 | Kochia odontoptera |
167 | Krascheninnikovia ceratoides |
168 | Lasiurus scindicus |
169 | Lepidium perfoliatum |
170 | Leptadenia pyrotechnica |
171 | Leptochloa fusca |
172 | Limonium stocksii |
173 | Lobularia maritima |
174 | Lolium multiflorum |
175 | Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius |
176 | Lotus preslii |
177 | Lycium shawii |
178 | Maireana brevifolia |
179 | Maireana georgei |
180 | Malcolmia grandiflora |
181 | Medicago lupulina |
182 | Medicago minima var. minima |
183 | Melilotus indicus |
184 | Melilotus officinalis |
185 | Mesembryanthemum spp. |
186 | Neokochia americana |
187 | Neurada procumbens |
188 | Nitraria retusa |
189 | Nitraria schoberi |
190 | Oligomeris linifolia |
191 | Panicum antidotale |
192 | Panicum turgidum |
193 | Paspalum distichum |
194 | Paspalum vaginatum |
195 | Peganum harmala |
196 | Pergularia tomentosa |
197 | Phalaris arundinacea |
198 | Phalaris minor |
199 | Phleum exaratum ssp. exaratum |
200 | Phragmites australis |
201 | Phragmites karka |
202 | Plantago major ssp. intermedia |
203 | Poa bulbosa |
204 | Poa pratensis |
205 | Polygonum aviculare |
206 | Polypogon maritimus |
207 | Polypogon monspeliensis |
208 | Populus euphratica |
209 | Porteresia coarctata |
210 | Portulaca oleracea |
211 | Potentilla anserina |
212 | Prosopis cineraria |
213 | Prosopis farcta |
214 | Prosopis juliflora |
215 | Puccinellia distans |
216 | Puccinellia koeieana |
217 | Raphanus raphanistrum |
218 | Reaumuria alternifolia |
219 | Reaumuria fruticosa |
220 | Reaumuria halophila |
221 | Reaumuria palaestina |
222 | Reaumuria stocksii |
223 | Rhizophora mucronata |
224 | Ruppia maritima |
225 | Saccharum bengalense |
226 | Salicornia bigelovii |
227 | Salicornia perennis |
228 | Salicornia persica |
229 | Salicornia rubra |
230 | Salsola abarghuensis |
231 | Salsola arbuscula |
232 | Salsola baryosma |
233 | Salsola chorassanica |
234 | Salsola crassa |
235 | Salsola dendroides |
236 | Salsola drummondii |
237 | Salsola gossypina |
238 | Salsola imbricata |
239 | Salsola incanescens |
240 | Salsola jordanicola |
241 | Salsola kali |
242 | Salsola kerneri |
243 | Salsola lanata |
244 | Salsola leptoclada |
245 | Salsola nitraria |
246 | Salsola orientalis |
247 | Salsola sclerantha |
248 | Salsola soda |
249 | Salsola tetrandra |
250 | Salsola tomentosa |
251 | Salsola vermiculata |
252 | Salsola volkensii |
253 | Salvadora persica |
254 | Sarcocornia fruticosa |
255 | Sarcocornia perennis |
256 | Schoenoplectus litoralis |
257 | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani |
258 | Scirpoides holoschoenus |
259 | Seidlitzia florida |
260 | Seidlitzia rosmarinus |
261 | Senna italica |
262 | Seriphidium quettense |
263 | Sesuvium portulacastrum |
264 | Sonchus maritimus |
265 | Spergularia media |
266 | Sporobolus coromandelianus |
267 | Sporobolus helvolus |
268 | Sporobolus ioclados |
269 | Sporobolus tourneuxii |
270 | Sporobolus virginicus |
271 | Stipagrostis pennata |
272 | Stipagrostis plumosa |
273 | Suaeda acuminata |
274 | Suaeda aegyptiaca |
275 | Suaeda altissima |
276 | Suaeda arcuata |
277 | Suaeda asphaltica |
278 | Suaeda confusa |
279 | Suaeda fruticosa |
280 | Suaeda heterocarpa |
281 | Suaeda maritima |
282 | Suaeda microphylla |
283 | Suaeda microsperma |
284 | Suaeda monoica |
285 | Suaeda palaestina |
286 | Suaeda splendens |
287 | Suaeda vera |
288 | Suaeda vermiculata |
289 | Tamarix androssowii |
290 | Tamarix aphylla |
291 | Tamarix aralensis |
292 | Tamarix aravensis |
293 | Tamarix arceuthoides |
294 | Tamarix gallica |
295 | Tamarix hispida |
296 | Tamarix karakalensis |
297 | Tamarix kotschyi |
298 | Tamarix laxa |
299 | Tamarix leptostachya |
300 | Tamarix mannifera |
301 | Tamarix mascatensis |
302 | Tamarix octandra |
303 | Tamarix passerinoides |
304 | Tamarix ramosissima |
305 | Tamarix rosea |
306 | Tamarix szovitsiana |
307 | Taraxacum bessarabicum |
308 | Tecomella undulata |
309 | Tetraena alba |
310 | Tetraena coccineum |
311 | Tetraena simplex |
312 | Thymelaea hirsuta |
313 | Traganum nudatum |
314 | Trianthema portulacastrum |
315 | Trianthema triquetra |
316 | Tribulus terrestris |
317 | Trifolium fragiferum |
318 | Trifolium repens |
319 | Trifolium tomentosum |
320 | Triglochin palustris |
321 | Urochondra setulosa |
322 | Vicia sativa |
323 | Xylosalsola richteri |
324 | Zaleya pentandra |
325 | Zizyphus nummularia |
326 | Zoysia macrantha |
327 | Zygophyllum eichwaldii |
328 | Zygophyllum eurypterum |
329 | Zygophyllum fabago |
330 | Zygophyllum oxianum |
331 | Zygophyllum propinquum |
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Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Güvensen, A. (2019). Sustainable Use of Halophytic Taxa as Food and Fodder: An Important Genetic Resource in Southwest Asia. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Öztürk , M. (eds) Ecophysiology, Abiotic Stress Responses and Utilization of Halophytes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3762-8_11
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