Abstract
Among all polysaccharides, starch has been widely used in the pharmaceutical domain due to its low cost, its various sources, and high availability. Starch is organized in discrete granules whose morphology and supramolecular structure depend on the organization’s way of amylose and amylopectin. The granule architecture determines the accessibility of starch to water or enzymes, thus affecting the gelatinization and enzymatic hydrolysis behavior. Gelatinization of starch is vital for its functional properties; and once on cooling, the gelatinized starch undergoes retrogradation, with the starch molecules reassociating into partially ordered structures that differ from those in native granules. These structural changes of starch may cause significant differences in its digestion. Generally, starch can be digested by human enzymes, which gives starch great biodegradability. Yet, the fast degradation of starch could be a hurdle in the application of starch in drug delivery systems (DDSs). Therefore, natural starches should be modified by physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods in order to expand the application of starch as drug carriers. Armed with the structural, physicochemical, and enzymatic information of starch, the advanced and well-controlled starch-based DDSs can be realized.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Atwell WAPRaDL, Minneapolis MN, Hood LF, Lineback DR, Varriano-Marston E, Zobel HF (1988) The terminology and methodology associated with basic starch phenomena. Cereal Food World 33:306–311
Balmayor ER, Tuzlakoglu K, Azevedo HS, Reis RL (2009) Preparation and characterization of starch-poly-ε-caprolactone microparticles incorporating bioactive agents for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 5:1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.11.006
BeMiller JN (2011) Pasting, paste, and gel properties of starch–hydrocolloid combinations. Carbohydr Polym 86:386–423
Benedetti G, Rastelli F, Damiani S, Calandri C, Crinò L (2004) Challenging problems in malignancy: case 1. Presentation of small-cell lung cancer with marked hyperamylasemia. J Clin Oncol 22:3826–3828
Bie P, Chen L, Li X, Li L (2016) Characterization of concanavalin A-conjugated resistant starch acetate bioadhesive film for oral colon-targeting microcapsule delivery system. Ind Crops Prod 84:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.02.023
Biliaderis CG (2009) Structural transitions and related physical properties of starch (Chap. 8). In: Whistler JBaR (ed) Starch (Chemistry and technology). 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 293–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-746275-2.00008-2
Buléon A, Colonna P, Planchot V, Ball S (1998) Starch granules: structure and biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 23:85–112
Cai L, Shi Y-C (2010) Structure and digestibility of crystalline short-chain amylose from debranched waxy wheat, waxy maize, and waxy potato starches. Carbohydr Polym 79:1117–1123
Cai L, Shi Y-C, Rong L, Hsiao BS (2010) Debranching and crystallization of waxy maize starch in relation to enzyme digestibility. Carbohyd Polym 81:385–393
Casas M, Ferrero C, de Paz MV, Jiménez-Castellanos MR (2009) Synthesis and characterization of new copolymers of ethyl methacrylate grafted on tapioca starch as novel excipients for direct compression matrix tablets. Eur Polymer J 45:1765–1776
Castro JV, Ward RM, Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA (2005) Measurement of the molecular weight distribution of debranched starch. Biomacromolecules 6:2260–2270
Chan HT, Leh CP, Bhat R, Senan C, Williams PA, Karim AA (2011) Molecular structure, rheological and thermal characteristics of ozone-oxidized starch. Food Chem 126:1019–1024
Constantin M, Fundueanu G, Cortesi R, Esposito E, Nastruzzi C (2003) Aminated polysaccharide microspheres as DNA delivery systems. Drug Deliv 10:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717540390215537
Cummings J, Englyst H (1991) Measurement of starch fermentation in the human large intestine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 69:121–129
da Rosa Zavareze E, Pinto VZ, Klein B, El Halal SLM, Elias MC, Prentice-Hernández C, Dias ARG (2012) Development of oxidised and heat–moisture treated potato starch film. Food Chem 132:344–350
Dandekar P, Jain R, Stauner T, Loretz B, Koch M, Wenz G, Lehr C-M (2012) A hydrophobic starch polymer for nanoparticle-mediated delivery of docetaxel. Macromol Biosci 12:184–194. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201100244
Desai KGH (2005) Preparation and characteristics of high-amylose corn starch/pectin blend microparticles: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 6:E202–E208. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt060230
Duan S-H, Xu D-Q, Miao M (2007) Review on advance of modified starch based on physical methods. Food Sci 28:361–366
Elvira C, Mano JF, San Roman J, Reis RL (2002) Starch-based biodegradable hydrogels with potential biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 23:1955–1966. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00322-2
Englyst HN, Kingman S, Cummings J (1992) Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr 46:S33–S50
Fichter M, Baier G, Dedters M, Pretsch L, Pietrzak-Nguyen A, Landfester K, Gehring S (2013) Nanocapsules generated out of a polymeric dexamethasone shell suppress the inflammatory response of liver macrophages. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9:1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.005
Fonseca LM, Gonçalves JR, El Halal SLM, Pinto VZ, Dias ARG, Jacques AC, da Rosa Zavareze E (2015) Oxidation of potato starch with different sodium hypochlorite concentrations and its effect on biodegradable films. LWT-Food Sci Technol 60:714–720
Gallant DJ, Bouchet B, Baldwin PM (1997) Microscopy of starch: evidence of a new level of granule organization. Carbohyd Polym 32:177–191
Goszczynski TM, Filip-Psurska B, Kempinska K, Wietrzyk J, Boratynski J (2014) Hydroxyethyl starch as an effective methotrexate carrier in anticancer therapy. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2:e00047–e00047. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.47
Haralampu SG (2000) Resistant starch—a review of the physical properties and biological impact of RS3. Carbohydr Polym 41:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00147-2
Henrist D, Lefebvre R, Remon JP (1999) Bioavailability of starch based hot stage extrusion formulations. Int J Pharm 187:185–191
Holm J, Björck I, Ostrowska S, Eliasson A-C, Asp N-G, Larsson K, Lundquist I (1983) Digestibility of Amylose-Lipid Complexes in-vitro and in-vivo Starch-Stärke. 35:294–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19830350902
Huang Y, Liu M, Gao C, Yang J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu Z (2013) Ultra-small and innocuous cationic starch nanospheres: preparation, characterization and drug delivery study. Int J Biol Macromol 58:231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.006
Jiang G, Qiu W, DeLuca PP (2003) Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded poly (acryloyl-hydroxyethyl starch)-PLGA composite microspheres. Pharm Res 20:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022668507748
Kim H-Y, Park SS, Lim S-T (2015) Preparation, characterization and utilization of starch nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 126:607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.011
Kittipongpatana OS, Burapadaja S, Kittipongpatana N (2009) Carboxymethyl Mungbean starch as a new pharmaceutical gelling agent for topical preparation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 35:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040802144229
Kuakpetoon D, Wang YJ (2001) Characterization of different starches oxidized by hypochlorite. Starch–Stärke 53:211–218
Kumar P, Ganure AL, Subudhi BB, Shukla S (2015) Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive methyl methacrylate-g-starch/hydroxypropylated starch hydrogels: in vitro and in vivo study on release of esomeprazole magnesium. Drug Deliv Transl Res 5:243–256
Larionov NV, Ponchel G, Duchene D, Larionova NI (1999) Biodegradable cross-linked starch/protein microcapsules containing proteinase inhibitor for oral protein administration. Int J Pharm 189:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00249-5
Lefnaoui S, Moulai-Mostefa N (2011) Formulation and in vitro evaluation of kappa-carrageenan-pregelatinized starch-based mucoadhesive gels containing miconazole. Starch-Stärke 63:512–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201000141
Lefnaoui S, Moulai-Mostefa N (2014) Investigation and optimization of formulation factors of a hydrogel network based on kappa carrageenan–pregelatinized starch blend using an experimental design. Colloids Surf A 458:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.01.007
Li Y, Zhang Z, Van Leeuwen HP, Cohen Stuart MA, Norde W, Kleijn JM (2011) Uptake and release kinetics of lysozyme in and from an oxidized starch polymer microgel. Soft Matter 7:10377–10385. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1sm06072d
Li G et al (2014) Hydroxyethyl starch conjugates for improving the stability, pharmacokinetic behavior and antitumor activity of 10-hydroxy camptothecin. Int J Pharm 471:234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.038
Li K et al (2015a) Mulberry-like dual-drug complicated nanocarriers assembled with apogossypolone amphiphilic starch micelles and doxorubicin hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for tumor combination and targeted therapy. Biomaterials 39:131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.073
Li M, Witt T, Xie F, Warren FJ, Halley PJ, Gilbert RG (2015b) Biodegradation of starch films: the roles of molecular and crystalline structure. Carbohyd Polym 122:115–122
Li G, Cai C, Qi Y, Tang X (2016) Hydroxyethyl starch–10-hydroxy camptothecin conjugate: synthesis, pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity and pharmacodynamics research. Drug Deliv 23:277–284
Lu D, Xiao C, Xu S (2009) Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials Express. Polym Lett 3:366–375
Mahkam M (2010) Modified chitosan cross-linked starch polymers for oral insulin delivery. J Bioact Compatible Polym 25:406–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911510369038
Marsh RDL, Blanshard JMV (1988) The application of polymer crystal growth theory to the kinetics of formation of the B-amylose polymorph in a 50% wheat-starch gel. Carbohydr Polym 9:301–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(88)90048-3
Michailova V, Titeva S, Kotsilkova R, Krusteva E, Minkov E (2001) Influence of hydrogel structure on the processes of water penetration and drug release from mixed hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/thermally pregelatinized waxy maize starch hydrophilic matrices. Int J Pharm 222:7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00706-2
Mua J, Jackson D (1997) Fine structure of corn amylose and amylopectin fractions with various molecular weights. J Agric Food Chem 45:3840–3847
Namazi H, Belali S (2016) Starch-g-lactic acid/montmorillonite nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization and controlled drug release study. Starch-Stärke 68:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400226
Oechslein CR, Fricker G, Kissel T (1996) Nasal delivery of octreotide: absorption enhancement by particulate carrier systems. Int J Pharm 139:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(96)04569-3
Oladebeye AO, Oshodi AA, Amoo IA, Karim AA (2013) Functional, thermal and molecular behaviours of ozone-oxidised cocoyam and yam starches. Food Chem 141:1416–1423
Pereswetoff-Morath L (1998) Microspheres as nasal drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(97)00069-0
Pérez S, Bertoft E (2010) The molecular structures of starch components and their contribution to the architecture of starch granules: a comprehensive review. Starch–Stärke 62:389–420
Qiao L, Gu Q-M, Cheng H (2006) Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of hydrophobically modified starch. Carbohyd Polym 66:135–140
Ramasubbu N, Paloth V, Luo Y, Brayer GD, Levine MJ (1996) Structure of human salivary α-amylase at 1.6 A resolution: Implications for its role in the oral cavity. Acta Crystallogr Sect D: Struct Biol 52:435–446. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444995014119
Saboktakin MR, Maharramov A, Ramazanov MA (2009) pH-sensitive starch hydrogels via free radical graft copolymerization, synthesis and properties. Carbohydr Polym 77:634–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.02.004
Sadeghi M, Hosseinzadeh H (2008) Synthesis of starch-poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel with salt and pH-responsiveness properties as a drug delivery system. J Bioact Compatible Polym 23:381–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911508093504
Saikia C, Das MK, Ramteke A, Maji TK (2016) Effect of crosslinker on drug delivery properties of curcumin loaded starch coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 93:1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.043
Sánchez-Rivera M, GarcĂa-Suárez F, Del Valle MV, Gutierrez-Meraz F, Bello-PĂ©rez L (2005) Partial characterization of banana starches oxidized by different levels of sodium hypochlorite. Carbohyd Polym 62:50–56
Santander-Ortega M et al (2010) Nanoparticles made from novel starch derivatives for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 141:85–92
Sanz T, Salvador A, Baixauli R, Fiszman S (2009) Evaluation of four types of resistant starch in muffins. II. Effects in texture, colour and consumer response. Eur Food Res Technol 229:197–204
Shaikh MMM, Gramopadhye NS, Wardole AA, Lonikar SV (2015) Starch-acrylic acid hydrogel: synthesis, characterization and drug release study. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:942–954
Sieradzki R, Traitel T, Goldbart R, Geresh S, Kost J (2014) Tailoring quaternized starch as a non-viral carrier for gene delivery applications. Polym Adv Technol 25:552–561. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3277
Simi CK, Emilia Abraham T (2007) Hydrophobic grafted and cross-linked starch nanoparticles for drug delivery. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 30:173–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-007-0112-5
Singh AV, Nath LK, Guha M (2011) Synthesis and characterization of highly substituted acetylated moth bean starch. J Polym Mater 28:277–285
Situ W, Chen L, Wang X, Li X (2014) Resistant starch film-coated microparticles for an oral colon-specific polypeptide delivery system and its release behaviors. J Agric Food Chem 62:3599–3609. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf500472b
Situ W, Li X, Liu J, Chen L (2015) Preparation and characterization of glycoprotein-resistant starch complex as a coating material for oral bioadhesive microparticles for colon-targeted polypeptide delivery. J Agric Food Chem 63:4138–4147
Sivapragasam N, Thavarajah P, Ohm JB, Thavarajah D (2014) Surface properties of semi-synthetic enteric coating films: Opportunities to develop bio-based enteric coating films for colon-targeted delivery. Bioact Carbohydr Dietary Fibre 4:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.09.001
Smith BW, Roe JH (1949) A photometric method for the determination of α-amylase in blood and urine, with use of the starch-iodine color. J Biol Chem 179:53–59
Soares GA, Castro ADD, Cury BSF, Evangelista RC (2013) Blends of cross-linked high amylose starch/pectin loaded with diclofenac. Carbohyd Polym 91:135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.014
Sudo K, Kanno T (1976) Properties of the amylase produced in carcinoma of the lung. Clin Chim Acta 73:1–12
Surini S, Anggriani V, Anwar E (2009) Study of mucoadhesive microspheres based on pregelatinized cassava starch succinate as a new carrier for drug delivery. J Med Sci 9:249–256. https://doi.org/10.3923/jms.2009.249.256
Tako M (1996) Molecular origin for the thermal stability of waxy–rice (Kogane) starch. Starch-Stärke 48:414–417
Tan Y, Xu K, Li Y, Sun S, Wang P (2010) A robust route to fabricate starch esters vesicles. Chem Commun 46:4523–4525. https://doi.org/10.1039/C000471E
Tatongjai J, Lumdubwong N (2010) Physicochemical properties and textile utilization of low-and moderate-substituted carboxymethyl rice starches with various amylose content. Carbohydr Polym 81:377–384
Tester RF, Karkalas J, Qi X (2004) Starch—composition, fine structure and architecture. J Cereal Sci 39:151–165
Thiele C, Loretz B, Lehr C-M (2017) Biodegradable starch derivatives with tunable charge density—synthesis, characterization, and transfection efficiency. Drug Deliv Transl Res 7:252–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0333-8
Thompson DB (2000) Strategies for the manufacture of resistant starch. Trends Food Sci Technol 11:245–253
Tuma RF, Forsberg JO, Agerup B (1982) Enhanced uptake of actinomycin D in the dog kidney by simultaneous injection of degradable starch microspheres into the renal artery. Cancer 50:1–5
Tuovinen L, Peltonen S, Liikola M, Hotakainen M, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Poso A, Jarvinen K (2004a) Drug release from starch-acetate microparticles and films with and without incorporated alpha-amylase. Biomaterials 25:4355–4362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.026
Tuovinen L et al (2004b) Starch acetate microparticles for drug delivery into retinal pigment epithelium - in vitro study. J Control Release 98:407–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.05.016
Vanier NL, da RosaZavareze E, Pinto VZ, Klein B, Botelho FT, Dias ARG, Elias MC (2012) Physicochemical, crystallinity, pasting and morphological properties of bean starch oxidised by different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Food Chem 131:1255–1262
Wang S, Copeland L (2013) Molecular disassembly of starch granules during gelatinization and its effect on starch digestibility: a review. Food Func 4:1564–1580
Wang Q, Hu X, Du Y, Kennedy JF (2010) Alginate/starch blend fibers and their properties for drug controlled release. Carbohydr Polym 82:842–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.004
Wang S, Blazek J, Gilbert E, Copeland L (2012) New insights on the mechanism of acid degradation of pea starch. Carbohyd Polym 87:1941–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.093
Wepner B, Berghofer E, Miesenberger E, Tiefenbacher K, Ng PNK (1999) Citrate starch—application as resistant starch in different food systems. Starch-Stärke 51:354–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-379x(199910)51:10%3c354:aid-star354%3e3.0.co;2-w
Wurzburg O (1986) Converted starches. Modified Starches: Prop Uses 18–41
Wuttisela K, Triampo W, Triampo D (2009) Chemical force mapping of phosphate and carbon on acid-modified tapioca starch surface. Int J Biol Macromol 44:86–91
Xiao C, Fang F (2009) Ionic self-assembly and characterization of a polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complex of maleic starch half-ester acid with chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 112:2255–2260. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29763
Xiao H, Yang T, Lin Q, Liu GQ, Zhang L, Yu F, Chen Y (2016) Acetylated starch nanocrystals: preparation and antitumor drug delivery study. Int J Biol Macromol 89:456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.037
Xu E-Y, Guo J, Xu Y, Li H-Y, Seville PC (2014) Influence of excipients on spray-dried powders for inhalation. Powder Technol 256:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.02.033
Yamada H, Loretz B, Lehr C-M (2014) Design of starch-graft-PEI polymers: an effective and biodegradable gene delivery platform. Biomacromolecules 15:1753–1761
Yoon H-S, Lee J, Lim S-T (2009) Utilization of retrograded waxy maize starch gels as tablet matrix for controlled release of theophylline. Carbohydr Polym 76:449–453
Zhang SD, Zhang YR, Zhu J, Wang XL, Yang KK, Wang YZ (2007) Modified corn starches with improved comprehensive properties for preparing thermoplastics. Starch–Stärke 59:258–268
Zhang AP et al (2013a) Disulfide crosslinked PEGylated starch micelles as efficient intracellular drug delivery platforms. Soft Matter 9:2224–2233. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm27189c
Zhang Z, Shan HL, Chen L, He CL, Zhuang XL, Chen XS (2013b) Synthesis of pH-responsive starch nanoparticles grafted poly (L-glutamic acid) for insulin controlled release. Eur Polym J 49:2082–2091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.032
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, J., Chen, L., Xie, F., Li, X. (2019). Starch. In: Drug Delivery Applications of Starch Biopolymer Derivatives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3657-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3657-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3656-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3657-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)