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Age-Related Changes in the Human Retina: A Role for Oxidative Stress

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Models, Molecules and Mechanisms in Biogerontology

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Abstract

The human retina undergoes subtle, age-related changes with aging. The changes are obvious in most layers and especially in photoreceptor cells. Examinations of postmortem donor retinas (35–94 years) by light and electron microscopy revealed significant structural alterations of the components of photoreceptor outer and inner segments. Immunohistochemical localization with biomarkers of oxidative stress showed an age-dependent intensification of oxidative stress; both lipid peroxidation and protein nitration occurred predominantly in aging photoreceptors, with the former restricted to photoreceptor outer segments and the latter is predominant in their inner segments. Besides, lipid peroxidation is a problem for Müller cells of the aged retina. Antioxidant support by way of upregulation of antioxidant enzymes is not robust enough to counteract the oxidative stress. The mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 shows a clear upregulation; other enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, show a decrease in expression with aging and this may be responsible, in part, for the age-related alterations as well as loss of neurons from the aging human retina. Mechanisms for increased antioxidant support, via both exogenous and endogenous routes, seem an important area of future investigation.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Prof. Radhika Tandon, the Officer-In-Charge, National Eye Bank, AIIMS, New Delhi, for providing with the donor human eyes. The TEM work was done at SAIF-New Delhi (DST). The work was supported by grants from the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi (BT/PR10195/BRB/10/589/2007), and Institute research grant, AIIMS, New Delhi (F.1-6-Para-Med/Acad, 2008).

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  1. Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Tapas Chandra Nag

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  1. School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Pramod C. Rath

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Nag, T.C. (2019). Age-Related Changes in the Human Retina: A Role for Oxidative Stress. In: Rath, P. (eds) Models, Molecules and Mechanisms in Biogerontology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3585-3_7

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