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Small Fiber Neuropathy and Related Syndromes: Pain and Neurodegeneration pp 83–97Cite as

Amyloid Neuropathy

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Abstract

Amyloid neuropathy is a syndrome of peripheral nerve degeneration associated with deposition of amyloid attributed to various molecular compositions including (1) monoclonal protein of immunoglobulin light chain (AL amyloidosis) and (2) misfolded proteins produced by amyloid-prone genes, in particular, familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) due to transthyretin (TTR) mutations. During the early stage of amyloid neuropathy, small fiber of the nociceptive type is frequently affected. Neuropathy of AL amyloidosis is a chronic hematological disorder. In addition to peripheral nerves, the kidney, liver, and heart are major organs of amyloid deposition resulting in diverse clinical presentations. In AL amyloidosis, progressive polyneuropathy is the most common neurological manifestations while mononeuropathy multiplex is also documented depending on the distribution of amyloid pathology. Since AL amyloidosis is due to B-cell dyscrasia, treatments include (1) a combination of prednisolone and chemotherapy (melphalan) and (2) target therapy of proteasome inhibitor (e.g., bortezomib). TTR-FAP is the most common genotype of FAP compared with other amyloid-producing genes (gelsolin and apolipoprotein A1). There are more than 100 mutations of TTR with variations in geographic and ethnic distributions. For example, V30M is the most common genotype and endemic in certain areas of Portugal and Japan. Small-fiber neuropathy is usually the initial presentation of FAP, including neuropathic pain, loss of protective sensation, and autonomic dysfunctions. Neurological deficits progress to affect large fibers leading to weakness of four limbs and unsteadiness, and many patients became ambulation-dependent or bedridden within a decade depending on the genotypes. In addition to liver transplantation which eliminates the major source of TTR-producing organ, new treatments have emerged that may slow the progression of neurological deficits; these include TTR stabilizers and RNA-based therapies. Hence to identify early biomarkers is the direction of research for slowing disease progression of FAP.

Keywords

  • Amyloidosis
  • β-pleated sheet
  • Light chain immunoglobulin
  • AL amyloidosis
  • Primary systemic amyloidosis
  • Plasma cell dyscrasia
  • Chemotherapy
  • Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP)
  • Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC)
  • Transthyretin (TTR)
  • Biomarkers
  • Liver transplantation
  • Transthyretin stabilizer
  • Diflunisal
  • Tafamidis
  • RNA interference (RNAi)
  • Antisense oligonucleotide

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Fig. 8.1
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chi-Chao Chao & Sung-Tsang Hsieh

  2. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hung-Wei Kan, Ti-Yen Yeh, Ya-Yin Cheng & Sung-Tsang Hsieh

  3. Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

    Sung-Tsang Hsieh

  4. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

    Sung-Tsang Hsieh

  5. Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

    Sung-Tsang Hsieh

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Prof. Dr. Sung-Tsang Hsieh

  2. Department of Neurology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

    Prof. Dr. Praveen Anand

  3. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Prof. Dr. Christopher H. Gibbons

  4. Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Claudia Sommer

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Chao, CC., Kan, HW., Yeh, TY., Cheng, YY., Hsieh, ST. (2019). Amyloid Neuropathy. In: Hsieh, ST., Anand, P., Gibbons, C., Sommer, C. (eds) Small Fiber Neuropathy and Related Syndromes: Pain and Neurodegeneration. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3546-4_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3546-4_8

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3545-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3546-4

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