Relevance of Smart Economy in Smart Cities in Africa

Mboup, Gora; Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, Banji

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3471-9_1

Gora Mboup¹² &
Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka^13,14

Part of the book series: Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements ((ACHS))

1000 Accesses
3 Citations

Abstract

This chapter articulates the relevance of smart Economy in Smart Cities in the African context marked by rapid urbanization. A smart city is conceptualized as a sustainable, inclusive, resilient and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components—Smart City Foundation, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Smart Institutions and Laws. These three core components are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Prevention and Resilience, and Peace and Security. Infrastructure Development includes transport, industrial energy, education and health infrastructures, etc. Environment Sustainability is comprised of elements of energy, transport, building and pollution. Social Inclusion includes aspects of participation in decision making as well as according all city residents equal opportunities for growth and prosperity. Social Development encompasses elements of education, health, public space and social capital. Disaster Prevention and Resilience incorporates elements of mitigation and adaptation to various disasters such as flooding, droughts, storms and earthquakes. Peace and security covers all forms of violence and conflicts, including domestic violence, violence in public places, crime, armed conflicts, terrorism, etc. An insecure city limits opportunities for investment and economic growth and cannot be a smart city.

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Notes

1.
United Nations (2017).
2.
Mboup et al. (2017).
3.
Mossberger et al. (2008).
4.
Mboup (2017d).
5.
Mboup et al. (2017).
6.
See also the World Bank (2016a).
7.
UN-HABITAT (2010).
8.
UN population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2018. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York (USA).
9.
Calculated by the author from the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, (ST/ESA/SER.A/366).
10.
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11.
UN-Habitat (2012).
12.
Mboup (1999).
13.
UN-Habitat et al. (2018).
14.
See Fay and Opal (2000). Also see: Jedwab and Vollrath (2015).
15.
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16.
World Bank (2009).
17.
For more details refer to Chap. 10 of this book “Smart Disaster Prevention and Resilience in Africa”.
18.
Mboup et al. (2017).
19.
Vinod and Dahiya (2017).
20.
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21.
United Nations (2015).
22.
Mboup (2017d).
23.
Mossberger et al. (2008).
24.
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25.
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26.
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27.
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28.
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29.
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30.
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31.
Mboup (2017a).
32.
World Bank (2016d).
33.
World Bank (2016d).
34.
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35.
World Bank (2016d).
36.
World Bank (2016d).
37.
World Bank (2016d).
38.
World Bank (2016d).
39.
World Bank (2016d).
40.
World Bank (2016d).
41.
Mboup (2017d), also see De Soto (2000).
42.
UNDP and Panos Institute West Africa (PIWA) (2009).
43.
World Bank (2016d).
44.
World Bank (2016d). See also Aker et al. (2013).
45.
World Bank (2016d). See also Yilmaz and Coolidge (2013).
46.
Klessmann (2010).
47.
Mboup (2015b).
48.
Mboup et al. (2017).
49.
Repetti and Bolay (2010).
50.
Conroy and Gordon (2004).
51.
Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
52.
Madanipur (2017), Madanipur (2001).
53.
Brody et al. (2004), Laurian (2004). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
54.
Conroy and Berke (2004), Conroy and Gordon (2004), Wild and Marshall (1999). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
55.
Chen et al. (2010).
56.
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Yigitcanlar (2013).
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Horelli and Wallin (2010).
59.
Staffans et al. (2010).
60.
Mboup (2017b).
61.
Törhönen et al. (2013).
62.
Aikins (2013).
63.
Törhönen et al. (2013).
64.
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/water/index_en.htm.
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European Commission (2017).
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http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/, Accessed 9 April 2017.
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World Bank (2016a).
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Krambeck (2015) and Haddad et al. (2014).
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Rodrigue et al. (2013).
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Mboup (2017c).
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Mboup (2017c) and UN-Habitat (2010).
87.
Smith (1995).
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89.
At 58th session in May 2005, the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a resolution WHA 58.25 establishing eHealth strategy for WHO promoting the use ICTs in the health sector and services for all (citizens, patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare providers, as well as policy makers).
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WHO (2016). ESA supported the publication of four linked studies whose objective it was to explore the challenges and opportunities of a satellite-enhanced e-health and telemedicine infrastructure for sub-Saharan Africa.
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WHO (2015).
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World Bank (2015b).
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World Bank (2015c).
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Mboup (2017c).
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Flannery et al. (2013). ScratchJr, is an application aimed at teaching algorithm thinking and coding principles to kids at young age (5–7 years) using a simple drag and drop interface.
100.
Ho et al. (2015).
101.
Escher et al. (2014).
102.
Mboup (2017c). The number of world-class universities committed to this digital innovation is steadily growing, as is the number of students—one MOOCs provider, Coursera, has seen the number of students almost double from 7 million in April 2014 to 12 million in 2015.
103.
Mboup (2015a).
104.
Bill Freund, University of KwaZulu-Natal, The African City—A History. Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-52792-7; see also See also Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, African urban history for the 1991 African Studies Review and; Alan Mabin and Sue Parnell, two distinguished urban scholars in South Africa.
105.
Edited by Salm and Falola (2005).
106.
Coquery-Vidrovitch (2005).
107.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls.
108.
Blier Suzanne Preston (2012).
109.
https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en86/special/introduction-to-the-special-theme-ict-for-cultural-heritage.
110.
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/culture_and_ict_as_drivers_of_sustainable_development/.
111.
World Bank (2016). The Digital Dividend, Box 08: The four digital enablers: Social Banking, Social Media, Digital Identity, Data Revolution, pp. 27–28.
112.
Maezawa et al. (2014).
113.
As noted in the Hyogo Declaration and Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015.
114.
The Sendai Framework’s seven global targets are (a) Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015; (b) Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015; (c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030; (d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030; (e) Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020; (f) Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030; and (g) Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030. See https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework.
115.
UNISDR 2015: “The reporting gaps underline the need for UNISDR and partners to continue working with governments to establish robust and well-maintained national disaster loss databases to improve record-keeping and accountability. Universally acceptable loss indicators are currently under development to measure progress in reducing disaster losses as set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030”.
116.
The term hazard refers to a severe or extreme event such as a flood, storm, cold spell or heatwave etc. which occurs naturally anywhere in the world. Hazards only become disasters when human lives are lost and livelihoods damaged or destroyed. Rises in the global population increase the risk of disasters because more people live in harm’s way. (Reference: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology od Disasters (CRED) and UNISDR The Human Cost of weather related disasters (1995–2015).
117.
“Centre for Research on the Epidemiology od Disasters (CRED) and UNISDR The Human Cost of weather related disasters (1995–2015). “The World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, in Japan’s Hyogo Prefecture, from 18 to 22 January, 2005”.
118.
United Nations (2009).
119.
Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University of Cape Town, South Africa, www.egs.uct.ac.za/dimp. In UN-Habitat, 2007. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security, Global Report on Human Settlements (GRHS) 2007. Published by Earthscan, UK and US.
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Opiyo (2018).
121.
Ndugwa et al. (2017).
122.
World Bank (2016d).
123.
As noted by Opiyo (2018). Op. Cit., Search for Common Ground (SFCG) (Undated). Communication for Peace building: Practices, Trends and Challenges. Supported by United States Institute of Peace (USIP). http://cu-csds.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/usip2011vdk.pdf.
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UNODC (2012).
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/maintaining-international-peace-security-using-icts-anant-mishra.
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ICT4Peace is another policy and action-oriented International Foundation: www.ict4peace.org.
127.
https://milunesco.unaoc.org/mil-articles/the-impact-of-ict-on-peace-security-governance-in-africa/.

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Gora Mboup
United Nations University-MERIT, Maastricht, Netherlands
Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka

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Mboup, G., Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B. (2019). Relevance of Smart Economy in Smart Cities in Africa. In: Mboup, G., Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B. (eds) Smart Economy in Smart African Cities. Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3471-9_1

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