Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anesthesia for Traumatic Brain Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Textbook of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care

  • 1229 Accesses

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very prevalent and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Even mild TBI, also known as concussion, can have long-term sequelae. Anesthesia providers will often be faced with the management of these patients, and the primary goals of care are patient resuscitation and avoidance of secondary neurologic injury. The 2016 Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury represent an effort to improve outcomes in this patient population through the implementation of evidence-based practices and standardized care encompassing multiple aspects of treatment, monitoring, and hemodynamic thresholds. The perioperative period is a critical time for optimizing outcomes and decreasing mortality in TBI patients. Anesthesia providers play a vital role in the care of this vulnerable population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Curry P, Viernes D, Sharma D. Perioperative management of traumatic brain injury. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2011;1(1):27–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths – United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(9):1–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kamins J, Giza C. Concussion – mild traumatic brain injury: recoverable injury with potential for serious sequelae. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):441–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kutteruf R, Rozet I, Domino KB. Care of the acutely unstable patient. In: Cottrell JE, Patel P, editors. Cottrell and Patel’s neuroanesthesia. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pearn ML, Niesman IR, Egawa J, Sawada A, Almenar-Queralt A, Shah SB, et al. Pathophysiology associated with traumatic brain injury: current treatments and potential novel therapies. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2017;37(4):571–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McGinn MJ, Povlishock JT. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):397–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Phan RD, Bendo AA. Perioperative management of adult patients with severe head injury. In: Cottrell JE, Patel P, editors. Cottrell and Patel’s neuroanesthesia. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sharma D, Vavilala MS. Perioperative management of adult traumatic brain injury. Anesthesiol Clin. 2012;30(2):333–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hasanin A, Kamal A, Amin S, Zakaria D, Sayed RE, Mahmoud K, et al. Incidence and outcome of cardiac injury in patients with severe head trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;24:58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Corral L, Javierre CF, Ventura JL, Marcos P, Herrero JI, Manez R. Impact of non-neurologic complications in severe traumatic brain injury outcome. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):R44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Bullock R, Chestnut R, Glifton G, Ghajar J, Marion DW, Narayan RK, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. The Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. J Neurotrauma. 1996;13(11):641–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Carney M, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gerber LM, Chiu YL, Carney N, Härtl R, Ghajar J. Marked reduction in mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;119(6):1583–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, Clement C, Lesiuk H, Laupacis A, et al. The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1391–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, Luber S, Blaudeau E, DeBlieux PM. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):100–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mutch CA, Talbott JF, Gean A. Imagining evaluation of acute traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):409–39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Czosnyka M, Timothy J, et al. Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(12):1119–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Honeybul S, Ho KM, Lind CRP, Gillet GR. The current role of decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;43:11–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wendling AL, Tighe PJ, Conrad BP, Baslanti TO, Horodyski M, Rechtine GR. A comparison of 4 airway devices on cervical spine alignment in cadaver models of global ligamentous instability at C1-2. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(1):123–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Crosby ET. Airway management in adults after cervical spine trauma. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(6):1293–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cohan P, Wang C, McArthur DL, Cook SW, Dusick JR, Armin B, et al. Acute secondary adrenal insufficiency after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10):2358–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Upchurch CP, Grijalva CG, Russ S, Collins SP, Semler MW, Rice TW, et al. Comparison of etomidate and ketamine for induction during rapid sequence intubation of adult trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(1):24–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Bahn KV, James S, Hendey GW, Snowden B, Kaups K. Single-dose etomidate for intubation in the trauma patient. J Emerg Med. 2012;43(5):e277–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD010225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Filanovsky Y, Miller P, Kao J. Myth: ketamine should not be used as an induction agent for intubation in patients with head injury. CJEM. 2010;12(2):154–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cohen L, Athaide V, Wickham ME, Doyle-Waters MM, Rose NG, Hohl CM. The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65(1):43–51.e2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wilcox SR, Bittner EA, Elmer J, Seigel TA, Nguyen NT, Dhillon A, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agent administration for emergent tracheal intubation is associated with decreased prevalence of procedure-related complications. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(6):1808–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Li J, Murphy-Lavoie H, Bugas C, Martinez J, Preston C. Complications of emergency intubation with and without paralysis. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17(2):141–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tran DT, Newton EK, Mount VA, Lee JS, Wells GA, Perry JJ. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD002788.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Clancy M, Halford S, Walls R, Murphy M. In patients with head injuries who undergo rapid sequence intubation with succinylcholine, does pretreatment with a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent improve outcome? A literature review. Emerg Med J. 2001;18(5):373–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sørensen MK, Bretlau C, Gätke MR, Sørensen AM, Rasmussen LS. Rapid sequence induction and intubation with rocuronium-sugammadex compared with succinylcholine: a randomized trial. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(4):682–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sanfilippo F, Santonocito C, Veenith T, Astuto M, Maybauer MO. The role of neuromuscular blockade in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2015;22(2):325–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Stirt JA, Grosslight KR, Bedford RF, Vollmer D. “Defasciculation” with metocurine prevents succinylcholine-induced increases in intracranial pressure. Anesthesiology. 1987;67(1):50–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, Bedford RF. Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: prevention by prior nondepolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology. 1986;65(2):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. White PF, Schlobohm RM, Pitts LH, Lindauer JM. A randomized study of drugs for preventing increases in intracranial pressure during endotracheal suctioning. Anesthesiology. 1982;57(3):242–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kovarik WD, Mayberg TS, Lam AM, Mathisen TL, Winn HR. Succinylcholine does not change intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity, or the electroencephalogram in patients with neurologic injury. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(3):469–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chui J, Ramamani M, Mehta J, Manninen P, Venkatraghavan L. Comparison of propofol and volatile agents during elective craniotomy procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(4):347–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Matsumoto M, Sakabe T. Effects of anesthetic agents and other drugs on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and intracranial pressure. In: Cottrell JE, Patel P, editors. Cottrell and Patel’s neuroanesthesia. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zeiler FA, Teitelbaum J, West M, Gillman LM. The ketamine effect on ICP in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(1):163–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Prabhakar H, Singh GP, Mahajan C, Kapoor I, Kalaivani M, Anand V. Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD010467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lazaridis C, Robertson CS. The role of multimodal invasive monitoring in acute traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):509–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sharma D, Brown MJ, Curry P, Noda S, Chesnut RM, Vavilala MS. Prevalence and risk factors for intraoperative hypotension during craniotomy for traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012;24(3):178–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Kawaguchi M, Sakamoto T, Ohnishi H, Karasawa J, Furuya H. Perioperative predictors of reduction in arterial blood pressure following dural opening during surgical evacuation of acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1996;8(2):117–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ract C, Vigué B. Comparison of the cerebral effects of dopamine and norepinephrine in severely head-injured patients. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(1):101–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Steiner LA, Johnston AJ, Czosnyka M, Chatfield DA, Salvador R, Coles JP, et al. Direct comparison of cerebrovascular effects of norepinephrine and dopamine in head-injured patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(4):1049–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Johnston AJ, Steiner LA, Chatfield DA, Coles JP, Hutchinson PJ, Al-Rawi PG. Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure augmentation with dopamine and norepinephrine on global and focal brain oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(5):791–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sookplung P, Siriussawakul A, Malakouti A, Sharma D, Wang J, Souter MJ, et al. Vasopressor use and effect on blood pressure after severe adult traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(1):46–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Norton R, Bishop N, et al. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(9):874–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cooper DJ, Myburg J, Heritier S, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L, et al. Albumin resuscitation for traumatic brain injury: is intracranial hypertension the cause of increased mortality? J Neuro-Oncol. 2013;30(7):512–8.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Van Aken HK, Kampmeier TG, Ertmer C, Westphal M. Fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury: what is a SAFE approach? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012;25(5):563–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bulger EM, May S, Kerby JD, Emerson S, Stiell IG, Schreiber MA, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation after traumatic hypovolemic shock: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2011;253(3):431–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT, Murray LJ, Laidlaw J, Cooper G, et al. Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;29(11):1350–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Winkler SR, Munoz-Ruiz L. Mechanism of action of mannitol. Surg Neurol. 1995;43(1):59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Komotar AJ, Mocco J, Ransom ER, Mack WJ, Zacharia BE, Wilson DA, et al. Herniation secondary to critical postcraniotomy cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(2):286–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Robertson CS, Hannay HJ, Yamal JM, Gopinath S, Goodman JC, Tilley BC, et al. Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurologic recovery after traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(1):36–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sekhon MS, McLean N, Henderson WR, Chittock DR, Griesdale DE. Association of hemoglobin concentration and mortality in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R128.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Lelubre C, Bouzat P, Crippa IA, Taccone FS. Anemia management after acute brain injury. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Hare GM, Tsui AK, McLaren AT, Ragoonanan TE, Yu J, Mazer CD. Anemia and cerebral outcomes: many questions, fewer answers. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(4):1356–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Salim A, Hadjizacharia P, DuBose J, Brown C, Inaba K, Chan L, et al. Role of anemia in traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207(3):398–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Corwin HL, Parsonette KC, Gettinger A. RBC transfusion in the ICU. Is there a reason? Chest. 1995;108(3):767–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG, Fink MP, Levy MM, Abraham E, et al. The CRIT study: anemia and blood transfusion in the critically ill—current clinical practice in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(1):39–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Carson JL, Guyatt G, Heddle NM, Grossman BJ, Cohn CS, Fung MK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the AABB: red blood cell transfusion thresholds and storage. JAMA. 2016;316(19):2025–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Leal-Noval SR, Rincón-Ferrari MD, Marin-Niebla A, Cayuela A, Arelleno-Orden V, Marín-Caballos A, et al. Transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates produces variable increment on cerebral oxygenation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(11):1733–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Yamal JM, Rubin ML, Benoit JS, Tilley BC, Gopinath S, Hannay HJ, et al. Effect of hemoglobin transfusion threshold on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(16):1239–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Pendem S, Rana S, Manno EM, Gajic O. A review of red cell transfusion in the neurologic intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2006;4(1):63–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Warner MA, O’Keeffe T, Bhavsar P, Shringer R, Moore C, Harper C, et al. Transfusions and long-term functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(3):539–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kramer AH, Roberts DJ, Zygun DA. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):R203.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Griesdale DE, Tremblay MH, McEwen J, Chittock DR. Glucose control and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(3):311–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Liu-DeRyke X, Collingridge DS, Orme J, Roller D, Zurasky J, Rhoney DH. Clinical impact of early hyperglycemia during acute phase of traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Buitrago Blanco MM, Prashant GN, Vespa PM. Cerebral metabolism and the role of glucose control in acute traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):453–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninchx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1359–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1283–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Malhotra A, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ. 2009;180(8):821–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(8):933–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Finfer S, Chittock D, Li Y, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: long-term follow-up of a subgroup of patients from the NICE-SUGAR study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(6):1037–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bilotta F, Caramia R, Cernak I, Paoloni FP, Doronzio A, Cuzzone V, et al. Intensive insulin therapy after severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(2):159–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Perman SM, Goyal M, Neumar RW, Topjian AA, Gaieski DF. Clinical applications of targeted temperature management. Chest. 2014;145(2):386–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Lewis SR, Evans DJ, Butler AR, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Alderson P. Hypothermia for traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD001048.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ahmed AI, Bullock MR, Dietrich WD. Hypothermia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):489–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Chiu AW, Hinson HE. Future directions for hypothermia following severe traumatic brain injury. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;38(6):768–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Andrews PJ, Sinclair HL, Rodriguez A, Harris BA, Battison CG, Rhodes JK, et al. Hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(25):2403–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rincon F, Hunter K, Schorr C, Dellinger RP, Zanotti-Cavazzoni S. The epidemiology of spontaneous fever and hypothermia on admission of brain injury patients to intensive care units: a multicenter cohort study. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(4):950–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Li J, Jiang JY. Chinese Head Trauma Data Bank: effect of hyperthermia on the outcome of acute head trauma patients. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1):96–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Schwarzrock C. Collaboration in the presence of cerebral edema: the complications of steroids. Surg Neurol Int. 2016;7(Suppl 7):S185–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, Farrell B, Wasserberg J, Lomas G, et al. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9442):1321–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Edwards P, Arango M, Balica L, Cottingham R, El-Sayed H, Farrell B, et al. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury—outcomes at 6 months. Lancet. 2005;365(9475):1957–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Alderson P, Roberts I. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:CD000196.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Zimmermann LL, Diaz-Arrastia R, Vespa PM. Seizures and the role of anticonvulsants after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(4):499–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Garga N, Lowenstein DH. Posttraumatic epilepsy: a major problem in desperate need of major advances. Epilepsy Curr. 2006;6(1):1–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Nenov V, Ronne-Engstrom E, Hovda DA, Bergsneider M, et al. Increased incidence and impact of convulsive and nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(5):750–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Claassen J, Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology. 2004;62(10):1743–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Wilensky AJ, Keihm J, Chabal S, Winn HR. A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(8):497–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Thompson K, Pohlmann-Eden B, Capbell LA, Abel H. Pharmacologic treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;8:CD009900.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Inaba K, Menaker J, Branco BC, Gooch J, Okoye OT, Herrold J, et al. A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(3):766–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Jones KE, Puccio AM, Harshman KJ, Falcione B, Benedict N, Jankowitz BT, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(4):E3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS. Phenytoin versus levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury – a meta analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Hernández-Palazón J, Tortosa JA, Martínez-Lage JF, Pérez-Ayala M. Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade is affected by chronic phenytoin therapy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2001;13(2):79–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Heiderich S, Jürgens J, Rudolf D, Dennhardt N, Echtermeyer F, Leffler A, et al. Compatibility of common drugs with acetate-containing balanced electrolyte solutions in pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(6):590–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury – an update. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2016;27(2):373–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Coronado VG, Haileyesus T, Cheng TA, Bell JM, Haarbauer-Krupa J, Lionbarger MR, et al. Trends in sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries treated in US emergency departments: the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) 2001-2012. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(3):185–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Tasker RC. Anesthesia and concussion. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30(3):343–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Abcejo AS, Savica R, Lanier WL, Pasternak JJ. Exposure to surgery and anesthesia after concussion due to mild traumatic brain injury. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(7):1042–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroanesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, U.S. Anesthesia Partners—Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Rachel Kutteruf

Authors
  1. Rachel Kutteruf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Hemanshu Prabhakar

  2. Division of Neuroanesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Zulfiqar Ali

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kutteruf, R. (2019). Anesthesia for Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Prabhakar, H., Ali, Z. (eds) Textbook of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3387-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3387-3_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3386-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3387-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation