Abstract
Many rural counties have been transformed drastically in the dynamically growing coastal region where Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta are two rapidly urbanizing clusters. It is observed that there are two types of urbanization spatially intermingled within the municipal regions. One is the top-down penetration of urban projects sponsored by the urban state; the other is the bottom-up rural industrialization and non-agricultural development initiated by the village collective. Since the economic reforms launched in the early 1980s, villages close to cities in the regions with established industrial and market networks have been diversified progressively into non-agricultural economies, but villages in the less developed regions and less accessible areas remain largely in agricultural farming without much significant economic change.
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Notes
- 1.
A hukou is a record of household registration required by law in China. The right of adobe and employment as well as social welfare are associated with hukou registration.
- 2.
The Household Production Responsibility System, introduced by the economic reforms since 1978, contracts the use rights of agricultural land to individual farm households over a period of 30 years. It terminated the collective farming system which had been in practice since 1953. Replacing the People’s Commune, farm households become production units making decisions on what to grow and to sell at market prices after fulfilling the required planned output quotas.
- 3.
Fragstats is a computer software program for spatial pattern analysis.
- 4.
The 2012 statistics of 188 Kunshan’s villages (in Yangtze River Delta) reveal a great deal of disparity in collective revenues between villages, the highest being 78.7 times of the lowest (ORW/KMG 2013). Even in a township of Nanhai with 64 natural villages (in Pearl River Delta), there is extraordinary inequality between village in terms of collective revenues, the highest being 57.6 million while the lowest 0.1 million (2013) (NHRWO 2014).
- 5.
The total government fiscal income in 2015 was 134.5 times of that in 1978 (inflation included), as much as GDP expanded in the same period (NBSC 2016).
- 6.
“State Council on establishing rural low-income insurance” was issued on 11 July 2007 (http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-08/14/content_716621.htm, accessed on June 22, 2017). “State Council on integrating urban and rural basic pension schemes” was issued on 21 February 2014 (http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/gkml/xxgk/201606/t20160628_242490.html, accessed on June 22, 2017). “State Council on integrating urban and rural medical care schemes” was issued on 3 January 2016 (http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/gkml/xxgk/201601/t20160112_231624.html, accessed on June 22, 2017).
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Zhu, J. (2019). Making Urbanization Socially Inclusive: Integrating In-Situ Rural Development with City-Centered Urbanization. In: Zhang, X. (eds) Remaking Sustainable Urbanism. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3350-7_8
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