Abstract
It is widely known that diesel combustion in a compression ignition (CI) engine produces and emits a significant amount of particulate matter (PM) which contributes to degradation in both health and environment. The origin of the soot formation depends on several factors, however, the main source of the soot emissions is the combustion of the diesel fuel itself. To circumvent this issue, studies have been conducted to explore and exploit the advantages of fuels with a lower sooting tendency. Around the world, the utilization of oxygenated biodiesels, such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), have been increasing to allow the reduction of PM emissions alongside the net CO2. Due to the FAMEs oxygen content, the fuel is oxidized more readily during the combustion process and thus emitting a significantly lower engine out concentration of PM emission than that of commercial diesel fuel. The utilization of the lighter alcohol fuels, methanol and ethanol neat and blended, is a good option to reduce the soot to zero levels. The reduction of soot to near zero levels introduces another advantage; the soot-NOx trade-off diminishes completely when utilizing exhaust gas recycling (EGR). The issue, however, is that the PN emission of nucleation mode particles is high when utilizing such fuels while ignition is hard to achieve with high octane number fuels in a CI engine.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aatola H, Larmi M, Sarjovaara T, Mikkonen S (2009) Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as a renewable diesel fuel: trade-off between NOx, particulate emission, and fuel consumption of a heavy duty engine. SAE Int J Engines 1(1):1251–1262
Alfuso S, Auriemma M, Police G, Prati MV (1993) The effect of methyl-ester of rapeseed oil on combustion and emissions of DI diesel engines. SAE technical paper 932801
Anneken DJ, Both S, Christoph R, Fieg G et al (2006) Fatty acids. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry
Assessment and Standards Division (Office of Transportation and Air Quality of the US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions, EPA420-P-02-001
Bamgboye AI, Hansen AC (2008) Prediction of cetane number of biodiesel fuel from the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Int Agrophys 22(1):21–29
Ban-Weiss GA, Chen JY, Buchholz BA, Dibble RW (2007) A numerical investigation into the anomalous slight NOx increase when burning biodiesel; a new (old) theory. Fuel Process Technol 88(7):659–667
Belgiorno G, Di Blasio G, Shamun S, Beatrice C et al (2018) Performance and emissions of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends in a light duty compression ignition engine. Fuel 217:78–90
Cardone M, Prati MV, Rocco V, Seggiano M et al (2002) Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: engine performance and regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. Environ Sci Technol 36(21):4656–4662
Collins CD (2007) Implementing phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Methods Biotech 23:99–108
Diesel Engines for Additized Ethanol. http://www.iea-amf.org/content/fuel_information/ethanol/special_engines_ethanol/diesel_engines_ethanol. Cited 3 July 2018
DieselNet Fuel Regulations (2015) EU: Fuels: automotive diesel fuel
Durbin TD, Collins JR, Norbeck JM, Smith MR (2000) effects of biodiesel, biodiesel blends, and a synthetic diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 34(3):349–355
Ejim CE, Fleck BA, Amirfazli A (2007) Analytical study for atomization of biodiesels and their blends in a typical injector: surface tension and viscosity effects. Fuel 86:1534–1544
Fazal MA, Haseeb ASMA, Masjuki HH (2014) A critical review on the tribological compatibility of automotive materials in palm biodiesel. Energy Convers Manage 79(1):180–186
Giechaskiel B, Chirico R, DeCarlo PF, Clairotte M et al (2010) Evaluation of the particle measurement programme (PMP) protocol to remove the vehicles’ exhaust aerosol volatile phase. Sci Total Environ 408(21):5106–5116
Graboski MS, McCormick RL (1998) Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 24(2):125–164
Habib Z, Parthasarathy R, Gollahalli S (2010) Performance and emission characteristics of biofuel in a small-scale gas turbine engine. Fuel 87(5):1701–1709
Happonen M, Lädhe T, Messing ME, Sarjovaara T et al (2010) The comparison of particle oxidation and surface structure of diesel soot particles between fossil fuel and novel renewable diesel fuel. Fuel 89:4008–4013
Heikilä J, Virtanen A, Rönkkö T, Keskinen J et al (2009) Nanoparticle emissions from a heavy-duty engine running on alternative diesel fuels. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9501–9506
Johansson M, Yang J, Ochoterena R, Gjirja S, Denbratt I (2013) NOx and soot emissions trends for RME, SME and PME fuels using engine and spray experiments in combination with simulations. Fuel 106:293–302
Kaiadi M, Johansson B, Lundgren M, Gaynor J (2013) Experimental investigation on different injection strategies for ethanol partially premixed combustion. SAE technical paper 2013-01-0281
Kim D, Kim S, Oh S, No SY (2014) Engine performance and emission characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil in light duty diesel engines. Fuel 125:36–43
Kinoshita E, Myo T, Hamasaki K, Tajima H et al (2006) Diesel combustion characteristics of coconut oil and palm oil biodiesels. SAE technical paper 2006-01-3251
Knothe G (2005) Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters. Fuel Process Technol 86(10):1059–1070
Kroeger CA (1986) A neat methanol direct injection combustion system for heavy-duty applications. SAE technical paper 861169
Kuronen M, Mikkonen S, Aakko P, Murtonen T (2007) Hydrotreated vegetable oil as fuel for heavy duty diesel engines. SAE international, technical paper 2007-01-4031
Lapuerta M, Armas O, Ballesteros R (2002) Diesel particulate emissions from biofuels derived from Spanish vegetable oils. SAE technical paper 2002-01-1657
Lapuerta M, Villajos M, Agudelo JR, Boehman AL et al (2011) Key properties and blending strategies of hydrotreated vegetable oil as biofuel for diesel engines. Fuel Process Technol 92(12):2406–2411
Li H, Lea-Langton A, Andrews GE, Thompson M et al (2008) Comparison of exhaust emissions and particulate size distribution for diesel, biodiesel and cooking oil from a heavy duty DI diesel engine. SAE technical paper 2008-01-0076
Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF (2007) Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11(6):1300–1311
Matti MM (2007) Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review. J Aerosol Sci 38(11):1079–1118
Mayer A, Czerwinski J, Wyser M, Mattrel P et al (2005) Impact of RME/diesel blends on particle formation, particle filtration and PAH emissions. SAE technical paper 2005-01-1728
McCormick RL, Alvarez JR, Graboski MS (2003) NOx solutions for biodiesel. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Mi HH, Lee WJ, Chen CB, Yang HH et al (2000) Effect of fuel aromatic content on PAH emission from a heavy-duty diesel engine. Chemosphere 41(11):1783–1790
Monyem A, Gerpen JH (2001) The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions. Biomass Bioenerg 20(4):317–325
Mueller CJ, Musculus MP (2001) Glow plug assisted ignition and combustion of methanol in an optical DI diesel engine. SAE technical paper 2001-01-2004
Munack A, Schröder O, Krahl J, Bünger J (2001) Comparison of relevant gas emissions from biodiesel and fossil diesel fuel. agricultural engineering international: the CIGR journal of scientific research and development; III: manuscript EE 01 001
Murtonen T, Aakko-Saksa P, Murtonen M, Mikkonen S et al (2010) Emissions with heavy-duty diesel engines and vehicles using FAME, HVO and GTL fuels with and without DOC + POC aftertreatmen. SAE Int J Fuels Lubricants 22:147–166
Nabi MN, Akhter MS, Shahadat MMZ (2006) Improvement of engine emissions with conventional diesel fuel and diesel-biodiesel blends. Bioresour Technol 97(3):372–378
Pham PX, Bodisco TA, Stevanovic S, Rahman MD et al (2013) Engine performance characteristics for biodiesels of different degrees of saturation and carbon chain lengths. SAE Int J Fuels Lubricants 6(1):188–198
Physical Properties of Pure Ethanol. https://wiki.anton-paar.com/en/ethanol/. Cited 15 Aug 2018
Physical Properties of Pure Methanol. http://www.methanol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Physical-Properties-of-Pure-Methanol.pdf. Cited 15 Aug 2018
Pickett LM, Siebers DL (2004) Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure. Combust Flame 138(1–2):114–135
Schönborn A, Ladommatos N, Allan R, Williams J, Rogerson J (2008) Effect of the molecular structure of individual fatty acid alcohol esters (biodiesel) on the formation of NOx and particulate matter in the diesel combustion process. SAE Int J Fuels Lubricants 1(1):849–872
Schwab AW, Bagby MO, Freedman B (1978) Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66(10):1372–1378
Shamun S, Shen M, Johansson B, Tunér M et al (2016) Exhaust PM emissions analysis of alcohol fueled heavy-duty engine utilizing PPC. SAE Int J Engines 9(4):2142–2152
Shamun S, Haşimoğlu C, Murcak A, Andersson Ö et al (2017a) Experimental investigation of methanol compression ignition in a high compression ratio HD engine using a Box-Behnken design. Fuel 209:624–633
Shamun S, Novakovic M, Malmborg VB, Preger C et al (2017b) Detailed characterization of particulate matter in alcohol exhaust emissions. In: The international symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines, 2017, 9, B304
Shukla PC, Shamun S, Gren L, Malmborg V et al (2018) Investigation of particle number emission characteristics in a heavy-duty compression ignition engine fueled with hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO): SAE international. Technical paper 2018-01-0909
Staat F, Gateau P (1995) The effects of rapeseed oil methyl ester on diesel engine performance, exhaust emissions and long-term behavior—a summary of three years of experimentation. SAE technical paper 950053
Svensson S, Li C, Shamun S, Johansson B et al (2016) Potential levels of soot, NOx, HC and CO for methanol combustion. SAE technical paper 2016-01-0887
Takesawa Y (1993) Study on palm oil for diesel substitute. Vegetable oils as transport fuels. FAO Press, Pisa
Tinsdale M, Price P, Chen R (2010) The impact of biodiesel on particle number, size and mass emissions from a Euro4 diesel vehicle. SAE technical paper 2010-01-0796
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shamun, S., Garcia, P., Svensson, E. (2019). Alternative Fuels for Particulate Control in CI Engines. In: Agarwal, A., Dhar, A., Sharma, N., Shukla, P. (eds) Engine Exhaust Particulates. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3298-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3299-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)