Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Combustion-Based Transportation in a Carbon-Constrained World—A Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pollutants from Energy Sources

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

The transportation sector accounts for around a quarter of global CO2 emissions and is powered predominantly by fossil-derived fuels. The regulatory framework is evolving globally to more stringent requirements for fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions, forcing the OEMs to adopt advanced powertrain technologies. Such changes are more evident in the light-duty road transportation sector compared to the heavy-duty road, marine and air transportation sectors. Here, a holistic review of the current and prospective regulations targeted at curbing transportation-based CO2 emissions is presented. For road transport, these include various government- and state-level policy initiatives such as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and CO2 emission standards and the zero emission mandates. For marine and aviation sectors, these include the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations and aspirations targeted at reducing the CO2 footprint. The compliance options for these regulations are evaluated using a combination of fuels, engines, and hybridization in each transportation sector. Furthermore, a brief overview of how OEMs are working toward achieving these targets is presented. An overview of several advanced spark and compression ignition engine technologies with the potential to improve the fuel economy and CO2 emissions is presented. Finally, an overview of major disruptions that are changing the road-based transportation is presented and a balanced life cycle based policy approach is advocated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdul-Manan AF (2018) On the appropriate use of life-cycle thinking for evidence-based sustainable transport policy. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 60:18–25

    Google Scholar 

  • AEA-Ricardo (2011) Reduction and testing of greenhouse gas emissions from heavy duty vehicles-LOT 2. Development and testing of a certification procedure for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of HDV, report by AEA and RIcardo

    Google Scholar 

  • Alabbad M, Issayev G, Badra J, Voice AK, Giri BR, Djebbi K, Ahmed A, Sarathy SM, Farooq A (2018) Autoignition of straight-run naphtha: a promising fuel for advanced compression ignition engines. Combust Flame 189:337–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez CEC, Couto GE, Roso VR, Thiriet AB, Valle RM (2017) A review of prechamber ignition systems as lean combustion technology for SI engines. Appl Therm Eng

    Google Scholar 

  • Attard WP, Toulson E, Huisjen A, Chen X, Zhu G (2012a) Spark Ignition and pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition combustion visualization. SAE Technical Papers

    Google Scholar 

  • Attard WP, Blaxill H, Anderson EK, Litke P (2012b) Knock limit extension with a gasoline fueled pre-chamber jet igniter in a modern vehicle powertrain. SAE Int J Engines 5(3):1201–1215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avola C, Copeland T, Duda R, Burke S, Akehurst CB (2015) Review of turbocharger mapping and 1D modeling inaccuracies with specific focus on two-stag systems. SAE Technical Paper Report No 0148–7191

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayala FA, Heywood JB (2007) Lean SI engines: the role of combustion variability in defining lean limits. SAE Technical Papers

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunce M, Blaxill H (2016) Sub-200 g/kWh BSFC on a light duty gasoline engine. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • CARB (2016) Zero-emission vehicle standards for 2018 and subsequent model year passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles, California Air Resource Board

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang J, Kalghatgi G, Amer A, Adomeit P, Rohs H (2013) vehicle demonstration of naphtha fuel achieving both high efficiency and drivability with EURO6 engine-out NOx emission. SAE Int J Engines 6(1):101–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COM//0767 final//0382 (COD) (2016) Proposal for a directive of the European parliament and of the council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast), COM//0767 final//0382 (COD)

    Google Scholar 

  • COM//284 (EU) (2015) Proposal for a regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui H (2018) Chinaʻs new energy vehicle mandate policy (Final Rule). Policy update. ICCT report

    Google Scholar 

  • Daimler (2017) Diamler Sustainability focus report, Diamler 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot GJ (1996) Blighty: British society in the era of the great war. Addison-Wesley Longman

    Google Scholar 

  • Delft (2016) Assessment of fuel oil availability, Final report, CE Delft, July 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado O, Lutsey N (2014) The U.S. SuperTruck program: expediting development of advanced HDV efficiency technologies

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgowainy A, Han J, Ward J, Joseck F, Gohlke D, Lindauer A, Ramsden T, Biddy M, Alexander M, Barnhart S, Sutherland I, Verduzco L, Wallington TJ (2018) Current and future united states light-duty vehicle pathways: cradle-to-grave lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and economic assessment. Environ Sci Technol 52(4):2392–2399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EnSys and Navigistics (2016) Supplemental marine fuel availability study to the IMO, EnSys and Navigistics, July 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2017) Carbon dioxide emissions and fuel economy trends report, US EPA 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • EU (2018) Monitoring of CO2 emissions from passenger cars—Regulation (EC) No 443/2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Faria P, Marques P, Moura F, Freire J, Delgado AT, de Almeida R (2013) Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24:271–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg M, Sharpe B (2017) Fuel consumption standards for heavy-duty vehicles in India, ICCT report

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibble K (2013) Scattering of cold-atom coherences by hot atoms: frequency shifts from background-gas collisions. Phys Rev Lett 110(18):180802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy RW (2016) SuperTruck II aims to more than double freight efficiency of Class 8s

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanemann M (2008) California’s new greenhouse gas laws. Rev Environ Econ Policy 2(1):114–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins TR, Singh B, Majeau Bettez G, Strømman AH (2013) Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. J Ind Ecol 17(1):53–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert A (2017) Developing future light-duty vehicle regulations in California, CARB 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesterberg TW, Lapin CA, Bunn WB (2008) A comparison of emissions from vehicles fueled with diesel or compressed natural gas. Environ Sci Technol 42(17):6437–6445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huo H, Cai H, Zhang Q, Liu F, He K (2015) Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas and air emissions of electric vehicles: a comparison between China and the U.S. Atmos Environ 108:107–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICAO Resolution A39-2 (2016) Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection—climate change and global market-based measure (MBM) scheme, 39th ICAO Assembly

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2017) Energy technology perspectives. http://www.iea.org/etp/explore/

  • Ikeya K, Takazawa M, Yamada T, Park S, Tagishi R (2015) Thermal efficiency enhancement of a gasoline engine. SAE Int J Engines 8

    Google Scholar 

  • ITF (2018) Decarbonizing maritime transport: pathways to zero-carbon shipping by 2035. OECDs International Transport Forum (ITF)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TV (2010) Review of diesel emissions and control. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 3:16–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalghatgi G (2018) Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport? Appl Energy 225:965–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalghatgi GT, Risberg P, Ångström HE (2006) Advantages of fuels with high resistance to auto-ignition in late-injection, low-temperature, compression ignition combustion. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura K, Tsukahara K, Usui T, Okuda J, Kitamura Y, Kosuge M, Sano T, Tohyama S, Yamanaka O, Yoshii Y, Umemura S (2001) Low-dose tissue plasminogen activator followed by planned rescue angioplasty reduces time to reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction treated at community hospitals. Jpn Circ J 65(10):901–906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline SJ, Rosenberg N (2009) An overview of innovation, Studies on Science and the Innovation Process, pp. 173–203 (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Koeberlein D (2014) Technology and system level demonstration of highly efficient and Class 8 trucks, Cummins Super Truck Program

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam N, Tuner M, Tunestal P, Andersson A, Lundgren S (2015) Double compression expansion engine concepts: a path to high efficiency. SAE Int J Engines 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Leermakers CAJ, Bakker PC, Somers LMT, Goey L, Johansson BH (2013) Butanol-diesel blends for partially premixed combustion. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 6(1):217–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutsey N (2018) The ever-improving efficiency of the diesel engine, ICCT report

    Google Scholar 

  • Manente V, Johansson B, Tunestal P, Cannella W (2009) Effects of different type of gasoline fuels on heavy duty partially premixed combustion. SAE Int J Engines 2(2):71–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manofsky L, Vavra J, Assanis DN, Babajimopoulos A (2011) Bridging the gap between HCCI and SI: spark-assisted compression ignition. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzetti S, van der Spoel D (2015) Impact of sludge deposition on biodiversity. Ecotoxicology 24(9):1799–1814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MAZDA (2018) Next-generation Skyactive-X gasoline engine. MAZDA

    Google Scholar 

  • McGill WR, Winther K (2013) Alternative fuels for marine applications, from the motor fuels implementing agreement. A report from the IEA advanced motor fuels

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil I (2002) An encyclopedia of the history of technology, Routledge Companion Encyclopedias

    Google Scholar 

  • Melton N, Axsen J, Sperling D (2016) Moving beyond alternative fuel hype to decarbonize transportation. Nat Energy 1(3)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J Jr, Dzerdzeevskii B, Flohn H, Hofmeyr W, Lamb H, Rao K, Wallen C, Mitchell Wallen J (1966) Climate change. World Meteorological Organisation Technical note

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris I (2015) The unexpected origin of human values. New Sci 226(3017):28–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulero E (2016) DOE debuts 2nd phase of SuperTruck; pledges $80 million to efficiency effort. American Trucking Associations. ISSN: 0041–1558

    Google Scholar 

  • Najafabadi MI (2017) Optical study of stratification for partially premixed combustion, PhD thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Noehre C, Andersson M, Johansson B, Hultqvist A (2006) Characterization of partially premixed combustion. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • OIES (2018a) A review of demand prospects for LNG as a marine transport fuel, The Oxford Institue for Energy Studies

    Google Scholar 

  • OIES (2018b) Disruptive change in transport sector. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

    Google Scholar 

  • Regulation (EU) No 253 (2014) European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 510/ to define the modalities for reaching the target to reduce CO2 emissions from new light commercial vehicles (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Regulation (EU) No 333 (2014) European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to define the modalities for reaching the 2020 target to reduce CO2 emissions from new passenger cars

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarangi A (2012) Diesel low temperature combustion: an experimental study. Loughboro University

    Google Scholar 

  • Scania (2017) Scania sustainability report, Scania 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellnau M, Foster M, Hoyer K, Moore W, Sinnamon J (2014) Development of a gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDCI) Engine. SAE Int J Engines 7(2):835–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellnau M, Foster W, Moore J, Sinnamon K, Hoyer W, Klemm M (2016) Second generation GDCI multi-cylinder engine for high fuel efficiency and US tier 3 emissions. SAE Int J Engines 9:1002–1020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyferth D (2003) The rise and fall of tetraethyllead. 1. Discovery and slow development in european universities, 1853–1920. Organometallics 23(5):2346–2357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah A, Tunestal P, Johansson B (2012) Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a heavy duty natural gas engine operated with pre-chamber spark plug and dilution with excess air and EGR. SAE Int J Engines 5(4):1790–1801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar VSB, Lam N, Andersson A, Johansson B (2017) Optimum heat release rates for a double compression expansion (DCEE) engine. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar B, Shankar V, Johansson B, Andersson A (2018) Double compression expansion engine: a parametric study on a high-efficiency engine concept. SAE Technical Paper Series

    Google Scholar 

  • Solaka SA, Boshamer SE, Parworth CL, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE (2012) Isomerisation of CF2ClCH2Cl and CFCl2CH2F by interchange of Cl and F atoms with analysis of the unimolecular reactions of both molecules. Chemphyschem Eur J Chem Phys Phys Chem 13(3):869–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Splitter DA, Pawlowski A, Wagner R (2016) A historical analysis of the co-evolution of gasoline octane number and spark-ignition engines. Front Mech Eng 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Sripad S, Viswanathan V (2017) Performance metrics required of next-generation batteries to make a practical electric semi truck. ACS Lett 2:1669–1673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton D (2010) High efficient clean combustion for SuperTruck. DEER 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang H (2016) Application of variable geometry turbine on gasoline engines and the optimisation of transient behaviours

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiel C, Schmidt J, Zyl AV, Schmid E (2014) Cost and well-to-wheel implications of the vehicle fleet CO2 emission regulation in the European Union. Transp Res Part A 63(4):25–42

    Google Scholar 

  • TIAX (2011) European union greenhouse gas reduction potential for heavy-duty vehicles, prepared by TIAX for ICCT

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulson E, Schock HJ, Attard WP (2010) A review of pre-chamber initiated jet ignition combustion systems. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyota (2018) New vehicle zero CO2 emissions challenge, Toyota Environmental report 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Transport Dept (2012) 2017–2025 model year light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and corporate average fuel economy standards, US Department of Transport

    Google Scholar 

  • Transport Dept (2016) Greenhouse gas emissions and fuel efficiency standards for medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles—phase 2, US Department of Transport

    Google Scholar 

  • Tully L (2002) A universal view of data. Interview by Anne Zender. J AHIMA 73(10):92

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JWG, Popplewell A, Richardson S, Lewis AGJ, Akehurst S (2014) Ultra boost for economy: realizing a 60% downsized engine concept. SAE Int J Engines 7:387–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tushman ML (1997) Winning through innovation. Strat Leadship 25(4):14–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNFCC (1992) United Nations framework convention on climate change. United Nations New York

    Google Scholar 

  • UNFCC (2015) United nations framework convention on climate change, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. DOE (2016) Co-optimization of fuels & engines, US Department of Energy 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, An Y, Dawood A, Najafabadi MI, Somers B, Johansson B (2017) Combustion stratification for naphtha from CI combustion to PPC. SAE Technical Paper

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei H, Zhu T, Shu G, Tan L, Wang Y (2012) Gasoline engine exhaust gas recirculation—a review. Appl Energy 99(2):534–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WoodMackenzie (2018) IMO 2020 updated analysis of the marine fuel sulphur changes. https://www.woodmac.com/reports/refining-and-oil-products-imo-2020-updated-analysis-of-the-marine-fuel-sulphur-changes-18902

  • Yang Z, Bandivadekar A (2017) Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas and fuel economy standards. ICCT report

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Zheng HML (2009) Progress and recent trends in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35:398–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao F, Lai MC, Harrington DL (1999) Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 25:437–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fuel Technology Division, Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Tamour Javed

  2. Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

    Ahfaz Ahmed, Vallinayagam Raman & Bengt Johansson

  3. Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany

    Awad B. S. Alquaity

Authors
  1. Tamour Javed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahfaz Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vallinayagam Raman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Awad B. S. Alquaity
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bengt Johansson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tamour Javed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rashmi Avinash Agarwal

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Tarun Gupta

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Nikhil Sharma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Javed, T., Ahmed, A., Raman, V., Alquaity, A.B.S., Johansson, B. (2019). Combustion-Based Transportation in a Carbon-Constrained World—A Review. In: Agarwal, R., Agarwal, A., Gupta, T., Sharma, N. (eds) Pollutants from Energy Sources. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3281-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3281-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3280-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3281-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation