Abstract
Nanotechnology has ushered a remarkable progress in the field of medicine, environment, ceramics, especially considering its applications in the defence sector. This progress has been inspired by the ordered assembly of molecular and nanoscale elements to develop multifunctional smart reactive materials for energetic applications. An important class of these materials is the nano-energetic materials or nanothermites, which are composed of nanometals and nano-oxidizers. A major drawback of classical micron-sized metal particles is that they ignite after a comparatively long delay. These micron-sized metal particles when combined with oxidizer such as metal oxides as in thermite result in metal delays which are usually associated with diffusion of oxidizer and/or fuel through the protective layer of metal oxides. The motive behind nano-energetic materials is to develop a new synthetic procedure, which could limit both the oxidizer and the fuel balance in the thermites. Development of assembly of energetic composite materials (by number of techniques like self-assembly, cold spraying, ball milling, sol–gel, gas-phase processes) is touching new horizons of research. In this chapter, emphasis is laid on the current research focusing on manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to produce organized and systematic structure of nanocomposites for applications in nanothermites. Nanothermites are comparatively a new class of energetic material that consist of metallic fuel and metal oxide-based oxidizer with critical dimensions on the nanoscale. The standard powder-mixing protocol has intrinsic constraints, particularly random distribution of fuel and oxidizer particles and unavoidable fuel pre-oxidation. The present research scenario deals with an alternative approach for nanostructured energetic composites by varied processes. The subsequent sections of this chapter will meticulously describe the strategies adopted for the preparation of such nanostructure assemblies. These hierarchical structures provide desirable performance in combustion, ignition and mechanical characteristics. In the end, some promising applications of nanostructured energetic composites incorporated into various systems ranging from microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices to rocket propellants to explosives that permit new functions to be performed are illustrated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahn JY, Kim WD, Cho K, Lee D, Kim SH (2011a) Effect of metal oxide nanostructures on the explosive property of metastable intermolecular composite particles. Powder Tech 211:65–71
Ahn JY, Kim WD, Kim JH, Kim JH, Lee JK, Kim JM, Kim SH (2011b) Gas-phase synthesis of bimetallic oxide nanoparticles with designed elemental compositions for controlling the explosive reactivity of nanoenergetic materials. J Nanomater 42
Apperson SJ, Bezmelnitsyn AV, Thiruvengadathan R, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S, Balas WA, Anderson PE, Nicolich SM (2009) Characterization of nanothermite material for solid-fuel microthruster applications. J Propul Power 25:1086–1091
Aumann CE, Murray AS, Skofronick GL, Martin JA (1994) Metastable interstitial composites: super thermite powders. In Proceedings insensitive munitions technology symposium, Williamsburg, VA, USA, pp 6–9
Baláž P, Takacs L, Boldižárová E, Godočı́ková E (2003) Mechanochemical transformations and reactivity in copper sulphides. J Phys Chem Solids 64:1413–1417
Bernstein ER (2014) On the release of stored energy from energetic materials. In: Advances in quantum chemistry, vol 69. Academic Press, pp 31-69
Bhattacharya S, Gao Y, Apperson S, Subramaniam S, Talantsev E, Shende RV, Gangopadhyay S (2006) A novel on-chip diagnosis method to detect flame velocity of nanoscale thermites. J Energ Mater 24:1–5
Blobaum KJ, Reiss ME, Plitzko JM, Weihs TP (2003a) Deposition and characterization of a self-propagating CuOx/Al thermite reaction in a multilayer foil geometry. J Appl Phy 94:2915–2922
Blobaum KJ, Wagner AJ, Plitzko JM, Heerden DV, Fairbrother DH, Weihs TP (2003b) Investigating the reaction path and growth kinetics in CuOx/Al multilayer foils. J Appl Phy 94:2923–2929
Bockmon BS, Pantoya ML, Son SF, Asay BW, Mang JT (2005) Combustion velocities and propagation mechanisms of metastable interstitial composites. J Appl Phys 98:64903
Bohlouli Zanjani G (2013) Synthesis, characterization, and application of nanothermites for joining. Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo
Bohlouli-Zanjani G, Wen JZ, Hu A, Persic J, Ringuette S, Zhou YN (2013) Thermo-chemical characterization of a Al nanoparticle and NiO nanowire composite modified by Cu powder. Thermochim Acta 572:51–58
Brinker CJ, Scherer GW (1990) Sol-gel science. Academic Press. San Diego, p 2
Chen HY, Sachtler WMH (1998) Activity and durability of Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts for lean burn NOx reduction in the presence of water vapor. Catal Today 42:73–83
Cheng JL, Hng HH, Lee YW, Du SW, Thadhani NN (2010) Kinetic study of thermal-and impact-initiated reactions in Al–Fe2O3 nanothermite. Combust Flame 157:2241–2249
Chiang YC, Wu MH (2017) Assembly and reaction characterization of a novel thermite consisting aluminum nanoparticles and CuO nanowires. Proc Combust Inst 36:4201–4208
Chung SW, Guliants EA, Bunker CE, Hammerstroem DW, Deng Y, Burgers MA, Jelliss PA, Buckner SW (2009) Capping and passivation of aluminum nanoparticles using alkyl-substituted epoxides. Langmuir 25:8883–8887
Clapsaddle BJ, Gash AE, Satcher JH, Simpson RL (2003) Silicon oxide in an iron (III) oxide matrix: the sol–gel synthesis and characterization of Fe–Si mixed oxide nanocomposites that contain iron oxide as the major phase. J Non-Cryst Solids 331:190–201
Clapsaddle BJ, Zhao L, Prentice D, Pantoya ML, Gash AE, Satcher Jr JH, Shea KJ, Simpson RL (2005) Formulation and performance of novel energetic nanocomposites and gas generators prepared by sol–gel methods. In: Proceedings of 36th international annual conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany, p 39
Clarkson J, Smith WE, Batchelder DN, Smith DA, Coats AM (2003) A theoretical study of the structure and vibrations of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotolune. J MolStruct 648:203–214
Comet M, Martin C, Klaumünzer M, Schnell F, Spitzer D (2015) Energetic nanocomposites for detonation initiation in high explosives without primary explosives. Appl Phys Lett 107:113–119
Crouse CA, Pierce CJ, Spowart JE (2010) Influencing solvent miscibility and aqueous stability of aluminium nanoparticles through surface functionalization with acrylic monomers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:2560–2569
Cui Y, Huang D, Li Y, Huang W, Liang Z, Xu Z, Zhao S (2015) Aluminium nanoparticles synthesized by a novel wet chemical method and used to enhance the performance of polymer solar cells by the plasmonic effect. J Mater Chem C 3:4099–4103
Dai J, Xu J, Wang F, Tai Y, Shen Y, Shen R, Ye Y (2018) Facile formation of nitrocellulose-coated Al/Bi2O3 nanothermites with excellent energy output and improved electrostatic discharge safety. Mater Des 143:93–103
Danen WC, Martin JA (1993) Energetic composites. U.S. Patent 5,266,132, issued Nov 30
Deng S, Jiang Y, Huang S, Shi X, Zhao J, Zheng X (2018) Tuning the morphological, ignition and combustion properties of micron-Al/CuO thermites through different synthesis approaches. Combus Flame
Diamandis EP, Christopoulos TK (1991) The biotin-(strept) avidin system: principles and applications in biotechnology. Clin Chem 37:625–636
Dreizin EL (2009) Metal-based reactive nanomaterials. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35:141–167
Durães L, Costa BF, Santos R, Correia A, Campos J, Portugal A (2007) Fe2O3/aluminum thermite reaction intermediate and final products characterization. Mater Sci Eng A 465:199–210
Dutro GM, Yetter RA, Risha GA, Son SF (2009) The effect of stoichiometry on the combustion behavior of a nanoscale Al/MoO3 thermite. Proc Combust Inst 32(II): 1921–1928
Eckert J, Holzer JC, Ahn CC, Fu Z, Johnson WL (1993) Melting behavior of nanocrystalline aluminum powders. Nanostruct Mater 2:407–413
Ermoline A, Schoenitz M, Dreizin EL (2011) Reactions leading to ignition in fully dense nanocomposite Al-oxide systems. Combust Flame 158:1076–1083
Ermoline A, Stamatis D, Dreizin EL (2012) Low-temperature exothermic reactions in fully dense Al–CuO nanocomposite powders. Thermochim Acta 527:52–58
Foley TJ, Johnson CE, Higa KT (2005) Inhibition of oxide formation on aluminum nanoparticles by transition metal coating. Chem Mater 17:4086–4091
Folkers JP, Gorman CB, Laibinis PE, Buchholz S, Whitesides GM, Nuzzo RG (1995) Self-assembled monolayers of long-chain hydroxamic acids on the native oxide of metals. Langmuir 11:813–824
Gash AE, Tillotson TM, Satcher JH, Poco JF, Hrubesh LW, Simpson RL (2001a) Use of epoxides in the sol-gel synthesis of porous iron (III) oxide monoliths from Fe (III) salts. Chem Mater 13:999–1007
Gash AE, Tillotson TM, Satcher Jr JH, Hrubesh LW, Simpson RL (2001b) New sol–gel synthetic route to transition and main-group metal oxide aerogels using inorganic salt precursors. J Non-Cryst Solids 285:22–28
Gash AE, Satcher Jr JH, Simpson RL (2004) Behaviour of sol Gel derived nanostructured iron (III) oxide. In: Proceedings of 31st international pyrotechnic seminar, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Ghanta SR, Muralidharan K (2010) Solution phase chemical synthesis of nano aluminium particles stabilized in poly (vinylpyrrolidone) and poly (methylmethacrylate) matrices. Nanoscale 2:976–980
Granier JJ, Pantoya ML (2004) Laser ignition of nanocomposite thermites. Combust Flame 138:373–383
Haber JA, Buhro WE (1998) Kinetic instability of nanocrystalline aluminum prepared by chemical synthesis; facile room-temperature grain growth. J Am Chem Soc 120:10847–10855
Hammons JA, Wang W, Ilavsky J, Pantoya ML, Weeks BL, Vaughn MW (2008) Small angle X-ray scattering analysis of the effect of cold compaction of Al/MoO3 thermite composites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:193–199
He S, Chen J, Yang G, Qiao Z, Li J (2015) Controlled synthesis and application of nano-energetic materials based on the copper oxide/Al system. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 12:129–144
Hobosyan M, Kazansky A, Martirosyan KS (2012) Nanoenergetic composite based on I2O5/Al for biological agent defeat. In: Technical proceeding of the 2012 NSTI nanotechnology conference and expo, pp 599–602
Hübner J, Klaumünzer M, Comet M, Martin C, Vidal L, Schäfer M, Kryschi C, Spitzer D (2017) Insights into combustion mechanisms of variable aluminum-based iron oxide/-hydroxide nanothermites. Combust Flame 184:186–194
Ivanov GV, Tepper F (1997) Activated aluminum as a stored energy source for propellants. Int J Energetic Mater Chem Propul 4:1–6
Ivanov YF, Osmonoliev MN, Sedoi VS, Arkhipov VA, Bondarchuk SS, Vorozhtsov AB, Korotkikh AG, Kuznetsov VT (2003) Productions of ultra‐fine powders and their use in high energetic compositions. Propell Explos Pyrot 28:319–333
Jason JR, Waren AD, Rosenberg DM, Bellitto UJ (2003) Surface passivation of base Al nanoparticles using perfluroalkyl carboxylic acids. In: Proceeding of materials research society symposium, vol 800, pp 67–78
Jian G, Liu L, Zachariah MR (2013) Facile aerosol route to hollow CuO spheres and its superior performance as an oxidizer in nanoenergetic gas generators. Adv Funct Mater 23:1341–1346
Kim SH, Zachariah MR (2004) Enhancing the rate of energy release from nanoenergetic materials by electrostatically enhanced assembly. Adv Mater 16:1821–1825
Kim DK, Bae JH, Kang MK, Kim HJ (2011) Analysis on thermite reactions of CuO nanowires and nanopowders coated with Al. Curr App Phy 11:1067–1070
Kim JH, Kim SB, Choi MG, Kim DH, Kim KT, Lee HM, Lee HW, Kim JM, Kim SH (2015) Flash-ignitable nanoenergetic materials with tunable underwater explosion reactivity: the role of sea urchin-like carbon nanotubes. Combus Flame 162:1448–1454
Kim WD, Lee S, Lee DC (2018) Nanothermite of Al nanoparticles and three-dimensionally ordered macroporous CuO: mechanistic insight into oxidation during thermite reaction. Combus Flame 189:87–91
Korampally M, Apperson SJ, Staley CS, Castorena JA, Thiruvengadathan R, Gangopadhyay K, Mohan RR, Ghosh A, Polo-Parada L, Gangopadhyay S (2012) Transient pressure mediated intranuclear delivery of FITC-Dextran into chicken cardiomyocytes by MEMS-based nanothermite reaction actuator. Sens Actuators B Chem 171:1292–1296
Kwon YS, Gromov AA, Ilyin AP, Popenko EM, Rim GH (2003) The mechanism of combustion of superfine aluminum powders. Combust Flame133:385–391
Lee Perry W, Tappan BC, Reardon BL, Sanders VE, Son SF (2007) Energy release characteristics of the nanoscale aluminum-tungsten oxide hydrate metastable intermolecular composite. J App Phy 101:064313
Mabuchi T, Nishikiori H, Tanaka N, Fujii T (2005) Relationships between Fluorescence properties of benzoquinolines and physicochemical changes in the Sol–Gel–xerogel transitions of silicon alkoxide systems. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 33:333–340
Mahendiran C, Ganesan R, Gedanken A (2009) Sonoelectrochemical synthesis of metallic aluminium nanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 14:2050–2053
Malchi JY, Yetter RA, Foley TJ, Son SF (2008) The effect of added Al2O3 on the propagation behavior of an Al/CuO nanoscale thermite. Combust Sci Technol 180:1278–1294
Malchi JY, Foley TJ, Yetter RA (2009) Electrostatically self-assembled nanocomposite reactive microspheres. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:2420–2423
Mandin P, Wüthrich R, Roustan H (2009) Industrial Aluminium Production: the Hall-Heroult process modelling. ECS Trans 19:1–10
Marín L, Nanayakkara CE, Veyan JF, Warot-Fonrose B, Joulie S, Estève A, Tenailleau C, Chabal YJ, Rossi C (2015) Enhancing the reactivity of Al/CuO nanolaminates by Cu incorporation at the interfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:11713–11718
Martirosyan KS, Wang L, Vicent A, Luss D (2009) Synthesis and performance of bismuth trioxide nanoparticles for high energy gas generator use. Nanotechnol 20:405609
McClain MJ, Schlather AE, Ringe E, King NS, Liu L, Manjavacas A, Knight MW et al (2015) Aluminium nanocrystals. Nano Lett 15:2751–2755
Mehendale B, Shende R, Subramanian S, Gangopadhyay S, Redner P, Kapoor D, Nicolich S (2006) Nanoenergetic composite of mesoporous iron oxide and aluminum nanoparticles. J Energ Mater 24:341–360
Moore K, Pantoya ML (2006) Combustion of environmentally altered molybdenum trioxide nanocomposites. Propell Explos Pyrot 31:182–187
Moore DS, Son SF, Asay BW (2004) Time-resolved spectral emission of deflagrating nano-Al and nano-MoO3 metastable interstitial composites. Propell Explos Pyrot 29:106–111
Moore K, Pantoya ML, Son SF (2007) Combustion behaviors resulting from bimodal aluminium size distributions in thermites. J Propul Power 23:181–185
Ohkura Y, Liu SY, Rao PM, Zheng X (2011) Synthesis and ignition of energetic CuO/Al core/shell nanowires. Proc Combust Inst 3:1909–1915
Pantoya ML, Granier JJ (2005) Combustion behavior of highly energetic thermites: nano versus micron composites. Propell Explos Pyrotech 30:53–62
Park K, Lee D, Rai A, Mukherjee D, Zachariah MR (2005) Size-resolved kinetic measurements of aluminium nanoparticle oxidation with single particle mass spectrometry. J Phys Chem B 109:7290–7299
Perry WL, Smith BL, Bulian CJ, Busse JR, Macomber CS, Dye RC, Son SF (2004) Nano-scale tungsten oxides for metastable intermolecular composites. Propell Explos Pyrot 29:99–105
Petrantoni M, Rossi C, Salvagnac L, Conédéra V, Estève A, Tenailleau C, Alphonse P, Chabal YJ (2010a) Multilayered Al/CuO thermite formation by reactive magnetron sputtering: nano versus micro. J Appl Phy 108:084323
Petrantoni M, Bahrami M, Salvagnac L, Conédéra V, Rossi C, Alphonse P, Tenailleau C (2010b) Nanoenergetics on a chip: technology and application for micro ignition in safe arm and fire systems. In: Proceedings of power MEMS, vol 39
Picard YN, Joel PMD, Friedmann TA, Steven MY, David PA (2008) Nanosecond laser induced ignition thresholds and reaction velocities of energetic bimetallic nanolaminates. Appl Phys Lett 93:104104
Pichot V, Comet M, Miesch J, Spitzer D (2015) Nanodiamond for tuning the properties of energetic composites. J Hazard Mater 300:194–201
Pierre AC (2013) Introduction to sol-gel processing, vol 1. Springer Science & Business Media
Plantier B, Pantoya ML, Gash AE (2005) Combustion wave speeds of nanocomposite Al/Fe2O3: the effects of Fe2O3 particle synthesis technique. Combust Flame 140:299–309
Prakash A, McCormick AV, Zachariah MR (2004) Aero-sol-gel synthesis of nanoporous iron-oxide particles: a potential oxidizer for nanoenergetic materials. Chem Mater 16:1466–1471
Prakash A, McCormick AV, Zachariah MR (2005) Tuning the reactivity of energetic nanoparticles by creation of a core-shell nanostructure. Nano Lett 5:1357–1360
Prentice D, Pantoya ML, Gash AE (2006) Combustion wave speeds of sol-gel-synthesized tungsten trioxide and nano-aluminum: the effect of impurities on flame propagation. Energ Fuels 20:2370–2376
Puszynski JA (2004) Recent advances and initiatives in the field of nanotechnology. In: Proceedings of 31st international pyrotechnic seminar, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, pp 233–240
Puszynski JA, Bulian CJ, Swiatkiewicz JJ (2007) Processing and ignition characteristics of aluminium-bismuth trioxide nanothermite system. J Propul Power 23:698–706
Qin L, Gong T, Hao H, Wang K, Feng H (2013) Core–shell-structured nanothermites synthesized by atomic layer deposition. J Nanopart Res 15:1–15
Rossi C, Zhang K, Esteve D, Alphonse P, Tailhades P, Vahlas C (2007) Nanoenergetic materials for MEMS: a review. IEEE/ASME J Microelectromech Syst 16:919–931
Sarathi R, Sindhu TK, Chakravarthy SR (2007) Generation of nanoaluminium powder through wire explosion process and its characterization. Mater Charact 58:148–155
Shen J, Qiao Z, Wang J, Zhang K, Li R, Nie F, Yang G (2014) Pressure loss and compensation in the combustion process of Al–CuO nanoenergetics on a microheater chip. Combust Flame 161:2975–2981
Shende R, Subramanian S, Hasan S, Apperson S, Thiruvengadathan R, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S (2008) Nanoenergetic composites of CuO nanorods, nanowires, and al-nanoparticles. Propell Explos Pyrot 33:122–130
Shin MS, Kim JK, Kim W, Moraes CAM, Kim HS, Koo KK (2012) Reaction characteristics of Al/Fe2O3 nanocomposites. J IndEngChem18:1768–1773
Son SF, Busse JR, Asay BW, Peterson PD, Mang JT, Bockmon B, Pantoya M (2002) Propagation studies of metastable intermolecular composites (MIC). No. LA-UR-02–2954. Los Alamos National Laboratory
Son SF, Asay BW, Foley TJ, Yetter RA, Wu MH, Rish GA (2007) Combustion of nanoscale Al/MoO3 thermite in microchannels. J Propul Power 23:715–721
Srivastava DN, Perkas N, Gedanken A, Felner I (2002) Sonochemical synthesis of mesoporous iron oxide and accounts of its magnetic and catalytic properties. J Phys Chem B 106:1878–1883
Staley CS, Morris CJ, Thiruvengadathan R, Apperson SJ, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S (2011) Silicon-based bridge wire micro-chip initiators for bismuth oxide–aluminum nanothermite. J Micromech Microeng 21:115015
Staley CS, Raymond KE, Thiruvengadathan R, Apperson SJ, Gangopadhyay K, Swaszek SM, Taylor RJ, Gangopadhyay S (2013) Fast-impulse nanothermite solid-propellant miniaturized thrusters. J Propul Power 29:1400–1409
Staley CS, Raymond KE, Thiruvengadathan R, Apperson SJ, Gangopadhyay K, Swaszek SM, Taylor RJ, Gangopadhyay S (2014) Effect of nitrocellulose gasifying binder on thrust performance and high-g launch tolerance of miniaturized nanothermite thrusters. Propell Explos Pyrot 39:374–382
Sullivan KT, Piekiel NW, Chowdhury S et al (2010) Ignition and combustion characteristics of nanoscale Al/AgIO3: a potential energetic biocidal system. Combust Sci Technol 183:285–302
Sun J, Simon SL (2007) The melting behavior of aluminum nanoparticles. Thermochim Acta 463:32–40
Tasker DG, Asay BW, King JC, Sanders VE, Son SF (2006) Dynamic measurements of electrical conductivity in metastable intermolecular composites. J Appl Phy 99:023705
Taton G, Lagrange D, Conedera V, Renaud L, Rossi C (2013) Micro-chip initiator realized by integrating Al/CuO multilayer nanothermite on polymeric membrane. J Micromech Microeng 23:105009
Tepper F (2000) Nanosize powders produced by electro-explosion of wire and their potential applications. Powder Metall 43:320–322
Thiruvengadathan R, Chung SW, Basuray S, Balasubramanian B, Staley CS, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S (2014) A versatile self-assembly approach toward high performance nanoenergetic composite using functionalized graphene. Langmuir 30:6556–6564
Thiruvengadathan R, Staley C, Geeson JM, Chung S, Raymond KE, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S (2015) Enhanced combustion characteristics of bismuth trioxide-aluminum nanocomposites prepared through graphene oxide directed self-assembly. Propell Explos Pyrot 40(5):729–734
Tillotson TM, Gash AE, Simpson RL, Hrubesh LW, Satcher JH, Poco JF (2001) Nanostructured energetic materials using sol–gel methodologies. J Non-Cryst Solids 285:338–345
Valliappan S, Swiatkiewicz J, Puszynski JA (2005) Reactivity of aluminum nanopowders with metal oxides. Powder Technol 156:164–169
Vassiliou JK, Mehrotra V, Russell MW, Giannelis EP, McMichael RD, Shull RD, Ziolo RF (1993) Magnetic and optical properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystals. J Appl Phys 73:5109–5116
Wang J, Besnoin E, Duckham A, Spey SJ, Reiss ME, Knio OM, Weihs TP (2004) Joining of stainless-steel specimens with nanostructured Al/Ni foils. J App Phy 95:248–256
Wang H, Jian G, Egan GC, Zachariah MR (2014) Assembly and reactive properties of Al/CuO based nanothermite microparticle. Combust Flame 161:2203–2208
Wang J, Qiao Z, Shen J, Li R, Yang Y, Yang G (2015a) Large-scale synthesis of a porous Co3O4 nanostructure and its application in metastable intermolecular composites. Propell Explos Pyrot 40:514–517
Wang H, Jian G, Zhou W, De Lisio JB, Lee VT, Zachariah MR (2015b) Metal iodate-based energetic composites and their combustion and biocidal performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:17363–17370
Watson KW, Pantoya ML, Levitas VI (2008) Fast reactions with nano-and micrometer aluminum: a study on oxidation versus fluorination. Combust Flame 155:619–634
Wen JZ, Ringuette S, Bohlouli-Zanjani G, Hu A, Nguyen NH, Persic J, Petre CF, Zhou YN (2013) Characterization of thermochemical properties of Al nanoparticle and NiO nanowire composites. Nanoscale Res Lett 8:1–9
Yan N, Qin L, Hao H, Hui L, Zhao F, Feng H (2017) Iron oxide/aluminum/graphene energetic nanocomposites synthesized by atomic layer deposition: enhanced energy release and reduced electrostatic ignition hazard. Appl Surf Sci 408:51–59
Yang Y, Xu D, Zhang K (2012) Effect of nanostructures on the exothermic reaction and ignition of Al/CuOx based energetic materials. J Mater Sci 47:1296–1305
Yarrington CD, Son SF, Foley TJ, Obrey SJ, Pacheco AN (2011) Nano aluminum energetics: the effect of synthesis method on morphology and combustion performance. Propell Explos Pyrot 36:551–557
Yavorovsky NA (1995) Method of production of highly dispersed powders of inorganic materials. Patent of Russian Federation 2048277
Yi Z, Ang Q, Li N, Shan C, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhu S (2018) Sulfate-based nanothermite: a “green” substitute of primary explosive containing lead. ACS Sustain Chem Eng (accepted)
Yin Y, Li X, Shu Y, Guo X, Zhu Y, Huang X, Bao H, Xu K (2017a) Highly-reactive Al/CuO nanoenergetic materials with a tubular structure. Mater Des 5:104–110
Yin Y, Li X, Shu Y, Guo X, Bao H, Li W, Zhu Y, Li Y, Huang X (2017b) Fabrication of electrophoretically deposited, self-assembled three-dimensional porous Al/CuO nanothermite films for highly enhanced energy output. Mater Chem Phy 194:182–187
Zakiyyan N, Wang A, Thiruvengadathan R, Staley C, Mathai J, Gangopadhyay K, Maschmann MR, Gangopadhyay S (2018) Combustion of aluminum nanoparticles and exfoliated 2D molybdenum trioxide composites. Combust Flame 187:1–10
Zamkov MA, Conner RW, Dlott DD (2007) Ultrafast chemistry of nanoenergetic materials studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy: aluminum nanoparticles in Teflon. J Phys Chem C 111:10278–10284
Zarko VE, Gromov AA (eds) (2016) Energetic nanomaterials: synthesis, characterization, and application. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Zhang D, Li X (2015) Fabrication and Kinetics Study of Nano-Al/NiO Thermite Film by Electrophoretic Deposition. J Phys Chem A 119:4688–4694
Zhang K, Rossi C, Rodriguez GAA, Tenailleau C, Alphonse P (2007) Development of a nano-Al/CuO based energetic material on silicon substrate. Appl Phys Lett 91:3117
Zhang W, Yin B, Shen R, Ye J, Thomas JA, Chao Y (2013) Significantly enhanced energy output from 3D ordered macroporous structured Fe2O3/Al nanothermite film. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:239–242
Zhou L, Piekiel N, Chowdhury S, Zachariah MR (2010) Time-resolved mass spectrometry of the xothermic reaction between nanoaluminum and metal oxides: the role of oxygen release. J Phys Chem 114:14269–14275
Zhou X, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Ke X, Jiang W (2017) Facile preparation and energetic characteristics of core-shell Al/CuO metastable intermolecular composite thin film on a silicon substrate. Chem Eng J 328:585–590
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, H., Banerjee, S. (2019). Nanostructured Energetic Composites: An Emerging Paradigm. In: Bhattacharya, S., Agarwal, A., Rajagopalan, T., Patel, V. (eds) Nano-Energetic Materials. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3269-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3269-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3268-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3269-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)