Abstract
The internal combustion engine has been a major power plant in transportation and industry, and demands continuously advanced technologies to improve its performance and fuel economy, and to reduce its pollutant emissions. Liquid fuel injection is critical to the combustion process in both compression ignition (CI) diesel engines and gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Much effort has been focused on modeling of spray atomization, droplet dynamics, and vaporization using a Lagrangian-drop Eulerian-fluid (LDEF) framework, which has been applied in engine computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations with success. However, recent experiments have shown the mixing-controlled characteristics of high-pressure fuel injection under vaporization conditions that are relevant to both gasoline and diesel engines. Under such conditions, instead of being dominated by droplet dynamics, the vaporization process of a liquid spray is limited by the entrainment rate of hot ambient gas and a saturated equilibrium phase is reached within the two-phase region. This suggests that an alternative approach of fuel spray modeling might be applicable. An equilibrium phase (EP) spray model was recently proposed for application to engine combustion simulation, based on this mixing-controlled jet theory and assumption of local phase equilibrium. This model has been applied to simulate both diesel fuel injection and GDI sprays, and has shown excellent predictions for transient vapor/liquid penetrations, spatial distribution of mixture fraction, as well as combustion characteristics in terms of flame lift-off length and soot emission. It has also shown better computational efficiency than the classical LDEF spray modeling approach since the dynamic process of droplet breakup, collision, coalescence, and vaporization is not modeled. The model and results relevant to engine simulation are reviewed in this chapter.
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Acknowledgements
This work was finished during the Ph.D. project of the corresponding author, Yue, Z., at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The authors are also thankful for Dr. Lu Qiu for sharing the code of phase equilibrium solver and Dr. Randy Hessel for technical discussion.
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Yue, Z., Reitz, R.D. (2019). Modeling of High-Pressure Fuel Injection in Internal Combustion Engines. In: Saha, K., Kumar Agarwal, A., Ghosh, K., Som, S. (eds) Two-Phase Flow for Automotive and Power Generation Sectors. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3256-2_5
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