Abstract
In order to contribute to a more environment-friendly community, a lot of research is still needed in the field of fossil fuels and internal combustion engines. In those applications, fuel injection systems are one of the key subsystems. However, due to their small characteristic sizes and timescale experiments are difficult to carry out. Thus, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been a very successful tool to improve engine efficiency during the last years. Several models have been successfully developed to accomplish that goal. One of the latest is the Eulerian or Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomization model, which has proved to be able to deal with multi-phase flow physics taking place during fuel injection. The key feature of this model is that it is able to seamlessly simulate both the nozzle internal flow and the subsequent spray development into the ambient gas. In this chapter, a review of this model with examples of its applications is performed. Nozzle flow parameters such as fuel mass flow rate and momentum flux are accurately predicted. The flow pattern (pressure, velocity, and temperature) is then analyzed to give ideas about how to improve the nozzle design. At the same time, fuel atomization and mixing with the surrounding gas can also be studied. Spray macroscopic parameters penetration length (both liquid and vapor) and spray angle are again precisely calculated when compared with experimental measurements. Additionally, this model could be also used to analyze microscopic parameters such as droplet size and distribution. This is done by the calculation of the interphase surface density with the addition of a new transport equation. Even though this model has shown great potential in the field of multi-phase flows for engine applications, there is still room for improvement for its sub-models and programming.
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Notes
- 1.
As commented also in the Bibliography section, the reader should be aware that there are other interesting and significant works dealing with Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomization models whose reading is recommended. For the present chapter, it was decided to focus on the work of the same research institution.
- 2.
More sophisticated closures recently developed remain to be tested, specially under low ambient densities and downstream positions where the model has shown poorer accuracy, probably due to the relevance of interfacial dynamics.
- 3.
The presented combustion model is design and has been applied for two-equation RANS turbulence models.
- 4.
For a full description of the interactions, and also the layout of the complete combustion sub-model, please consult the reference (Pandal et al. 2017a).
- 5.
Details of the meshes and numerical setup of all cases are omitted in this chapter for the sake of brevity. Nevertheless, that information is well described in the referenced documentation.
- 6.
Once again, these models are not described in this chapter for the sake of brevity. Reader can consult the specialized literature to gain insights into each model. All tested models are the standard ones of the OpenFOAM libraries except the high density ratio k-\(\varepsilon \) (Garcia-Oliver et al. 2013)
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Acknowledgements
Authors of this chapter would like to acknowledge the strong, continuous, and productive collaboration of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) members. Without them, this work could not have been possible.
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Martí-Aldaraví, P., Pastor, J.M. (2019). Review of an Eulerian \(\varSigma \)-Y Spray Atomization Model for Nozzle Flow and Near-Field Diesel Spray Modeling. In: Saha, K., Kumar Agarwal, A., Ghosh, K., Som, S. (eds) Two-Phase Flow for Automotive and Power Generation Sectors. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3256-2_2
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