Abstract
In the last few decades, investigation on ecohydrological interaction including biogeochemical characteristics has been an important research topic in hydrology due to its role in natural resource management. Despite the research focus on this subject, quantifying the geochemical processes controlling the moisture flow and solute transport remains awaited especially under climate change conditions. At the same time, the wastewater treated in conventional wastewater treatment systems are reported with the inefficient removal of many emerging contaminants particularly in rural areas and remote communities in low socioeconomic conditions. As a result, in many instances, the wastewater may get disposed without appropriate advance treatment that further contaminate the soil-water system. Thus, there are urgent needs of the research to assess the risk posed to groundwater and to develop improved knowledge frame of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes and of geologic features controlling contaminant migration in the subsurface. Therefore, the main focus of this chapter is to present the different biogeochemical processes controlling reuse potential of treated wastewater in the subsurface under climate change conditions. The different geochemical process involved during the fate and transport in the subsurface are clearly elaborated and exemplified. Further, the role of varying climatic conditions on biogeochemical makeup and transport is discussed thoroughly. A state of the art of the different aspects of modeling and practical approaches to quantify the governing biogeochemical processes in the subsurface is reviewed comprehensively. Finally, the methodological framework is charted on the basis of the technical and socioeconomic aspect to implement the potential reuse of wastewater and remedial measures in the field. The outcomes of this chapter are of direct use in applying remediation technique in the field and for the decision-making related to the planning of (waste) water under varying environmental conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrechtsen H-J, Christensen TH (1994) Evidence for microbial iron reduction in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer Vejen, Denmark. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3920–3925
Alvarez PJJ, Illman WA (2006) Bioremediation and natural attenuation, process fundamentals and mathematical models. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-10 0-471-65043-9
Anitha K, Bolan NS, Müller K, Laurenson S, Naidu R, Kim WI (2012) The influence of wastewater irrigation on the transformation and bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil. Adv Agron 115:215–297
Arora HS, Cantor RR, Nemeth JC (1982) Land treatment: a viable and successful method of treating petroleum industry wastes. Environ Int 7:285–291
Arye G, Dror I, Berkowitz B (2010) Fate and transport of carbamazepine in soil aquifer treatment (SAT) infiltration basin soils. Chemosphere 82(2011):244–252
Bales RC, Hinkle SR, Kroeger TW, Stocking K, Gerba CP (1991) Bacteriophage adsorption during transport through porous media: chemical perturbations and reversibility. Environ Sci Technol 25:2088–2095
Barcelona MJ, Holm TR (1991) Oxidation–reduction capacities of aquifer solids. Environ Sci Technol 25:1565–1572
Bernstein N, Bartal A, Friedman H, Rot I, Snir P, Chazan A, Ioffe M (2006) Application of treated wastewater for cultivation of roses (Rosa hybrida) in soil-less culture. Sci Hortic 108:185–193
Borden RC, Gomez CA, Becker MT (1995) Geochemical indicators of intrinsic bioremediation. Groundwater 33(2):180–189
Botros FE, Harter T, Onsoy YS, Tuli A, Hopmans JW (2009) Spatial variability of hydraulic properties and sediment characteristics in a deep alluvial unsaturated zone. Vadose Zone J 8(2):276–289
Burge WD, Enkiri MK (1978) Virus adsorption by five soil. J Environ Qual 7:73
Caliman FA, Gavirilescu M (2009) Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting agents in the environment – a review. Clean 37:277–303
Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India (2008) Groundwater Scenario Ajmer District Rajasthan. District Groundwater Brochure, Western Region Jaipur
Chary NS, Kamala CT, Raj DSS (2008) Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 69:513–524
Cheftez B, Mualem T, Ben-Ari J (2008) Sorption and mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soil irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Chemosphere 73:1335
Christensen TH et al (2000) Characterization of redox conditions in groundwater contaminant plumes. J Contam Hydrol 45(3–4):165–241
Chu Y, Jin Y, Baumann T, Yates MV (2003) Effect of soil properties on saturated and unsaturated virus transport through columns. J Environ Qual 32:2017–2025
Clement TP, Johnson CD, Sun Y, Klecka GM, Bartlett C (2000) Natural attenuation of chlorinated ethene compounds: model development and field-scale application at the Dover site. J Contam Hydrol 42(2–4):113–140
Clifton C et al. (2010) Water and climate change: impacts on groundwater resources and adaptation options. Water Working Notes, World Bank Group Water Sector Board Note No 25, 76 p
CPCB (2009) Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in Class I cities and Class II towns of India. Central Pollution Control Board
Destouni G, Darracq A (2009) Nutrient cycling and N2O emissions in a changing climate: the subsurface water system role. Environ Res Lett 4(3):035008
Dettinger MD, Cayan DR, Meyer MK, Jeton AE (2004) Simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in the Merced, Carson, and American River Basins, Sierra Nevada, California, 1900–2099. Clim Chang 62:283–317
Dobson R, Schroth MH, Zeyer J (2007a) Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light nonaqueous-phase liquid. J Contam Hydrol 94:235–248
Dobson R, Schroth MH, Zeyer J (2007b) Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light nonaqueous-phase liquid. J Contam Hydrol 94:235–248
Earman S, Dettinger M (2011) Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater resources – a global review. J Water Climate Change 02(4):213–229 http://www.iwaponline.com/jwc/002/jwc0020213.htm
Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S (2017) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerg Contam 3(2017):1–16
EPA (2008) Nanotechnology for site remediation fact sheet. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (October), pp 1–17
Farrah SR, Preston DR (1993) Adsorption of viruses to sand modified by in situ precipitation of metallic salts. Wiener Mitteilungen Wien 12:25–29
Gardenas A, Simunek J, Jarvis NJ, van Genuchten MT (2006) Two-dimensional modelling of preferential water flow and pesticide transport from a tile-drained field. J Hydrol 329:647–660
Gharaibeh MA, Eltaif NI, Al-Abdullah B (2007) Impact of field application of treated wastewater on hydraulic properties of vertisols. Water Air Soil Pollut 184:347–353
Green TR et al (2011a) Beneath the surface of global change: impacts of climate change on groundwater. J Hydrol 405:532–560
Green TR et al (2011b) Beneath the surface of global change: impacts of climate change on groundwater. J Hydrol 405:532–560
Gunawardhana LN, Kazama S (2012) Statistical and numerical analysis of the influence of climate variability on aquifer water levels and groundwater temperatures: the impacts of climate change on aquifer thermal regimes. Global Planet Chang 86–87:66–78
Gupta PK, Shashi R, Yadav BK (2013) BTEX Biodegradation in soil-water system having different substrate concentrations. Int J Eng 2(12)
Gupta PK, Yadav BK (2017) Chapter 8: Bioremediation of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLS) polluted soil and water resources. In: Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton. ISBN 9781138628892
Gupta PK, Joshi P (2017) Assessing groundwater resource vulnerability by coupling GIS based DRASTIC and solute transport model in Ajmer District, Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society of India (Springer), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-0958-y
Gupta PK, Sharma D (2018) Assessments of hydrological and hydro-chemical vulnerability of groundwater in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0260-6.
Gupta PK, Ranjan S, Kumar D (2018a) Groundwater pollution by emerging industrial pollutants and its remediation techniques. Chapter 2, In Recent advances in environmental management, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 9780815383147, Vol 1
Gupta PK, Abhishek YBK (2018b) Impact of hydrocarbon pollutants on partially saturated soil media in batch system: Morphological analysis using SEM techniques. Chapter 5, water quality management; Water Sci Technol, ISBN: 978-981-10-5794-6, Vol. 79, Springer
Harter T, Ginn TR, Onsoy YS, Horwath WR (2005) Spatial variability and transport of nitrate in a deep alluvial vadose zone. Vadose Zone J 4:41–54
IPCC (2007a) Climate change (2007). The physical science basis. In: Solomon S et al (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, p 996
IPCC (2007b) Climate change (2007). Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, Linden PJVD, Hanson CE (eds) Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York
Jeribi M, Almir-Assad B, Langevin D, Henaut I, Argillier JF (2002) Adsorption kinetics of asphaltenes at liquid interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 256(2):268–272
Karn B, Kuiken T, Otto M (2009) Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks. Environ Health Perspect 117(12):1823–1831
Karvelas M, Katsoyiannis A, Samara C (2003) Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere 53(10):1201–1210
Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD, Werner SL, Bossio JP, Benotti MJ (2008) Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic waste indicators in earthworms from agricultural soil amended with biosolid or swine manure. Environ Sci Technol 42:1863–1870
Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ (1999) Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change. Ambio 28(2):182–187
Kushwah SK, Malik S, Singh A (2012) Water quality assessment of raw sewage and final treated water with special reference to waste water treatment plant Bhopal, MP, India. Res J Recent Sci 1(ISC-2011):185–190
Levantesi C, La Mantia R, Masciopinto C, Böckelmann U, Ayuso-Gabella MN, Salgot M et al (2010) Quantification of pathogenic microorganisms and microbial indicators in three wastewater reclamation and managed aquifer recharge facilities in Europe. Sci Total Environ 408(21):4923–4930
Li YH, Wang S, Luan Z, Ding J, Xu C, Wu D (2003) Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41(5):1057–1062
Lipson SM, Stotzky G (1984) Effect of proteins on Reovirus adsorption to clay minerals. Appl Environ Microbiol 8:525–530
McCarthy KA, Johnson RL (1993) Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe. Water Resour Res 29(6):1675–1683
Moore RS, Taylor DH, Sturman LS, Reddy MM (1981) Poliovirus adsorption by 34 minerals and soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 42:963–975
Moore RS, Taylor DH, Reddy MM, Sturman LS (1982) Adsorption of reovirus by minerals and soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:852–859
Mustapha HI, Rousseau D, van Bruggen J, Lens P (2011) Treatment performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating inorganic pollutants in simulated refinery effluent. In: 2nd Biennial Engineering Conference. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna
Mustapha HI, van Bruggen JJ, Lens PN (2015) Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for polishing secondary Kaduna refinery wastewater in Nigeria. Ecol Eng 84:588–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.060
Mustapha IH, Gupta PK, Yadav BK, van Bruggen JJA, Lens PNL (2018) Performance evaluation of duplex constructed wetlands for the treatment of diesel contaminated wastewater. In: Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.036
Okuda T, Kobayashi Y, Nagao R, Yamashita N, Tanaka H, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Konishi C, Houwa I (2008) Removal efficiency of 66 pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment process in Japan. Water Sci Technol 57(1):65–71
Petersen LW, Rolston DE, Moldrup P, Yamaguchi T (1994) Volatile organic vapor diffusion and adsorption in soils. J Environ Qual 23:799–805
Petersen LW, El-Farhan YH, Moldrup P, Rolston DE, Yamaguchi T (1996) Transient diffusion, adsorption, and emission of volatile organic vapors in soils with fluctuating low water contents. J Environ Qual 25:1054–1063
Pierson WL, Nittim R, Chadwick MJ, Bishop KA, Horton PR (2001) Assessment of changes to saltwater/freshwater habitat from reductions in flow to the Richmond river estuary, Australia. Water Sci Technol 43(9):89–97
Powers SE, Loureiro CO, Abriola LM, Weber WJ (1991) Theoretical study of the significance of non-equilibrium dissolution of nonaqueous-phase liquids in subsurface systems. Water Resour Res 27(4):463–477
Ranjan SP, Kazama S, Sawamoto M (2006) Effects of climate and land use changes on groundwater resources in coastal aquifers. J Environ Manag 80(1):25–35
Ranjan S, Gupta PK, Yadav BK (2018) Application of nano-materials in subsurface remediation techniques – challenges and future prospects. Chapter 6, In Recent advances in environmental management, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 9780815383147, Vol 1
Rose JB, Dickson LJ, Farrah SR, Carnahan RP (1996) Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility. Water Res 30:2785–2797
Saien J, Shahrezaei F (2012) Organic pollutants removal from petroleum refinery wastewater with nanotitania photocatalyst and UV Light Emission. Int J Photoenergy 2012:1–5
Savage N, Diallo MS (2005) Nanomaterials and water purification: opportunities and challenges. J Nanopart Res 7(4–5):331–342
Schijven JF, Hassanizadeh SM (2000) Removal of viruses by soil passage: overview of modeling, processes, and parameters. CRC Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 30:49–127
Seeger EM, Kuschk P, Fazekas H, Grathwohl P, Kaestner M (2011) Bioremediation of benzene-, MTBE- and ammonia-contaminated groundwater with pilot-scale constructed wetlands. Environ Pollut 199:3769–3776
Senesi N, Plaza C (2007) Role of humification processes in recycling organic wastes of various nature and sources as soil amendments. Clean-Soil Air Water 35:26–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200600018
Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall F (2007) Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66(2):258–266
Sherif MM, Singh VP (1999) Effect of climate change on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Hydrol Process 13(8):1277–1287
Simunek J, van Genuchten MT (2009) Modelling nonequilibrium flow and transport processes using HYDRUS. Vadose Zone J 7:782–797
Simunek J, Jarvis NJ, van Genuchten MT, Gardenas A (2003) Review and comparison of models for describing non-equilibrium and preferential flow and transport in the vadose zone. J Hydrol 272:14–35
Sinton LW, Finlay RK, Pang L, Scott DM (1997) Transport of bacteria and bacteriophages in irrigated effluent into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer. Water Air Soil Pollut 98:17–42
Sobsey MD, Dean CH, Knuckles ME, Wagner RA (1980) Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 40:92–101
Soga K, Page JWE, Illangasekare TH (2004) A review of NAPL source zone remediation efficiency and the mass flux approach. J Hazard Mater 110(1–3):13–27
Sparks DL (2003) Environmental soil chemistry. Academic/China Translation & Printing Services Ltd., Amsterdam/Hong Kong
Stuart M et al (2011) A review of the impact of climate change on future nitrate concentrations in groundwater of the UK. Sci Total Environ 409(15):2859–2873
Suthar S, Chhimpa V, Singh S (2009) Bacterial contamination in drinking water: a case study in rural areas of northern Rajasthan, India. Environ Monit Assess 159:43–50
Taylor RG et al (2013) Ground water and climate change. Nat Clim Chang 3:322–329
Ternes TA, Bonerz M, Herrmann N, Teiser B, Andersen HR (2007) Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunscheug, Germany: an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere 66:894–904
Tobiszewski M, Tsakovski S, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J (2012) Chlorinated solvents in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant: an assessment of their removal using self-organising maps. Chemosphere 87:87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.057
US EPA (2004) Guidelines for water reuse, EPA/625/R-04/108 September
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1995) Light nonaqueous phase liquids. Office of solid waste and emergency response, Washington, DC. EPA/540/S-95/500
Vilker VL, Meronek GC, Bulter PC (1983) Interaction of poliovirus with montmorillonite clay in phosphate-buffered saline. Eviron Sci Technol 17:631–634
Wang F (2008) Modeling the spatial distribution of nitrogen leaching from dairy farmland. Vadose Zone J 7(2):439–452
Watlington K (2005) Emerging nanotechnologies for site remediation and wastewater treatment. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
Wu S, Wallace S, Brix H, Kuschk P, Kirui WK, Masi FD (2015) Treatment of industrial effluents in constructed wetlands: Challenges, operational strategies and overall performance. Environ Pollut 201:107–120
Yadav BK, Hassanizadeh SM (2011) An overview of biodegradation of LNAPLs in coastal (semi)-arid environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 220:225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0749-1
Yadav BK, Junaid S (2014) Groundwater vulnerability assessment to contamination using soil moisture flow and solute transport modelling. J Irrig Drain Eng 141:04014077-1. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000841
Yates MV, Yates SR, Wagner J, Gerba CP (1987) Modeling virus survival and transport in the subsurface. J Contam Hydrol 1:329–345
Acknowledgment
The University Grant Commission (UGC) Fellowship received by Mr. Pankaj K Gupta is duly acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gupta, P.K., Yadav, B.K. (2019). Subsurface Processes Controlling Reuse Potential of Treated Wastewater Under Climate Change Conditions. In: Singh, R., Kolok, A., Bartelt-Hunt, S. (eds) Water Conservation, Recycling and Reuse: Issues and Challenges. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3179-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3179-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3178-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3179-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)