Abstract
Recent studies combining sleep measurements with measurements of neuronal plasticity have provided important insights into how sleep influences synaptic remodeling in the central nervous system. Scientists have employed different approaches to this problem that include classic models of plasticity in vivo and in vitro and more theoretical organizing principles. The resulting findings have in turn led to a reassessment of theories of sleep function and the role of sleep in brain plasticity. In this chapter, I discuss these key findings and current theories that posit different roles for sleep in neuronal plasticity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Albensi BC, Oliver DR, Toupin J, Odero G (2007) Electrical stimulation protocols for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neuronal hyper-excitability: are they effective or relevant? Exp Neurol 204:1–13
Areal CC, Warby SC, Mongrain V (2017) Sleep loss and structural plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 44:1–7
Arrigoni E, Lu J, Vetrivelan R, Saper CB (2009) Long-term synaptic plasticity is impaired in rats with lesions of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 30:2112–2120
Aton SJ, Seibt J, Dumoulin M, Jha SK, Steinmetz N, Coleman T, Naidoo N, Frank MG (2009) Mechanisms of sleep-dependent consolidation of cortical plasticity. Neuron 61:454–466
Aton S, Broussard C, Dumoulin M, Watson A, Coleman T, Frank MG (2012) Visual experience and subsequent sleep induce sequential plastic changes in putative inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons. PNAS 110(8):3101–3106
Aton SJ, Broussard C, Dumoulin M, Seibt J, Watson A, Coleman T, Frank MG (2013) Visual experience and subsequent sleep induce sequential plastic changes in putative inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons. PNAS 110:3101–3106
Aton SJ, Suresh A, Broussard C, Frank MG (2014) Sleep promotes cortical response potentiation following visual experience. Sleep 37:1163–1170
Barnes DC, Wilson DA (2014) Slow-wave sleep-imposed replay modulates both strength and precision of memory. J Neurosci 34:5134–5142
Battaglia FP, Sutherland GR, McNaughton BL (2004) Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical “up-state” transitions. Learn Mem 11:697–704
Bendor D, Wilson MA (2012) Biasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep. Nat Neurosci 15:1439–1444
Benington JH, Frank MG (2003) Cellular and molecular connections between sleep and synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 69:77–101
Blanco W, Pereira CM, Cota VR, Souza AC, Rennó-Costa C, Santos S, Dias G, Guerreiro AMG, Tort ABL, Neto AD et al (2015) Synaptic homeostasis and restructuring across the sleep-wake cycle. PLoS Comput Biol 11:e1004241
Block V, Hennevin E, Leconte P (1981) The phenomenon of paradoxical sleep augmentation after learning: experimental studies of its characteristics and significance. In: Fishbein W (ed) Sleep, dreams and memory, vol 6. Sp Medical & Scientific Books, New York, pp 1–18
Bushey D, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2011) Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: structural evidence in drosophila. Science 332:1576–1581
Buzsaki G (1996) The hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. Cereb Cortex 6:81–92
Campbell IG, Guinan MJ, Horowitz JM (2002) Sleep deprivation impairs long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampal slices. J Neurophysiol 88:1073–1076
Chen C, Hardy M, Zhang J, LaHoste GJ, Bazan NG (2006) Altered NMDA receptor trafficking contributes to sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal synaptic and cognitive impairments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340:435–440
Cirelli C, Tononi G (2015) Sleep and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep 38:161–162
Cirelli C, Huber R, Gopalakrishnan A, Southard TL, Tononi G (2005) Locus coeruleus control of slow-wave homeostasis. J Neurosci 25:4503–4511
Cooke SF, Bear MF (2010) Visual experience induces long-term potentiation in the primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 30:16304–16313
Dave AS, Margoliash D (2000) Song replay during sleep and computational rules of sensorimotor vocal learning. Science 290:812–816
Davis CJ, Harding JW, Wright JW (2003) REM sleep deprivation-induced deficits in the latency-to-peak induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation within the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Brain Res 973:293–297
Davis CJ, Meighan PC, Taishi P, Krueger JM, Harding JW, Wright JW (2006) REM sleep deprivation attenuates actin-binding protein cortactin: a link between sleep and hippocampal plasticity. Neurosci Lett 400:191–196
Daw NW, Sato H, Fox K, Carmichael T, Gingerich R (1991) Cortisol reduces plasticity in the kitten visual cortex. J Neurobiol 22:158–168
de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Marshall W, Bushong EA, Ellisman MH, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2017) Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle. Science 355:507
Deuker L, Olligs J, Fell J, Kranz TA, Mormann F, Montag C, Reuter M, Elger CE, Axmacher N (2013) Memory consolidation by replay of stimulus-specific neural activity. J Neurosci 33:19373–19383
Diekelmann S, Born J (2010) The memory function of sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:114–126
Diering GH, Nirujogi RS, Roth RH, Worley PF, Pandey A, Huganir RL (2017) Homer1a drives homeostatic scaling-down of excitatory synapses during sleep. Science 355:511
Donlea JM, Thimgan MS, Suzuki Y, Gottschalk L, Shaw PJ (2011) Inducing sleep by remote control facilitates memory consolidation in Drosophila. Science 332:1571–1576
Dumoulin Bridi MC, Aton SJ, Seibt J, Renouard L, Coleman T, Frank MG (2015) Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical plasticity in the developing brain. Sci Adv 1:e1500105
Dumoulin MC, Aton SJ, Watson AJ, Renouard L, Coleman T, Frank MG (2015) Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity during sleep consolidates cortical plasticity in vivo. Cereb Cortex 25:507–515
Durkin J, Aton SJ (2015) Sleep-dependent potentiation in the visual system is at odds with the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis. Sleep 39(1):155–159
Ego-Stengel V, Wilson MA (2010) Disruption of ripple-associated hippocampal activity during rest impairs spatial learning in the rat. Hippocampus 20:1–10
Espinosa JS, Stryker MP (2012) Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex. Neuron 75:230–249
Faraguna U, Vyazovskiy VV, Nelson AB, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2008) A causal role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. J Neurosci 28:4088–4095
Faraguna U, Nelson A, Vyazovskiy VV, Cirelli C, Tononi G (2010) Unilateral cortical spreading depression affects sleep need and induces molecular and electrophysiological signs of synaptic potentiation in vivo. Cereb Cortex 20:2939–2947
Florian Cd, Vecsey CG, Halassa MM, Haydon PG, Abel T (2011) Astrocyte-derived adenosine and A1 receptor activity contribute to sleep loss-induced deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in mice. J Neurosci 31:6956–6962
Foster DJ, Wilson MA (2006) Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature 440:680–683
Frank MG (2007) Hippocampal dreams, cortical wishes: a closer look at neuronal replay and the hippocampal-neocortical dialogue during sleep. Cell Sci Rev 3:161–171
Frank MG (2012) Erasing synapses in sleep: is it time to be SHY? Neural Plast 2012:264378
Frank MG (2013) Why I’m not SHY: a reply to Tononi and Cirelli. Neural Plast 2013:394946
Frank GM (2016) Circadian regulation of synaptic plasticity. Biology 5:31
Frank MG, Benington J (2006) The role of sleep in brain plasticity: dream or reality? Neuroscientist 12:477–488
Frank MG, Cantera R (2014) Sleep, clocks, and synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 37:491–501
Frank MG, Issa NP, Stryker MP (2001) Sleep enhances plasticity in the developing visual cortex. Neuron 30:275–287
Frenkel MY, Sawtell NB, Diogo AC, Yoon B, Neve RL, Bear MF (2006) Instructive effect of visual experience in mouse visual cortex. Neuron 51:339–349
Gilestro GF, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2009) Widespread changes in synaptic markers as a function of sleep and wakefulness in Drosophila. Science 324:109–112
Girardeau G, Benchenane K, Wiener SI, Buzsaki G, Zugaro MB (2009) Selective suppression of hippocampal ripples impairs spatial memory. Nat Neurosci 12:1222–1223
Grosmark AD, Buzsáki G (2016) Diversity in neural firing dynamics supports both rigid and learned hippocampal sequences. Science 351:1440
Gulati T, Ramanathan DS, Wong CC, Ganguly K (2014) Reactivation of emergent task-related ensembles during slow-wave sleep after neuroprosthetic learning. Nat Neurosci 17:1107–1113
Guzman-Marin R, Ying Z, Suntsova N, Methippara M, Bashir T, Szymusiak R, Gomez-Pinilla F, McGinty D (2006) Suppression of hippocampal plasticity-related gene expression by sleep deprivation. J Physiol Lond 575:807–819
Hagewoud R, Havekes R, Novati A, Keijser JN, Van Der Zee EA, Meerlo P (2009) Sleep deprivation impairs spatial working memory and reduces hippocampal AMPA receptor phosphorylation. J Sleep Res 19:280–288
Hanlon EC, Faraguna U, Vyazovskiy VV, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2009) Effects of skilled training on sleep slow wave activity and cortical gene expression in the rat. Sleep 32:719–729
Havekes R, Abel T (2017) The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 44:13–19
Havekes R, Novati A, Hagewood R, Bare P, Van der Borght K, Van der Zee EA, Meerlo P (2007) The tired hippocampus: effects of sleep deprivation on AMPA receptor function and cell proliferation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 5:A48
Havekes R, Park AJ, Tudor JC, Luczak VG, Hansen RT, Ferri SL, Bruinenberg VM, Poplawski SG, Day JP, Aton SJ et al (2016) Sleep deprivation causes memory deficits by negatively impacting neuronal connectivity in hippocampal area CA1. eLife 5:e13424
Heller HC, Glotzbach SF (1977) Thermoregulation during sleep and hibernation. Int Rev Physiol 15:147–188
Hengen KB, Torrado Pacheco A, McGregor JN, Van Hooser SD, Turrigiano GG (2016) Neuronal firing rate homeostasis is inhibited by sleep and promoted by wake. Cell 165:180–191
Hennevin E, Huetz C, Edeline J-M (2007) Neural representations during sleep: from sensory processing to memory traces. Neurobiol Learn Mem 87:416–440
Hill S, Tononi G, Ghilardi MF (2008) Sleep improves the variability of motor performance. Brain Res Bull 76:605–611
Hoffman KL, McNaughton BL (2002) Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate cortex. Science 297:2070–2073
Holscher C (1999) Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond. J Neurosci Res 58:62–75
Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1970) The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J Physiol 206:419–436
Huber R (2006) Arm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity. Nat Neurosci 9:1169–1176
Huber R (2007) TMS-induced cortical potentiation during wakefulness locally increases slow wave activity during sleep. PLoS One 2:e276
Ishikawa A, Kanayama Y, Matsumura H, Tsuchimochi H, Ishida Y, Nakamura S (2006) Selective rapid eye movement sleep deprivation impairs the maintenance of long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 24:243–248
Jha SK, Jones BE, Coleman T, Steinmetz N, Law C, Griffin G, Hawk J, Frank MG (2005) Sleep-dependent plasticity requires cortical activity. J Neurosci 25:9266–9274
Ji D, Wilson MA (2007) Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nat Neurosci 10:100–106
Kim E, Mahmoud GS, Grover LM (2005) REM sleep deprivation inhibits LTP in vivo in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 388:163–167
Kopp C, Longordo F, Nicholson JR, Luthi A (2006) Insufficient sleep reversibly alters bidirectional synaptic plasticity and NMDA receptor function. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 26:12456–12465
Kudrimoti HS, Barnes CA, McNaughton BL (1999) Reactivation of hippocampal cell assemblies: effects of behavioral state, experience and EEG dynamics. J Neurosci 19:4090–4101
Lee AK, Wilson MA (2002) Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron 36:1183–1194
Li W, Ma L, Yang G, Gan WB (2017) REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning. Nat Neurosci 20:427–437
Liu ZW, Faraguna U, Cirelli C, Tononi G, Gao XB (2010) Direct evidence for wake-related increases and sleep-related decreases in synaptic strength in rodent cortex. J Neurosci 30:8671–8675
Longordo F, Kopp C, Mishina M, Lujan R, Luthi A (2009) NR2A at CA1 synapses is obligatory for the susceptibility of hippocampal plasticity to sleep loss. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 29:9026–9041
Louie K, Wilson MA (2001) Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 29:145–156
Maquet P, Laureys S, Peigneux P, Fuchs S, Petiau C, Phillips C, Aerts J, Del Fiore G, Degueldre C, Meulemans T et al (2000) Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nat Neurosci 3:831–836
Maret S, Faraguna U, Nelson AB, Cirelli C, Tononi G (2011) Sleep and waking modulate spine turnover in the adolescent mouse cortex. Nat Neurosci 14:1418
Marks CA, Wayner MJ (2005) Effects of sleep disruption on rat dentate granule cell LTP in vivo. Brain Res Bull 66:114–119
McDermott CM, LaHoste GJ, Chen C, Musto A, Bazan NG, Magee JC (2003) Sleep deprivation causes behavioral, synaptic, and membrane excitability alterations in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 23:9687–9695
McDermott CM, Hardy MN, Bazan NG, Magee JC (2005) Sleep-deprivation induced alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. J Physiol (Lond) 570:553–565. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093781
McDermott CM, Hardy MN, Bazan NG, Magee JC (2006) Sleep deprivation-induced alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. J Physiol (Lond) 570:553–565
Mioche L, Singer W (1989) Chronic recordings from single sites of kitten striate cortex during experience-dependent modifications of receptive-field properties. J Neurophysiol 62:185–197
Nere AT, Hashmi A, Cirelli C, Tononi G (2013) Sleep dependent synaptic down-selection (I): modeling the benefits of sleep on memory consolidation and integration. Front Neurol 4:143
O’Donnell C, Sejnowski TJ (2014) Selective memory generalization by spatial patterning of protein synthesis. Neuron 82:398–412
Olcese U, Esser SK, Tononi G (2010) Sleep and synaptic renormalization: a computational study. J Neurophysiol 104:3476–3493
O'Neill J, Senior T, Csicsvari J (2006) Place-selective firing of CA1 pyramidal cells during sharp wave/ripple network patterns in exploratory behavior. Neuron 49:143–155
Pavlides C, Winson J (1989) Influences of hippocampal place cell firing in the awake state on the activity of these cells during subsequent sleep. J Neurosci 9:2907–2918
Pearlman CA (1981) Rat models of the adaptive function of REM sleep. In: Fishbein W (ed) Sleep, dreams and memory, vol 6. Spectrum Publications, New York, pp 37–45
Peigneux P, Laureys S, Fuchs S, Collette F, Perrin F, Reggers J, Phillips C, Degueldre C, Del Fiore G, Aerts J et al (2004) Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep? Neuron 44:535–545
Pennartz CMA, Lee E, Verheul J, Lipa P, Barnes CA, McNaughton BL (2004) The ventral striatum in off-line processing: ensemble reactivation during sleep and modulation by hippocampal ripples. J Neurosci 24:6446–6456
Peyrache A, Khamassi M, Benchenane K, Wiener SI, Battaglia FP (2009) Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. Nat Neurosci 12:919–926
Popov VI, Bocharova LS (1992) Hibernation-induced structural changes in synaptic contacts between mossy fibres and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 48:53–62
Qin YL, McNaughton BL, Skaggs WE, Barnes CA (1997) Memory reprocessing in corticocortical and hippocampalcortical neuronal ensembles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 352:1525–1533
Ravassard P, Pachoud B, Comte J, Gay N, Touret M, Luppi P, Salin PA (2006) Paradoxical sleep amount modulates neuronal plasticity in adult rat hippocampus. J Sleep Res 15:191–191
Ravassard P, Pachoud B, Comte JC, Mejia-Perez C, Scote-Blachon C, Gay N, Claustrat B, Touret M, Luppi PH, Salin PA (2009) Paradoxical (REM) sleep deprivation causes a large and rapidly reversible decrease in long-term potentiation, synaptic transmission, glutamate receptor protein levels, and ERK/MAPK activation in the dorsal hippocampus. Sleep 32:227–240
Ravassard P, Hamieh AM, Joseph MA, Fraize N, Libourel PA, Lebarillier L, Arthaud S, Meissirel C, Touret M, Malleret G et al (2015) REM sleep-dependent bidirectional regulation of hippocampal-based emotional memory and LTP. Cereb Cortex 26(4):1488–1500
Ribeiro S (2004) Long-lasting novelty-induced neuronal reverberation during slow-wave sleep in multiple forebrain areas. PLoS Biol 2:e24
Ribeiro S (2007) Novel experience induces persistent sleep-dependent plasticity in the cortex but not in the hippocampus. Front Neurosci 1:43–55
Romcy-Pereira R, Pavlides C (2004) Distinct modulatory effects of sleep on the maintenance of hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex LTP. Eur J Neurosci 20:3453–3462
Rothschild G, Eban E, Frank LM (2016) A cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop of information processing during memory consolidation. Nat Neurosci 20(2):251–259
Schönauer M, Geisler T, Gais S (2013) Strengthening procedural memories by reactivation in sleep. J Cogn Neurosci 26:143–153
Seibt J, Dumoulin M, Aton SJ, Naidoo J, Watson A, Coleman T, Frank MG (2012) Protein synthesis during sleep consolidates cortical plasticity in vivo. Curr Biol 22:676–682
Siapas AG, Wilson MA (1998) Coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripples and cortical spindles during slow-wave sleep. Neuron 21:1123–1128
Sirota A, Csicsvari J, Buhl D, Buzsaki G (2003) Communication between neocortex and hippocampus during sleep in rodents. PNAS 100:2065–2069
Skaggs WE, McNaughton BL (1996) Replay of neuronal firing sequences in rat hippocampus during sleep following spatial experience. Science 271:1870–1873
Smith C (1985) Sleep states and learning: a review of the animal literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:157–168
Smith C (1995) Sleep states and memory processes. Behav Brain Res 69:137–145
Smith GB, Heynen AJ, Bear MF (2009) Bidirectional synaptic mechanisms of ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364:357–367
Spolidoro M, Sale A, Berardi N, Maffei L (2008) Plasticity in the adult brain: lessons from the visual system. Exp Brain Res 192:335–341
Steriade M, Timofeev I (2003) Neuronal plasticity in thalamocortical networks during sleep and waking oscillations. Neuron 37:563–576
Tartar JL, Ward CP, McKenna JT, Thakkar M, Arrigoni E, McCarley RW, Brown RE, Strecker RE (2006) Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial learning are impaired in a rat model of sleep fragmentation. Eur J Neurosci 23:2739–2748
Tatsuno M, Lipa P, McNaughton BL (2006) Methodological considerations on the use of template matching to study long-lasting memory trace replay. J Neurosci 26:10727–10742
Tononi G (2009) Slow wave homeostasis and synaptic plasticity. J Clin Sleep Med 5:S16–S19
Tononi G, Cirelli C (2001) Some considerations on sleep and neural plasticity. Arch Ital Biol 139:122–141
Tononi G, Cirelli C (2003) Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull 62:143–150
Tononi G, Cirelli C (2006) Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 10:49–62
Tononi G, Cirelli C (2012) Time to be SHY? Some comments on sleep and synaptic homeostasis. Neural Plast 2012:415250 in press
Tononi G, Cirelli C (2014) Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration. Neuron 81:12–34
Tropea D, Van Wart A, Sur M (2009) Molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364:341–355
Tsanov M, Manahan-Vaughan D (2007) The adult visual cortex expresses dynamic synaptic plasticity that is driven by the light/dark cycle. J Neurosci 27:8414–8421
Vecsey CG, Baillie GS, Jaganath D, Havekes R, Daniels A, Wimmer M, Huang T, Brown KM, Li X-Y, Descalzi G et al (2009) Sleep deprivation impairs cAMP signalling in the hippocampus. Nature 461:1122–1125
von der Ohe CG, Garner CC, Darian-Smith C, Heller HC (2007) Synaptic protein dynamics in hibernation. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neurosci 27:84–92
Vyazovskiy VV, Cirelli C, Pfister-Genskow M, Faraguna U, Tononi G (2008) Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep. Nat Neurosci 11:200–208
Watson BO, Levenstein D, Greene JP, Gelinas JN, Buzsáki G (2016) Network homeostasis and state dynamics of neocortical sleep. Neuron 90:839–852
Wei Y, Krishnan GP, Bazhenov M (2016) Synaptic mechanisms of memory consolidation during sleep slow oscillations. J Neurosci 36:4231
Wierzynski CM, Lubenov EV, Gu M, Siapas AG (2009) State-dependent spike-timing relationships between hippocampal and prefrontal circuits during sleep. Neuron 61:587–596
Wiesel TN, Hubel DH (1963) Single cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J Neurophysiol 28:1029–1040
Wilson MA, McNaughton BL (1994) Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science 265:676–682
Yang G, Gan W-B (2011) Sleep contributes to dendritic spine formation and elimination in the developing mouse somatosensory cortex. Dev Neurobiol 72(11):1391–1398
Yang G, Lai CSW, Cichon J, Ma L, Li W, Gan WB (2014) Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning. Science 344:1173–1178
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (EY019022 and HL114161 to M.G.F).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Frank, M.G. (2019). Sleep and Brain Plasticity. In: Jha, S., Jha, V. (eds) Sleep, Memory and Synaptic Plasticity. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2813-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2814-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)