Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coconut: Maladies and Remedies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) - Research and Development Perspectives

Abstract

Coconut, a perennial palm with a life span of many decades, suffers from a number of biotic and abiotic stresses during various stages of its growth. Microbial pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas are known to be the causative organisms of these diseases. Among the 173 fungal species reported on coconut, only a few are lethal, while others cause economic losses of varying degrees. The causal agents of various diseases, formerly regarded as diseases of unknown etiology, have now been determined. While curative measures are available for some maladies like stem bleeding, prophylaxis is the best option for some of the lethal diseases like bud rot. Some of the debilitating non-lethal diseases have been found to respond favourably to nutritional management measures. Hence, adopting an integrated approach involving tolerant varieties, cultural, nutritional, prophylactic and phytosanitary measures is the best option for managing the diseases of coconut at present. In view of difficulties due to the tall stature of the palm, modern technologies like computer-aided, remote-controlled drones should be developed for plant protection operations. Remote-sensing methods using advanced technologies can help in regular surveillance for disease incidence, intensity and spread. Molecular techniques can also help in early diagnosis and in resistance breeding. Region-specific integrated disease management strategies for specific maladies have to be developed for attaining maximum efficacy in disease control. The distribution, symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and possible control measures of fungal, bacterial, virus, viroid and protozoan diseases affecting coconut are detailed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abad RG, Blancaver RC (1975) Coconut leaf spot/blight and their control. PCA-ARD Annual Report 1975–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida JL, Aquino M, de LN de(1978) Antracnose ou podridao dos fruitos de coqueiro. Cocos nucifera no estado de Pernambuco. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Pernabucana 2:37–44. (Cited by Rasmi AR 2005. ‘Management of bud-rot in young coconut palms’. Ph.D. thesis, Mangalore University, Mangalore, p 275)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves A, Crous PW, Correia A, Phillips AJL (2008) Morphological and molecular data reveal cryptic speciation in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Fungal Divers 28:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Anil Kumar, Nambiar KKN (1991) An improved method of isolation of Thielaviopsis paradoxa from stem-bleeding affected coconut palm. CORD 7:49–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Anil Kumar, Nambiar KKN, Voleti SR (1992) Uptake, translocation and persistence of Carbendazim in coconut in relation to stem bleeding disease. CORD 8:40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitha Karun, Parthasarathy VA, Kumaran PM, Iyer RD, Sajini KK (2002) Coconut embryo-culture protocol for germplasm collection, Tech Bull. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennet CPA, Roboth O, Sitepu G, Lolong A (1986) Pathogenicity of Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) causing premature nut fall disease of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Indonesian J Crop Sci 2(2):59–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran R, Ramanathan T (1984) Occurrence and spread of Thanjavur wilt disease of coconut. Indian Cocon J 15(6):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran R, Ramanathan T, Ramaiah M (1984) Thanjavur wilt of coconut; its occurrence, spread and management. In: Sethuraj et al (eds) Proceedings of PLACROSYM-VI. Oxford and IBH Co. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran R, Rethinam P, Nambiar KKN (1989) Thanjavur wilt of coconut. J Plantn Crops 17:69–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran R, Vaithilingam R, Ramanathan A, Natarajan C, Marimuthu R, Subramanian KV (2007) A new lethal disease of coconut in Tamil Nadu. Indian Cocon J 38(3):2–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccardo G (1985) Viroid etiology of tinangaja and its relationship with cadang-cadang disease of coconut. In: Maramorosch K, JJ MK Jr (eds) Subviral pathogens of plants and animals: viroids and prions. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 75–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Brahmana J, Kelana A (1988) Bud-rot disease on PB – 121 hybrid Coconut at Bangun Purba PTP VI. North Sumatra CORD 4(2):76–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Brahmana J, Lubis AU, Desmier De Chenon R (1992) Evolution of coconut bud-rot disease and control strategies (observations in Bangum, Purba and North Sumatra). In: Proceedings of coconut phytophthora workshop, 26–30 October1992. Manado, Indonesia, pp 33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton-Jones HR (1940) Diseases of coconut palm. Builliere, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown JF (1973) Disease of coconut in the British Solomon Islands. Plant Disease Rep 57:856–860

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler EJ (1906) Some diseases of palms. Agric J India 1:299–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvez C, Renard JL, Marty G (1980) Tolerance of the hybrid coconut local × Rennell to New Hebrides diseases. Oleagineux 35:443–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffey MD (1990) Integrated control of Phytophthora bud-rot and premature nut fall of coconut in Indonesia. Abstract in ‘3rd international congress on plant protection in the tropics’, March 20–23, 1990, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen Y, Coffey MD (1986) Systemic fungicides and the control of oomycetes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24:311–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman LC (1911) ‘Anabe roga’ of ‘supari’. Annual Report for 1909–1910. Agric Chemist, Mysore, Department of Agriculture, Bangalore, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook AA (1971) Diseases of tropical and sub-tropical fruits and nuts. Hafner Press, New York. Cited by Harrison N.A & Jones, p 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland EB (1931) The Coconut, 3rd edn. Macmillan & Co., London, p 233

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwis SN (1992) Phytophthora in relation to climate and coconut cultivar. In: Proceedings of coconut phytophthora workshop 26–30 Oct.1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauzat J, Lecoustre RL (1992) Spatio-temporal analysis of disease distribution, description of a few methods and initial results on Phytophthora. In: Proceedings of coconut phytophthora workshop 26–30 October 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 57–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK (1996) Phytophthora diseases worldwide. American Phytopathol Society Press, St. Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans HC (1973) New developments in black-pod epidemiology. Cacao Growers Bull No 20:10–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowda PV (1987) In vitro studies on the interaction of antagonistic mycoflora with Theilaviopsis paradoxa, the causal agent of stem-bleeding disease of coconut. M.Phil., dissertation, Mangalore University, Mangalore, p 197

    Google Scholar 

  • Guba EF (1961) Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard University Press, Harvard, p 342

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunasekaran M, Alka Gupta, Srinivasan N (2001) Biological control of leaf-rot pathogens with Pseudomonas fluorescens. In: National symposium on eco-friendly approaches for plant disease management. University of Madras, Chennai

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanold D, Randles JW (1991) Coconut cadang-cadang disease and its viroid agent. Plant Dis 75(4):330–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanold D, Morin JP, Labouisse JP, Randles JW (2003) Foliar decay disease in Vanuatu. In: Loebenstein G, Thottappilly G (eds) Plant virus diseases on crops in developing countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 583–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris DC, Card ON, Justin SHFW, Passey AJ (1984) Phytophthora palmivora on the cultured roots of coconut. Trans Brit Mycol Soc 82(2):249–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison NA, Jones P (2003) Diseases of coconut. In: Ploetz RC (ed) Diseases of tropical fruit crops. CABI Publ, Wallingford, pp 197–225

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday P (1980) Fungus diseases of tropical crops. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GVH, Firman ID (1982) Seed-borne marasmioid fungi of coconut. Plant Pathol 31(2):187–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GVH, McKenzie EHC (1988) Marasmiellus cocophilus on coconut in Solomon Islands. FAO Plant Protection Bull 36(2):91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagannathan T, Ramasamy R (1975) Annual report 1974–76. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, p 173

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson B, Meena, Rajamanickam K (2014) Biological management of leaf blight disease of coconut using rhizosphere microbes. J Plantn Crops 42(3):364–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan A, Bhaskaran R, Giridharan S (1997) Management of leaf blight disease of coconut. The Planter 73(858):495–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler F, Pellegrin F, Jackson G, McKenzie E (1997) Diseases of cultivated crops in Pacific Island countries. South Pacific Commission. Pirie Printers Pty Limited, Canberra, p 181

    Google Scholar 

  • Koti Reddy M, Ananthanarayanan TV, Nambiar KKN (1984) Detection of Ganoderma lucidum in betel-nut by the fluorescent antibody technique. Trans Brit Mycol Soc 82:559–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin HD, Sindha Madhar A, Sethurarnan V (1983) Effect of fungicides on the control of Thanjavur wilt disease of coconut. In: Proceedings of national seminar on management of diseases of oilseed crops. Agrl. College and Res Inst, Madurai, pp 99–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly VG (1963) Host-parasite relationships of Helminthosporium halodes on coconut palms. Indian Cocon J 16:149–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly VG (1984) Record of Phomopsis coconina (Cooke) Punith. in stem-bleeding affected coconut palms. Curr Sci 53:704–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly VG, Ramadasan A (1979) Changes in phenolic content of leaf in relation to the development of leaf-rot. Indian Phytopathol 32:112–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharachchikumbura SSN, Guo LD, Cai L, Chukeatirote E, Wu WP, Sun X, Crous PW, Bhat DJ, McKenzie EHC, Bahkali AH, Hyde KD (2012) A multi-locus backbone tree for Pestalotiopsis, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. Fungal Divers 56:95–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malayczuk N (1983) Microbial antagonism to Phytophthora. In: Erwin DC, Bartmicki–Garcia S, Tsao PH (eds) Phytophthora – its biology, taxonomy, ecology and pathology. American Phytopathol Society, St Paul, pp 197–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangindaan H, Thevenin JM, Knarie S, Motulo HFJ (1992) The susceptibility of coconut varieties to Phytophthora in Indonesia: The effect of environmental factors. Proceedings of Coconut Phytophthora Workshop. October 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 39–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathew AS, Ramanandan PL (1980) Incidence of stem-bleeding disease of coconut palm in relation to pH and electrical conductivity in soils. J Plantn Crops 8:40–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon KPV, Nair UK (1948) The leaf-rot diseases of the coconut in Travancore and Cochin. Indian Cocon J 1:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon KPV, Nair UK (1951) Scheme for the investigation of the root and leaf diseases of the coconut palms in South India. Final report of the work done from 8th March 1937 to 31st March, 1938. Indian Cocon J 5:81–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon KPV, Pandalai KM (1960) The coconut palm – a monograph. Indian Central Coconut Committee, Ernakulam, p 384

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro CM, Caron ES, da Silveira SF, Almeida AM, Souza-Filho GR, de Souza AL (2013) Control of foliar diseases by the axillary application of systemic fungicides in Brazilian coconut palms. Crop Prot 52:78–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moosa H, Ahmed R, Iyer R, Prabhu SR (1998) ‘Occurrence of endophytic Bacillus antagonistic to Phytophthora palmivora in coconut seedlings. Paper presented at international conference of plant pathology held at Edinburgh, Scotland, from 9 to 16 August, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraja AN, Menon KPV (1956) Note on the etiology of the root (wilt) disease of coconut palms in Travancore-Cochin. Indian Cocon J 9:161–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidu GB, Sampathkumar SN, Sannamarappa M (1966) ‘Anaberoga’, Ganoderma lucidum (Lays) Karst on arecanut palm- a review and further considerations. Lal Baugh 11:14–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik N (1990) Variability and characteristics of different isolates of Thielaviopsis paradoxa, the pathogen of stem bleeding disease. M. Phil. dissertation, Mangalore University, Mangalore, p 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair UK, Radha K (1959) Manuring-crown-spraying for the control of Leaf rot of coconut. In: Nair MK, Khan HH, Gopalasundaram P, Rao EVVB (eds) Advances in coconut research and development. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 546–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar KKN, Joshi Y, Venugopal MN, Mohan RC (1986) Stem bleeding disease of coconut: reproduction of symptoms by inoculation with Thielaviopsis paradoxa. J Plantn Crops 14(2):130–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar KKN, Kalpana Sastry R (1988) Stem bleeding disease of coconut: current status & approaches for its control. Philippine J Cocon Studies 12:30–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar KKN, Ramanujam B (1993) Current studies on etiology and management of stem bleeding disease of coconut. Indian Cocon J 23:2–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar KKN, Rawther TSS (1993) Fungal diseases of coconut in the world. In: Nair MK, Khan HH, Gopalasundaram P, Rao EVVB (eds) Advances in coconut research and development. Oxford and IBH Publishing co. Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, pp 545–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar KKN, Anil Kumar, Kalpana Sastry R, Joshi Y (1989) Seasonal effect on infection by stem bleeding pathogen, Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Curr Sci 58:34–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan S, Bhaskaran R, Shanmugham N (1986) Preliminary studies to develop techniques for early detection of Thanjavur wilt in coconut. Indian Cocon J 17:3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohler JG (1984) Coconut- Tree of life. FAO, Rome, p 446

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohler JG (1999) Modern coconut management: palm cultivation and products. FAO, Rome, p 474

    Google Scholar 

  • Papa Rao A, Govinda Rao P (1966) A survey of coconut diseases in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Agri J 13:208–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiries OS (1974) Ganoderma basal stem rot of coconut: a new record of the disease in Sri Lanka. Plant Disease Reporter 58(4):293–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiries OS, Liyanage A de S, Mahindapala R, Subasinghe SMP (1975) The incidence of Ganoderma root and bole rot of coconut in Sri Lanka. The Ceylon Cocon Qtly 26:99–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiris JW (1962) Bud-rot of coconuts. Ceylon Cocon Rev 3:37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Petch T (1906) Diseases of coconut palm. Trop Agri (Trinidad) 27:489–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Ploetz R, Harrison N, Jones P (1999) Diseases of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.). APS Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohe J (1992) Factors involved in the development of nut fall due to Phytophthora in Coté-dé-Ivoir é. In: Proceedings of Coconut Phytophthora Workshop, 26–30 October 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 47–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Punithalingam E (1980) Plant diseases attributed to Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. J Cramer, Vaduz Biblio Mycol 71:1–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Quillec G, Renard JL, Ghesqueire H (1984) Phytophtora hevea of coconut: Role in bud rot and nutfall. Oléagineux 39(10):477–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K (1961) Leaf rot disease of coconut. In: Proceedings of first session, FAO technical working party coconut production, protection and processing, Trivandrum, pp 30–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K (1962) Stem bleeding disease of coconut. Cocon Bull 16:347–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K, Joseph T (1974) Investigation on the bud-rot disease (Phytophthora palmivora) of coconut. Final report PL-480 scheme, CPCRI, Kayangulam, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K, Joseph T (1976) A reappraisal of associated factors. In: Nayar NM (ed) Coconut research and development. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp 333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K, Lal SB (1968) Some observations on the occurrence of leaf-rot disease of coconut and associated factors. 3rd session, FAO technical working party coconut production protection and processing, Jakarta, pp 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Radha K, Sukumaran CK, Prasanna Kumari TO (1961) Studies on the leaf-rot disease of coconut. Fungal infection in relation to environmental conditions. Indian Cocon J 15:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju CA (1984) Effect of methyl bromide fumigation on the fungi associated with seed coconuts. Philippine J Cocon Stud 9:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram C (1993) Características culturais, esporulação e virulência do “strain” do Botryodiplodia theobromae, agente causal da queima-das-folhas do coqueiro (Cocos nucifera). Fitopatologia Brasiliera 18(2):143–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujam B (1997) Studies on biocontrol of Theivaviopsis paradoxa (De Synes) Von Honel., the pathogen of stem-bleeding disease of coconut using antago-nistic fungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India, p 228

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujam B, Chandramohanan R, Nambiar KKN (1993) Studies on leaf spot disease of arecanut: symptoms, cause and control. J Plantn Crops 21(Suppl):123–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujam B, Nambiar KKN, Ratnambal MJ (1996) Screening of coconut cultivars/hybrids against Thielaviopsis paradoxa (de Seynes) Hohnel, using petiole inoculation technique. In: Mathew NM, Kuruvilla Jacob C (eds) Developments in plantation crops research, Proceedings of PLACROSYM XII. Indian Society for Plantation Crops, Kasaragod, pp 284–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramapandu S, Satyanarayana Y, Rajamannar M, Chiranjeevi V (1981) Seasonal variation in the manifestation of Ganoderma wilt disease of coconut. Indian Cocon J 12(3):5–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles JW (1975) Association of two ribonucleic acid species with cadang-cadang diseases of coconut plam. Phytopathol 65:163–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles JW (1987) Coconut cadang-cadang. In: Diener TO (ed) The Viroids. Plenum Press, New York, pp 265–277

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Randles JW, Julia JF, Calvez C, Dollet M (1986) Association of single-stranded DNA with foliar-decay disease of coconut palm in Vanuatu. Phytopathol 76:889–894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles JW, Miller DC, Morin JP, Rohde W, Hanold D (1992) Localisation of coconut foliar-decay virus in coconut palm. Ann Appl Biol 121:601–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao AP, Laxminarayan C, Pandit SV, Govindarao P (1966) Studies on spread of Tatipaka disease of coconut. Andhra Agri J 13(5):169–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmi AR, Rohini Iyer, Vijayakumar K (2004) Role of relative humidity and temperature on the survival of Phytophthora palmivora, the incitant of coconut bud-rot. J Plantn Crops 32(2):28–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Renard JL, Darwis SN (1993) Report on the coconut Phytophthora disease. Seminar, Manado, Indonesia, October, 1992. Oleagineux 48(6):301–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Renard JL, Quillec G (1984) Phytophthora heveae of coconut. II control methods. Oléagineux 3911:529–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Rillo EP, Paloma MBF (1989) Reaction of some coconut populations and hybrids to Phytophthora disease in the Bicol region. Philippine J Cocon Studies 14(1):2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohini Iyer (1997) Effect of systemic fungicides on control of bud rot of coconut. In: International conference on ‘Integrated Plant Disease Management for Sustainable Agriculture’, Nov. 1997 New Delhi, India. (Abstracts) Indian Phytopathological Society Golden Jubilee- p 212

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampath Kumar SN, Nambiar KKN (1993) Relationship among Ganoderma species affecting coconut and arecanut palms. J Plantn Crops 2l(Suppl):119–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana Y, Ramapandu S, Rajamannar M, Chiranjeevi V (1985) Control of Ganoderma-wilt disease of coconut. Indian Cocon J 14(5):3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutt B (1975) A possible phytotoxic effect of copper on dwarf coconut palms. Surinamese Landbouw 23(1):26–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea SR, Broadbent P (1983) Developments in cultural and biological control of Phytophthora diseases. In: Erwin DC, Bartimcki-Garcia S, Tsao PH (eds) Phytophthora – its biology, taxonomy, ecology and pathology. American Phytopathological Society, St, Paul, pp 335–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza Filho BF, Santos Filho HP, Robbs CE (1979) Etiologia da queima das folhas do coqueiro. Fitopatol Bras 4:5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan N (1991) Occurrence of coconut leaf-rot in association with root (wilt) disease. Indian Cocon J 21:14–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan N, Gunasekaran M (1992) An appraisal of symptom expression in coconut due to leaf rot disease. Indian Cocon J 23(7):2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan N, Gunasekaran M (1996) Incidence of fungal species associated with leaf-rot disease of coconut palms in relation to weather and stage of lesion development. Ann Appl Biol 129:433–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan N, Gunasekaran M (1999) Fusarium solani and Fusarium moniliforme var. intermedium in cocon leaf-rot disease. Indian Phytopathol 52:160–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan N, Gunasekaran M (2000) Leaf-rot disease of coconut, Tech Bull No.38. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, p 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Steer ED (1992) Coconut bud-rot disease in Jamaica. Proceedings of Coconut Phytophthora Workshop 26–30, Oct 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundararaman S (1922) The coconut bleeding disease. Pusa Agric Res Inst Bull 127:8

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundararaman S (1925) Preliminary note on coconut leaf-rot of Cochin. Year Book, Madras Agric Dept, Madras, pp 6–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland ED, Baker KK, Lockwood JL (1984) Ultrastructure of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea oospores parasitized by Achnoplanes missouriensis and Humicola fuscoatra. Transaction of the British Mycol Soc 82:726–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thevenin JM, Motulo HFJ, Kharie S, Mangindann HF, Warokkha JS (1992) Epidemiological studies on Phytophthora diseases of coconut in north Sulawezi Province, Indonesia. In: Proceedings of Coconut Phytophthora Workshop 26–30 Oct. 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker CM (1926) Phytophthora bud rot of coconut palms in puerto rico. J Agri Res 32:471–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuset JJ, Ainarejos C, Garcia J (1984) Present status of Phytophthora disease of Citrus in Spain. Proceedings of International Soc Citriculture 2:338–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuset JJ, Hinare Jos C, Buj A, Molins A, Cebolla V (1992) Myrothecium roridum and M. verrucana, as potential antagonists of Phytophthora spp. on coconut. In: Proceedings of Coconut Phytophthora Workshop, 26–30 October, 1992, Manado, Indonesia, pp 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida JY, Aragaki M (1991) Bipolaris and Exserohilum leaf-spots. In: Chase AR, Broschat TK (eds) Diseases and disorders of ornamental palms. APS Press, St Paul, p 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida JY, Ooka JJ, Nagata M, Kadooka CY (1992) A new Phytophthora fruit-and heart-rot of coconut in Hawaii. Plant Dis 76:925–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usman NM (1988) Studies on stem bleeding disease of coconut. 1. Survival of Thielaviopsis paradoxa in soil and 2. In vitro interaction of Thielaviopsis paradoxa with antagonistic fungi. M.Phil., dissertation, Mangalore University, Mangalore, p 74

    Google Scholar 

  • Varghese MK (1934) Diseases of coconut palm. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Travancore, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatarayan SV (1936) The biology of Ganoderma lucidum on arecanut and coconut palms. Phytopathol 26:153–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Venugopal S, Chandra Mohanan R (2006) Role of fungi in fruit rot and immature nutfall of coconut. CORD 22(2):33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayan KM, Natarajan S (1972) Some observations on the coconut wilt disease of Tamil Nadu. Cocon Bull 2(12):2–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayaraghavan H, Ramdoss N, Raveendran TS, Rethinam P (1987) Effect of toddy tapping on Thanjavur wilt disease of coconut. Indian Cocon J 17(12):3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick Dulce RN, Edson EM, Passos (2009) Outbreak of stem-bleeding in coconuts caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Sergipe, Brazil. Trop Plant Pathol 34(3):175–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters H (1978) A wilt disease of coconuts from Trinidad associated with Phytomonas sp., a sieve-tube-restricted protozoan flagellate. Ann Appl Biol 90:293–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wefels E, Morin JP, Randles JW (2015) Molecular evidence for a persistent circulative association between Coconut foliar decay virus and its vector Myndus taffini. Australasian Plant Pathol 44:283–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu FY, Niu XQ, Tang QH, Zhu H, Song WW, Qin WQ, Lin CH (2012) First report of stem bleeding in coconut caused by Ceratocystis paradoxa in Hainan, China. Plant Dis 96:290–290. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-11-0840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Navasakti Trust, Karunagappally, Kollam, Kerala, India

    Rohini Iyer

  2. Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. Gunasekharan

  3. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala, India

    Vinayaka Hegde

Authors
  1. Rohini Iyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Gunasekharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinayaka Hegde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rohini Iyer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India

    V. Krishnakumar

  2. Retired Chief Coconut Development Officer, Coconut Development Board, Government of India, Kerala, India

    P. K. Thampan

  3. Retired Professor of Agronomy and Director (Academic), Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    M. Achuthan Nair

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Iyer, R., Gunasekharan, M., Hegde, V. (2018). Coconut: Maladies and Remedies. In: Krishnakumar, V., Thampan, P., Nair, M. (eds) The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) - Research and Development Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2754-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation