Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction—Fluorescence in Organic Nanoparticles

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Materials ((BRIEFSMATERIALS))

Abstract

Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) represent a very exciting class of materials in the nanoregime that are bestowed with diverse analytical and biomedical applications. Several FONs have been reported as attractive agents for cell imaging applications, and over the last few decades, several bioprobes, e.g. organic dyes, fluorescent proteins and fluorescent inorganic/organic nanoparticles, have been reported for biomedical applications. FONs are thought as more promising agents for biomedical applications owing to their possibility for diverse designs and biodegradability properties. FONs are generally composed of small organic molecules with emissive properties comparable to those of semi-conjugated polymer dots. Basically, FONs contain a high number of photo-active self-assembled units. Besides, there are no stabilizing surfactants or doping matrices within the structures of FONs, which helps them to avoid the undesirable interventions of non-active matter with living organisms. These nanoparticles show intense brightness upon one- or two-photon excitation, which helps in achieving reduced excitation fluence and tissue auto-fluorescence. This chapter highlights the usefulness of the fluorescence phenomena in the diverse classes of FONs. Besides, the increasing interest in the research on FONs as analytical and biomedical agents has been described in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Leblond, F., Davis, S.C., Valdes, P.A., Pogue, B.W.: Pre-clinical whole-body fluorescence imaging: review of instruments, methods and applications. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 98(1), 77–94 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kondepati, V.R., Heise, H.M., Backhaus, J.: Recent applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 125–139 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kircher, M.F., Gambhir, S.S., Grimm, J.: Noninvasive cell-tracking methods. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8(11), 677–688 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wu, C., Bull, B., Szymanski, C., Christensen, K., McNeill, J.: Multicolor conjugated polymer dots for biological fluorescence imaging. ACS Nano 2(11), 2415–2423 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ishow, E., Brosseau, A., Clavier, G., Nakatani, K., Tauc, P., Fiorini-Debuisschert, C., Neveu, S., Sandre, O., Léaustic, A.: Multicolor emission of small molecule-based amorphous thin films and nanoparticles with a single excitation wavelength. Chem. Mater. 20(21), 6597–6599 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Parthasarathy, V., Fery-Forgues, S., Campioli, E., Recher, G., Terenziani, F., Blanchard-Desce, M.: Dipolar versus octupolar triphenylamine-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles as brilliant one-and two-photon emitters for (bio) imaging. Small 7(22), 3219–3229 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. De, M., Ghosh, P.S., Rotello, V.M.: Applications of nanoparticles in biology. Adv. Mater. 20(22), 4225–4241 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chen, M., Yin, M.: Design and development of fluorescent nanostructures for bioimaging. Prog. Polym. Sci. 39(2), 365–395 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Smith, A.M., Duan, H., Mohs, A.M., Nie, S.: Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60(11), 1226–1240 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wilcoxon, J.P., Abrams, B.L.: Synthesis, structure and properties of metal nanoclusters. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(11), 1162–1194 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang, F., Liu, X.: Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(4), 976–989 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baker, S.N., Baker, G.A.: Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. 49(38), 6726–6744 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang, L., Zhao, W., Tan, W.: Bioconjugated silica nanoparticles: development and applications. Nano Res. 1(2), 99–115 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Feng, G., Liang, J., Liu, B.: Hyperbranched conjugated polyelectrolytes for biological sensing and imaging. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 34(9), 705–715 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fu, H.-B., Yao, J.-N.: Size effects on the optical properties of organic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(7), 1434–1439 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. An, B.K., Kwon, S.K., Park, S.Y.: Photopatterned arrays of fluorescent organic nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. 46(12), 1978–1982 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Martin, C.R., Kohli, P.: The emerging field of nanotube biotechnology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 2(1), 29–37 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. An, B.K., Kwon, S.K., Jung, S.D., Park, S.Y.: Enhanced emission and its switching in fluorescent organic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(48), 14410–14415 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Li, H., Xu, J., Yan, H.: Ratiometric fluorescent determination of cysteine based on organic nanoparticles of naphthalene–thiourea–thiadiazole-linked molecule. Sens. Actuators B: Chem 139(2), 483–487 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jana, A., Devi, K.S., Maiti, T.K., Singh, N.D.: Perylene-3-ylmethanol: fluorescent organic nanoparticles as a single-component photoresponsive nanocarrier with real-time monitoring of anticancer drug release. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(18), 7656–7659 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chandrasekhar, N., Chandrasekar, R.: Reversibly shape-shifting organic optical waveguides: formation of organic nanorings, nanotubes, and nanosheets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(15), 3556–3561 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jiang, S., Gnanasammandhan, M.K., Zhang, Y.: Optical imaging-guided cancer therapy with fluorescent nanoparticles. J. Roy. Soc., Interface/Roy. Soc. 7(42), 3–18 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. dos Santos, T., Varela, J., Lynch, I., Salvati, A., Dawson, K.A.: Quantitative assessment of the comparative nanoparticle-uptake efficiency of a range of cell lines. Small 7(23), 3341–3349 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang, L., Dong, L., Bian, G., Xia, T., Chen, H., Wang, L., Cao, Q., Li, L.: Application of organic nanoparticles as fluorescence probe in the determination of nucleic acids. Anal. Lett. 37(9), 1811–1822 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feng, L., Zhu, C., Yuan, H., Liu, L., Lv, F., Wang, S.: Conjugated polymer nanoparticles: preparation, properties, functionalization and biological applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(16), 6620–6633 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhu, C., Yang, Q., Lv, F., Liu, L., Wang, S.: Conjugated polymer-coated bacteria for multimodal intracellular and extracellular anticancer activity. Adv. Mater. 25(8), 1203–1208 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nie, C., Zhu, C., Feng, L., Lv, F., Liu, L., Wang, S.: Synthesis of a new conjugated polymer for DNA alkylation and gene regulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(11), 4549–4554 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang, B., Zhu, C., Liu, L., Lv, F., Yang, Q., Wang, S.: Synthesis of a new conjugated polymer for cell membrane imaging by using an intracellular targeting strategy. Polym. Chem. 4(20), 5212–5215 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lu, X., Jiang, R., Yang, M., Fan, Q., Hu, W., Zhang, L., Yang, Z., Deng, W., Shen, Q., Huang, Y.: Monodispersed grafted conjugated polyelectrolyte-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles as multifunctional platform for cellular imaging and drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B 2(4), 376–386 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang, G., Lu, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Fan, Q., Huang, W.: Water-soluble fluorescent nanoparticles without distinct aggregation of conjugated polymer chains. Polym. Int. 60(1), 45–50 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang, P., Chen, J., Huang, F., Zeng, Z., Hu, J., Yi, P., Zeng, F., Wu, S.: One-pot fabrication of polymer nanoparticle-based chemosensors for Cu 2+ detection in aqueous media. Polym. Chem. 4(7), 2325–2332 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sugihara, S., Armes, S.P., Blanazs, A., Lewis, A.L.: Non-spherical morphologies from cross-linked biomimetic diblock copolymers using RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization. Soft Matter 7(22), 10787–10793 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yin, M., Feng, C., Shen, J., Yu, Y., Xu, Z., Yang, W., Knoll, W., Mullen, K.: Dual-responsive interaction to detect DNA on template-based fluorescent nanotubes. Small 7(12), 1629–1634 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cui, K., Lu, X., Cui, W., Wu, J., Chen, X., Lu, Q.: Fluorescent nanoparticles assembled from a poly(ionic liquid) for selective sensing of copper ions. Chem. Commun. 47(3), 920–922 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Luo, J., Lei, T., Wang, L., Ma, Y., Cao, Y., Wang, J., Pei, J.: Highly fluorescent rigid supramolecular polymeric nanowires constructed through multiple hydrogen bonds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(6), 2076–2077 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shi, C., Guo, Z., Yan, Y., Zhu, S., Xie, Y., Zhao, Y.S., Zhu, W., Tian, H.: Self-assembly solid-state enhanced red emission of quinolinemalononitrile: optical waveguides and stimuli response. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(1), 192–198 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Liu, J., Ding, D., Geng, J., Liu, B.: PEGylated conjugated polyelectrolytes containing 2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazole units for targeted cell imaging. Polym. Chem. 3(6), 1567–1575 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Tao, L., Wei, Y.: Facile incorporation of aggregation-induced emission materials into mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular imaging and cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(6), 1943–1947 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Leung, C.W., Hong, Y., Chen, S., Zhao, E., Lam, J.W., Tang, B.Z.: A photostable AIE luminogen for specific mitochondrial imaging and tracking. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(1), 62–65 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Luo, J., Xie, Z., Lam, J.W., Cheng, L., Chen, H., Qiu, C., Kwok, H.S., Zhan, X., Liu, Y., Zhu, D., Tang, B.Z.: Aggregation-induced emission of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole. Chem. Commun. 18, 1740–1741 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang, X., Ma, Z., Liu, M., Zhang, X., Jia, X., Wei, Y.: A new organic far-red mechanofluorochromic compound derived from cyano-substituted diarylethene. Tetrahedron 69(49), 10552–10557 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Xue, W., Zhang, G., Zhang, D., Zhu, D.: A new label-free continuous fluorometric assay for trypsin and inhibitor screening with tetraphenylethene compounds. Org. Lett. 12(10), 2274–2277 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhang, X., Chi, Z., Li, H., Xu, B., Li, X., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, J.: Synthesis and properties of novel aggregation-induced emission compounds with combined tetraphenylethylene and dicarbazolyl triphenylethylene moieties. J. Mater. Chem. 21(6), 1788–1796 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang, X., Chi, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Xu, J.: Recent advances in mechanochromic luminescent metal complexes. J. Mater. Chem. C 1(21), 3376–3390 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang, X., Yang, Z., Chi, Z., Chen, M., Xu, B., Wang, C., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, J.: A multi-sensing fluorescent compound derived from cyanoacrylic acid. J. Mater. Chem. 20(2), 292–298 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang, X., Chi, Z., Xu, B., Li, H., Yang, Z., Li, X., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, J.: Synthesis of blue light emitting bis (triphenylethylene) derivatives: a case of aggregation-induced emission enhancement. Dyes Pigm. 89(1), 56–62 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. He, J., Xu, B., Chen, F., Xia, H., Li, K., Ye, L., Tian, W.: Aggregation-induced emission in the crystals of 9, 10-distyrylanthracene derivatives: the essential role of restricted intramolecular torsion. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(22), 9892–9899 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang, X., Chi, Z., Xu, B., Chen, C., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Xu, J.: End-group effects of piezofluorochromic aggregation-induced enhanced emission compounds containing distyrylanthracene. J. Mater. Chem. 22(35), 18505–18513 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhang, X., Ma, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Chi, Z., Liu, S., Xu, J., Jia, X., Wei, Y.: Influence of alkyl length on properties of piezofluorochromic aggregation induced emission compounds derived from 9, 10-bis [(N-alkylphenothiazin-3-yl) vinyl] anthracene. Tetrahedron 70(4), 924–929 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Osakada, Y., Hanson, L., Cui, B.: Diarylethene doped biocompatible polymer dots for fluorescence switching. Chem. Commun. 48(27), 3285–3287 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wu, C., Schneider, T., Zeigler, M., Yu, J., Schiro, P.G., Burnham, D.R., McNeill, J.D., Chiu, D.T.: Bioconjugation of ultrabright semiconducting polymer dots for specific cellular targeting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(43), 15410–15417 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang, L., Dong, L., Bian, G.-R., Wang, L.-Y., Xia, T.-T., Chen, H.-Q.: Using organic nanoparticle fluorescence to determine nitrite in water. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382(5), 1300–1303 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Grimland, J.L., Wu, C., Ramoutar, R.R., Brumaghim, J.L., McNeill, J.: Photosensitizer-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles with high cross-sections for one-and two-photon excitation. Nanoscale 3(4), 1451–1455 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kim, H.Y., Bjorklund, T., Lim, S.-H., Bardeen, C.: Spectroscopic and photocatalytic properties of organic tetracene nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Langmuir 19(9), 3941–3946 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhou, Y., Bian, G., Wang, L., Dong, L., Wang, L., Kan, J.: Sensitive determination of nucleic acids using organic nanoparticle fluorescence probes. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 61(8), 1841–1845 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Howes, P., Green, M., Levitt, J., Suhling, K., Hughes, M.: Phospholipid encapsulated semiconducting polymer nanoparticles: their use in cell imaging and protein attachment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(11), 3989–3996 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Feng, X., Yang, G., Liu, L., Lv, F., Yang, Q., Wang, S., Zhu, D.: A convenient preparation of multi-spectral microparticles by bacteria-mediated assemblies of conjugated polymer nanoparticles for cell imaging and barcoding. Adv. Mater. 24(5), 637–641 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang, J., Xu, X., Zhao, Y., Zheng, C., Li, L.: Exploring the application of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in chemical sensing: detection of free radicals by a synergy between fluorescent nanoparticles of two conjugated polymers. J. Mater. Chem. 21(46), 18696–18703 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Xu, X., Chen, S., Li, L., Yu, G., Liu, Y.: Photophysical properties of polyphenylphenyl compounds in aqueous solutions and application of their nanoparticles for nucleobase sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 18(22), 2555–2561 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Li, K., Liu, B.: Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(18), 6570–6597 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Alivisatos, A.P.: Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 271(5251), 933 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Peng, X., Schlamp, M.C., Kadavanich, A.V., Alivisatos, A.: Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119(30), 7019–7029 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kasai, H., Kamatani, H., Okada, S., Oikawa, H., Matsuda, H., Nakanishi, H.: Size-dependent colors and luminescences of organic microcrystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35(2B), L221 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kasai, H., Kamatani, H., Yoshikawa, Y., Okada, S., Oikawa, H., Watanabe, A., Itoh, O., Nakanishi, H.: Crystal size dependence of emission from perylene microcrystals. Chem. Lett. 11, 1181–1182 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fu, H., Loo, B., Xiao, D., Xie, R., Ji, X., Yao, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, L.: Multiple emissions from 1, 3-diphenyl-5-pyrenyl-2-pyrazoline nanoparticles: evolution from molecular to nanoscale to bulk materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41(6), 962–965 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chang, C.-W., Bhongale, C.J., Lee, C.-S., Huang, W.-K., Hsu, C.-S., Diau, E.W.-G.: Relaxation dynamics and structural characterization of organic nanobelts with aggregation-induced emission. J. Phys. Chem. C 116(28), 15146–15154 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Dou, C., Chen, D., Iqbal, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y.: Multistimuli-responsive benzothiadiazole-cored phenylene vinylene derivative with nanoassembly properties. Langmuir 27(10), 6323–6329 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Tong, H., Hong, Y., Dong, Y., Häußler, M., Lam, J.W., Li, Z., Guo, Z., Guo, Z., Tang, B.Z.: Fluorescent “light-up” bioprobes based on tetraphenylethylene derivatives with aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Chem. Commun. 35, 3705–3707 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bhongale, C.J., Chang, C.-W., Diau, E.W.-G., Hsu, C.-S., Dong, Y., Tang, B.-Z.: Formation of nanostructures of hexaphenylsilole with enhanced color-tunable emissions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 419(4), 444–449 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhongale, C.J., Hsu, C.S.: Emission enhancement by formation of aggregates in hybrid chromophoric surfactant amphiphile/silica nanocomposites. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45(9), 1404–1408 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. An, B.-K., Lee, D.-S., Lee, J.-S., Park, Y.-S., Song, H.-S., Park, S.Y.: Strongly fluorescent organogel system comprising fibrillar self-assembly of a trifluoromethyl-based cyanostilbene derivative. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(33), 10232–10233 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yoon, S.-J., Chung, J.W., Gierschner, J., Kim, K.S., Choi, M.-G., Kim, D., Park, S.Y.: Multistimuli two-color luminescence switching via different slip-stacking of highly fluorescent molecular sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(39), 13675–13683 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhang, H., Xu, X., Ji, H.-F.: Excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence of a pyromellitic diimide nanowire network. Chem. Commun. 46(11), 1917–1919 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sun, Y.-P., Zhou, B., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Fernando, K.S., Pathak, P., Meziani, M.J., Harruff, B.A., Wang, X., Wang, H.: Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(24), 7756–7757 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee, K.-M., Cheng, W.-Y., Chen, C.-Y., Shyue, J.-J., Nieh, C.-C., Chou, C.-F., Lee, J.-R., Lee, Y.-Y., Cheng, C.-Y., Chang, S.Y.: Excitation-dependent visible fluorescence in decameric nanoparticles with monoacylglycerol cluster chromophores. Nat. Commun. 4, 1544 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Irimpan, L., Krishnan, B., Deepthy, A., Nampoori, V., Radhakrishnan, P.: Excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence behaviour of nano colloids of ZnO. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40(18), 5670 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jang, K.: Excitation-dependent emissive properties of silicate phosphor for light converted LEDs. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 55, 1587 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Huang, Y.M., Zhai, B.-G., Zhou, F.-F.: Correlation of excitation-wavelength dependent photoluminescence with the fractal microstructures of porous silicon. Appl. Surf. Sci. 254(13), 4139–4143 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ozasa, K., Nemoto, S., Maeda, M., Hara, M.: Excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence evolution of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103503 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Mochalin, V.N., Gogotsi, Y.: Wet chemistry route to hydrophobic blue fluorescent nanodiamond. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(13), 4594–4595 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kasha, M.: Characterization of electronic transitions in complex molecules. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 9, 14–19 (1950)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Xu, X., Xu, C., Shi, Z., Yang, C., Yu, B., Hu, J.: Identification of visible emission from ZnO quantum dots: excitation-dependence and size-dependence. J. Appl. Phys. 111(8), 083521 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Li, G., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, L.: Wavelength dependent photoluminescence of anodic alumina membranes. J. Phys: Condens. Matter 15(49), 8663 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kasai, H., Yoshikawa, Y., Seko, T., Okada, S., Oikawa, H., Mastuda, H., Watanabe, A., Ito, O., Toyotama, H., Nakanishi, H.: Optical properties of perylene microcrystals. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 294(1), 173–176 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Birks, J.: Excimers and exciplexes. Nature 214, 1187–1190 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Davis, R., Saleesh Kumar, N., Abraham, S., Suresh, C., Rath, N.P., Tamaoki, N., Das, S.: Molecular packing and solid-state fluorescence of alkoxy-cyano substituted diphenylbutadienes: structure of the luminescent aggregates. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(6), 2137–2146 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hu, R., Leung, N.L., Tang, B.Z.: AIE macromolecules: syntheses, structures and functionalities. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(13), 4494–4562 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ding, D., Li, K., Liu, B., Tang, B.Z.: Bioprobes based on AIE fluorogens. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(11), 2441–2453 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hong, Y., Lam, J.W., Tang, B.Z.: Aggregation-induced emission. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40(11), 5361–5388 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhao, Z., Deng, C., Chen, S., Lam, J.W., Qin, W., Lu, P., Wang, Z., Kwok, H.S., Ma, Y., Qiu, H.: Full emission color tuning in luminogens constructed from tetraphenylethene, benzo-2, 1, 3-thiadiazole and thiophene building blocks. Chem. Commun. 47(31), 8847–8849 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Shi, J., Wu, Y., Sun, S., Tong, B., Zhi, J., Dong, Y.: Tunable fluorescence conjugated copolymers consisting of tetraphenylethylene and fluorene units: from aggregation-induced emission enhancement to dual-channel fluorescence response. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 51(2), 229–240 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Aldred, M.P., Li, C., Zhang, G.-F., Gong, W.-L., Li, A.D., Dai, Y., Ma, D., Zhu, M.-Q.: Fluorescence quenching and enhancement of vitrifiable oligofluorenes end-capped with tetraphenylethene. J. Mater. Chem. 22(15), 7515–7528 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ananthakrishnan, S.J., Varathan, E., Ravindran, E., Somanathan, N., Subramanian, V., Mandal, A.B., Sudha, J.D., Ramakrishnan, R.: A solution processable fluorene–fluorenone oligomer with aggregation induced emission enhancement. Chem. Commun. 49(91), 10742–10744 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Zhao, Z., Chen, S., Shen, X., Mahtab, F., Yu, Y., Lu, P., Lam, J.W., Kwok, H.S., Tang, B.Z.: Aggregation-induced emission, self-assembly, and electroluminescence of 4, 4′-bis (1, 2, 2-triphenylvinyl) biphenyl. Chem. Commun. 46(5), 686–688 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Tral, Tral, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Waseem A. Wani

  2. Centre for Textile Conservation and Technical Art History, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Mohammad Shahid

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Afzal Hussain & Mohamed Fahad AlAjmi

Authors
  1. Waseem A. Wani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Shahid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Afzal Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohamed Fahad AlAjmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Waseem A. Wani .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wani, W.A., Shahid, M., Hussain, A., AlAjmi, M.F. (2018). Introduction—Fluorescence in Organic Nanoparticles. In: Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles. SpringerBriefs in Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2655-4_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation