Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is considered as gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, naturally occurring facultative soilborne bacterial pathogen and has been used for natural insect control. It produces a parasporal, persistent insecticidal protein crystals (ICPs). These ICPs are toxic in nature for a class of lepidopterans, dipterans, and coleopterans. That toxic protein differs, depending on the subspecies of Bt producing it. The most prevalent ICPs are the Cry (crystal) protein, and the other is Cty (cytolytic) protein produced by some Bacillus thuringiensis stains. The Cry proteins, in general were cleaved by proteolytic enzymes on intake to produce active toxins which results in osmotic imbalance, lysis of epithelial cells, and finally death due to starvation, whereas Cty proteins release vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) which lead to membrane disruptions, midgut lysis, and paralysis in lepidopterans pests. The use of ICPs as a pesticide or insecticide over chemicals is more beneficial as there is less amount of environmental pollution and harmful chemical residues leaching into the soil and water bodies. It is also target specific and acts on specific class of pests and at the same time harmless to birds, fish, and mammals whose acidic gut conditions negate the bacteria’s effect.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldemita, R. R., & Hodges, T. K. (1996). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Japonica and Indica rice varieties. Planta, 199, 612–617.
Aljanabi, S. M., Forget, L., & Dooklun, A. (1999). An improved and rapid protocol for the isolation of polysaccharide and polyphenol free sugarcane DNA. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 17, 1–8.
Cho, S. K., Chung, Y. S., Park, S. J., Shin, J. S., Kwon, H. J., & Kang, K. H. (1998). Efficient transformation of Korean rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. Journal of Plant Biology, 41, 262–268.
Chu, C. C., Wangand, C. C., & Sun, C. S. (1975). Establishment of an efficient medium for another culture of rice through comparative experiments on the nitrogen sources. Scientia Sinica, 18, 659–668.
Dong, J., Teng, W., Buchholz, W. G., & Hall, T. C. (1996). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Javanica rice. Molecular Breeding, 2, 267–276.
Doyle, J. J., & Doyle, J. L. (1990). A rapid total DNA preparation procedure for fresh plant tissue. Focus, 12, 13–15.
Hiei, Y., Ohta, S., Komari, T., & Kumashiro, T. (1994). Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA. The Plant Journal, 6, 271–282.
Hiei, Y., Komari, T., & Kubo, T. (1997). Transformation of rice mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Molecular Biology, 35, 205–218.
Hilder, V. A., & Boulter, D. (1999). Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance – A critical review. Crop Protection, 18, 177–191.
Islam, N., Laksana, C., & Chanprame, S. (2016). Agro bacterium – Mediated transformation and expression of Bt gene in transgenic sugarcane. Journal of The International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences, 22(1), 84–95.
Laksana, C., & Chanprame, S. (2015). A simple and rapid method for RNA extraction from young and mature leaves of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences, 21(1), 96–106.
Lucena, W. A., Pelegrini, P. B., Martins-de-Sa, D., Fonseca, F. C. A., Gomes, J. E., de Macedo, L. L. P., da Silva, M. C. M., Oliveira, R. S., & Grossi-de-Sa, M. F. (2014). Molecular approaches to improve the insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins. Toxins, 6(8), 2393–2423. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6082393.
Matzke, A. J. M., & Chilton, M. D. (1981). Sitespecific insertion of genes into the T-DNA of the Agrobacterium tumor inducing plasmid: An approach to genetic engineering of higher plant cells. Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics, 1, 39–49.
Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15, 473–497.
Nishimura, A., Ashikari, M., Lin, S., Takashi, T., Angeles, E. R., Yamamoto, T., & Matsuoka, M. (2005). Isolation of a rice regeneration QTL gene and its application to new transformation system. In Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the USA (Vol. 102, pp. 11940–11944).
Nishimura, A., Aichi, I., & Matsuoka, M. (2006). A protocol for agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice. Nature Protocols, 1(6), 2796–2802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.469.
Prasad, B. D., Kumar, P., Sahni, S., Kumar, V., Kumari, S., Kumar, P., & Pal, A. K. (2016). An improved protocol for agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Rajendra Kasturi). Journal of Cell Tissue Research, 16(2), 5597–5606.
Rachmawati, D., Hosaka, T., Inoue, E., & Anzai, H. (2004). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Javanica rice cv. Rojolele. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 68, 1193–1200.
Rashid, H., Yokoi, S., Toriyama, K., & Hinata, K. (1996). Transgenic plant production mediated by agrobacterium in Indica rice. Plant Cell Reports, 15, 727–730.
Sambrook, J., & Russell, D. (2001). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Supartana, P., Shimizu, T., Shioiri, H., Nogawa, M., Nozue, M., & Kojima, M. (2005). Development of simple and efficient in planta transformation method for rice (Oryza sativa L.) using agrobacterium tumefaciens. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 100, 391–397.
Toki, S. (1997). Rapid and efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice. Plant Molecular Biology Reports, 15, 16–21.
Yara, A., Otani, M., Kusumi, K., Matsuda, O., Shimada, T., & Iba, K. (2001). Production of transgenic japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar, Taichung 65, by the agrobacterium-mediated method. Plant Biotechnology, 18, 305–310.
Zhang, J., Xu, R., Elliott, M. C., & Chen, D. F. (1997). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of elite Indica and Japonica rice cultivars. Molecular Biotechnology, 8, 223–231.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank authorities of Annamalai University and VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore, for their encouragement and support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sunil Kumar, B., Immanuel Selvaraj, C. (2019). Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation for Insect-Resistant Plants. In: Kumar Chakravarthy, A., Selvanarayanan, V. (eds) Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_28
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2651-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2652-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)