Abstract
Harvard Graduate School became more interesting during the Spring Semester when I began project planning for my Ph.D. dissertation fieldwork. The project I had in mind would combine both my interest in doing an original human ecological study of an African culture and my love of the mountains and nature. The Mountains were the Ruwenzori Mountains of the Moon in Western Uganda which, rising to 16,000 feet, were the most glaciated mountains in Africa. The people were the Bakonjo who lived only on the lower slopes of the Ruwenzori and apparently was the only ethnic group living there. Better yet, they were said to communicate from one ridge to another across steep canyons by an African version of yodeling.
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- 1.
ibid.
- 2.
Scudder, Thayer (1960). Part 1. “Environment and a Culture: Valley Tonga resettlement is a case study in human geography.” Natural History. April.
- 3.
I use the phrase “bench-mark” as opposed to “base line” studies because we are dealing with dynamic open-ended systems.
- 4.
The Long Term Ecological Network. LTER Home Office. http://www.lternet.edu/sites/Ino.
- 5.
See Redman, Charles L. et al. (2004). “Integrating Social Science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social Dimensions of Ecological Change and Ecological Dimensions of Social Change.
- 6.
Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making. The Report of the World Commission on Dams (2000). London: Earthscan. Page 184.
- 7.
There really is no position in the United States equivalent to a Suffrage who has complete responsibility for maintenance and protection of the house as well as being family caregiver and cook.
- 8.
Also requiring resettlement, were about 5,000 non-Nubian Arabic speakers.
- 9.
Zein subsequently did research at Lamu on the Kenya coast for his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. When he died of a heart attack at 44, he was an Associate Professor at Temple University. His career was outlined in Dale F. Eichelman’s “A Search for an Anthropology of Islam: Abdel Hamid el-Zein.” International Journal of Middle East Studies. 13 (1981): 361–365.
- 10.
Gwembe elephants were known for their dislike of people, presumably because many in the past had been wounded by Tonga hunters using home-made gun power and ammunition (from assorted nails and other pieces of metal) fired from muzzle-loading Portuguese made shotguns.
- 11.
I also have been chased by a hippo at night, which, in my Land Rover, I tried to scare from devouring maize, beans and squash in a Mazulu river bank garden.
- 12.
My experiences and learning on the World Bank assignment are dealt with in Part III.
- 13.
Abigail Eliot, a former director of the Boston school, had played a major role in conceptualizing the Pacific Oaks Children’s School’s curriculum and orientation.
- 14.
On another occasion, when ascending an adjacent ridge, we came across a small herd of mountain sheep that were still sleeping behind a large rock. Close up, they were much larger than I had assumed they would be.
- 15.
Many of our hikes in the San Gabriel Mountains also included Caltech biologist James Bonner and physicist Robert Christy.
- 16.
The Proceedings of the three Symposia were the following: Man-Made Lakes. Edited by R.H. Lowe-McConnell (1966). London and New York: Academic Press for Institute of Biology; Man-Made Lakes: The Accra Symposium. Edited by L.E.Obeng (1969). Accra: Ghana Universities Press; and Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects. Edited by Ackermann, William C., White, Gilbert F, and E.B. Worthington (1973).Washington. D.C.: American Geophysical Union.
- 17.
Our report, after commentary by 23 reviewers, was published in 1972 as Man-Made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems. SCOPE Working Group on Manmade Lakes. SCOPE Report 2. Paris: International Council of Scientific Unions (initially it was my understanding that that our report was to be included in the 1973 volume on the Knoxville Symposium).
- 18.
“The Kainji Lake Basin: Research, Resettlement and Development”, Unpublished August 1965 Report presented to the Ford Foundation. .
- 19.
Colson, Elizabeth (1971) The social consequences of resettlement. Kariba Studies IV. Manchester University Press. pp. 40–42.
- 20.
Man. 1958: 88.
- 21.
In January 1964, the Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute was established at Kariba. After Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965 following Zambia independence the previous year, the Special Fund financed, under FAO and the Zambian administration, the Central Fisheries Research Institute. Based in Chilanga, the Institute was expected to continue work in Zambia’s Kariba waters and “to expand operations to all Zambian Fisheries” (Joeris 1973: 143).
- 22.
That was a disappointment because I had looked forward to assisting with the development of the Lake Nasser Development Center in Aswan.
- 23.
Tuli, R.L. (1967). Unpublished “Report on the Public Health Aspects of the FAO/UNDP(SF) Kainji Lake Research Project, Nigeria. World Health Organization: Geneva.
- 24.
The irrigation projects involved “capital intensive, high cost technical solutions without any attempt of foresight about the social implications for farmers or what their economic well-being requires.” (Roder. op.cit: 60 after Arungbemi 1982).
- 25.
Loan Agreement (Kainji Project) between International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
and Niger Dams Authority (July 7,1964). Schedule 2. Description of the Project. pp. 16–17.
- 26.
During the construction years, research on fisheries was undertaken by the University of Liverpool and later under the direction of A.M.A Imebore at the University of Ife. In 1987, following up on the Institute’s continued emphasis on fisheries, the Institute was renamed the National Institute for Fresh Water Fisheries Research with its functions expanded to deal with national freshwater fisheries and aquaculture.
- 27.
I also recommended a Marketing and Markets study which was not funded as a separate KLRP study, although subsequently NISER‘s G.A. Jawando and O. Anthonio, as well as Jenness and Roder, dealt with marketing issues in their research.
- 28.
The others being Elizabeth Colson, Harvard University’s Professor Cora DuBois, and my wife Eliza.
- 29.
Thayer Scudder (August, 1966). Unpublished Report on “The Kainji Lake Basin: Research,
Resettlement and Development: The Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome.
- 30.
The World Health Organization’s consultant, R.L Tuli, played the same sort of role in regard to health issues which continue to be seriously neglected in large dams projects.
- 31.
Scudder, Thayer (August, 1965). Unpublished Report on “The Kainji Lake Basin: Research, Resettlement and Development” for the Ford Foundation, New York.
- 32.
Tuli. Op. Cit. page 15.
- 33.
Tuli is the only researcher in the literature that I had access to who emphasized “psychological stress.”
- 34.
Scudder, Thayer, 1965: 7.
- 35.
Roder, 1994: 136.
- 36.
Scudder, 2005:77.
- 37.
Morton and Obot estimate over 110,000 tons “of standing crop” is available of which 75% “is harvestable” (1984: 694).
- 38.
Presumably 2014 or more recent.
- 39.
The second UNDP project dealt with fisheries which is dealt with below.
- 40.
Another 60,000 people were estimated to lose some, or all of their land, but not their villages.
- 41.
UNDP. Ivory Coast. Project IVC 20: Assistance to the Bandama River Authority (AVB). Report on Project, Results, Conclusions and Recommendations. 1971. UNDP: New York.
- 42.
Following several Kossou consultancies, Butcher wrote a FAO resettlement guide based to a large extent on his work on Volta and Kossou resettlement. Later in the 1970s, when Michael Cernea asked me for recommendations for experienced people to help him draw-up the World Bank’s initial resettlement guidelines, I recommended Butcher who thereafter continued his career at the Bank.
- 43.
I also had a more formal correspondence with Andre Jourdanne who was in charge of the AVB’s Development Division that included de la Taille’s and Konan’s Sections.
- 44.
Here I supported FAO’s Agmon’s conclusion that the extension service must be within AVB and must be unified. The interpreter at the meeting was Madam de la Taille and Haighton wrote the summary that I am quoting.
- 45.
Some WFP assistance would be necessary because of the inadequate time available for their physical relocation and for the re-establishment of people’s former self-sufficiency, especially since delayed physical removal to distant village sites kept resettlers from re-planting their main crop of yams during February-March, 1971.
- 46.
The AVB’s system of semi-mechanization was subsequently terminated.
- 47.
This was Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT).
- 48.
Fishers from other countries were excluded but I do not believe the fishery was ever restricted to the hosts and resettlers as in the Kariba case.
- 49.
UNDP intended FAO to be the Executing Agency of its October 1970 Lake Kossou Proposal. I was also concerned about delays in UNDP’s approval process due to agency re-organization following the publication of Sir Robert Jackson’s report on A Study of the Capacity of the United Nations Development System.
- 50.
July 30, 1971 Haighton letter to the UNDP Ivorien Resident Representative, a copy of which I received during my 1973 visit. My suggested program would have included accompanying Aoussou Koffi and a group of senior Ivorian senior officials on a visit to Lake Volta.
- 51.
Aoussou Koffi’s next position was as the head of Air Afrique that was owned by most of the countries in West and Central Africa.
- 52.
Those ministries were the Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Fisheries), the Ministry of Animal Production (marine and lagoon fisheries) and the Ministry of Scientific Research.
- 53.
Three of ego’s 7 study villages were resettled. All three had electricity, water pumped from deep wells and project houses. Three of the other four had refused relocation to AVB sites. Their houses not being inundated, they accepted cash compensation which did not “offset” their economic losses which presumably were flooded land (166), nor did they receive from the AVB electricity and piped water from deep wells (ibid 102 and 165–166).
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Scudder, T. (2019). 1956–1973: I Believe Large Dams Provide an Exceptional Opportunity for Integrated River Basin Development. In: Large Dams. Water Resources Development and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2550-2_2
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