Skip to main content

The Research on Group Work, Critical Thinking and Confucian Heritage Culture: What Does a Thematic Review Tell Us?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1056 Accesses

Abstract

Group work and critical thinking are well-established areas of study in educational research. Given the abundance of academic publications dealing with these two independent domains, it is not possible to adequately review and summarise all of the work pertaining to them here. Thus, this chapter constitutes an exploratory study (Robson in Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner–researchers. Blackwell publishers, UK, 2002) of the existing literature through the employment of a thematic review strategy, a useful strategy for organising various empirical studies on the two research topics and for interrogating those studies with regard to the research questions they pose. This review is divided into five sections. Following this brief introduction, the next section seeks an understanding of the group work concept and its effectiveness in student learning. Relevant articles are assembled, and their results subjected to rigorous analysis. The third section then shifts focus on the concept of critical thinking, with particular emphasis on a review of several developmental models, including those of Ennis (Educ Leadersh 43:44–48, 1985) and Kuhn (The skills of argument. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991). The fourth section examines the influence of Confucian Heritage Culture (CHC) on classroom learning, as cultural considerations represent a significant component of the research reported herein. Finally, the fifth section explicates and justifies the conceptual framework of that research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, T., Howe, C., Soden, R., Halliday, J., & Low, J. (2001). Peer interaction and the learning of critical thinking skills in further education students. Instructional Science, 29(1), 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antil, L. R., Jenkins, J. R., Wayne, S. K., & Vadasy, P. F. (1998). Cooperative learning: Prevalence, conceptualizations, and the relation between research and practice. American Educational Research Journal, 35(3), 419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, D. L. (1938). Testing ability to use data in the fifth and sixth grades. Educational Research Bulletin, 255–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J. B. (1996). Western misconceptions of the Confucian-heritage learning culture. In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.), The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences (pp. 45–67). Hong Kong: CERC and ACER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J., & Watkins, D. A. (2001). The paradox of the Chinese learner and beyond. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. (1996). The handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnett, M. (1995). Teaching thinking, and the sanctity of content. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 29(3), 295–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1988). Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, S. (1999). The Chinese learning: A question of style. Education and Training, 41(6/7), 294–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Z. C. (2013). Exploring creativity and critical thinking in traditional and innovative problem-based learning groups. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(15–16), 2298–2307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. W. (2016). Class size and collaborative approaches and group work. In P. Blatchford, K. W. Chan, M. Galton, K. C. Lai, & J. C. K. Lee (Eds.), Class size: Eastern and western perspectives (pp. 178–190). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. W., & Galton, M. (1999). Cooperative learning in Hong Kong schools: Attitudes of teachers and pupils towards cooperative group work. Education Resources Information Centre (ED 435609).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H., & Holt, R. (1994). A Chinese perspective on face as inter-relational concern. In S. Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The challenge of facework. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Che, F. S. (2002). Teaching critical thinking skills in a Hong Kong secondary school. Asia Pacific Education Review, 3(1), 83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. K. W., Tse, S. K., & Chow, K. (2011). Using collaborative teaching and inquiry project-based learning to help primary school students develop information literacy and information skills. Library & Information Science Research, 33(2), 132–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (1996). Cultures of learning: Language classrooms in China. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the language classroom (pp. 169–206). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennehy, E. (2015). Learning approaches and cultural influences: A comparative study of Confucian and western-heritage students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 39(6), 818–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dressel, P. L., & Mayhew, L. B. (1954). General education: Explorations in evaluation. DC: American Council on Education Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Hastie, R. (1994). Contemporary approaches to the study of thinking and problem solving. Thinking and Problem Solving, 37–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbrother, G. P. (2003). The effects of political education and critical thinking on Hong Kong and mainland Chinese university students’ national attitudes. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(5), 605–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein, R., Rand, Y., Hoffman, M., & Miller, R. (1980). Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D., & Lui, W. M. (2016). Individual to collaborative: Guided group work and the role of teachers in junior secondary science classrooms. International Journal of Science Education, 38(7), 1057–1076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D. C. L., To, H., & Leung, K. (2016). The influence of collaborative group work on students’ development of critical thinking: The teacher’s role in facilitating group discussions. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 11(2), 146–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galton, M. (1990). Grouping and group work. In The social psychology of the primary school (p. 11).

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton, M., & Pell, T. (2009). Study on small class teaching in primary schools in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Education Bureau and Cambridge University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton, M., & Williamson, J. (1992). Group work in the primary classroom. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton, M., Lai, K. C., & Chan, K. W. (2015). Learning to teach small classes: Lessons from East Asia. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, G. (1997). No more Peking ducks in Hong Kong: Provoking critical thinking through subversive teaching. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the conference on college composition and communication (48th, Phoenix, AZ, March 12–15, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiller, J., & Durndell, A. (2006). “I totally agree with you”: Gender interactions in educational online discussion groups. Journal of Computer Assisted learning, 22(5), 368–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiller, J., Durndell, A., Ross, A., & Thomson, K. (2007). Issues surrounding use of online discussion groups on traditional undergraduate psychology modules. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 6(2), 130–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez, F. J., & Dyson, L. E. (2009). Confucian or fusion: Perceptions of Confucian-heritage students with respect to their university studies in Australia. International Journal of Learning, 16(5), 373–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlen, W., & Qualter, A. (2004). The teaching of science in primary schools. UK: David Fulton Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, J., & Crookall, D. (1995). Breaking with Chinese cultural traditions: Learner autonomy in English language teaching. System, 23(2), 235–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, J. (2005). Cultures and organization-software of the minds (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A. (1994). Appropriate methodology and social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, L., & Cortazzi, M. (2006). Changing practices in Chinese cultures of learning. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1985). Cooperative learning. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999a). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999b). Making cooperative learning work. Theory into practice, 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe, W. (2007). Cooperative learning in the classroom: Putting it into practice. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. (1999). The Asian learner: An overview of approaches to learning. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. A., Hoffman, S., Moore, L. M., Ratcliff, G., Tibbets, S., & Click, B. (1995). National assessment of College student learning: Identifying College graduates’ essential skills in writing, speech and listening, and critical thinking: Final project report. US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kember, D. (2000). Misconceptions about the learning approaches, motivation and study practices of Asian students. Higher Education, 40, 99–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K. J. (2016). Exploring the influence of culture on assessment: the case of teachers’ conceptions of assessment in Confucian-Heritage cultures. In Handbook of human and social conditions in assessment (pp. 404–419).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong, S. C. (2014). Developing information literacy and critical thinking skills through domain knowledge learning in digital classrooms: An experience of practicing flipped classroom strategy. Computers & Education, 78, 160–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosonen, P., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Effects of teaching statistical laws on reasoning about everyday problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(1), 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ku, K. Y., & Ho, I. T. (2010). Metacognitive strategies that enhance critical thinking. Metacognition and learning, 5(3), 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutnick, P., Fung, D. C., Mok, I. A., Leung, F. K., Li, J. C., Lee, B. P. Y., et al. (2017). Implementing effective group work for mathematical achievement in primary school classrooms in Hong Kong. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(5), 957–978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutnick, P., Sebba, J., Blatchford, P., Galton, M., Thorp, J., MacIntyre, H., et al. (2005). The effects of pupil grouping: Literature review. Research Report 688, Nottingham: DfES Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, P. D., & Ruby, R. (1999). Learning style and adjustment issues of international students. Journal of Education for Business, 74(6), 363–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, C. M. (2012). Continuing Lipman’s and Sharp’s pioneering work on philosophy for children: Using Harry to foster critical thinking in Hong Kong students. Educational Research and Evaluation, 18(2), 187–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, Y. K. (2011). The effects of cooperative learning on enhancing Hong Kong fifth graders’ achievement goals, autonomous motivation and reading proficiency. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(4), 402–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. (2007). Online collaborative case study learning. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 37(2), 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, D. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1990). A longitudinal study of the effects of undergraduate education on reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 952–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leicester, M., Modgil, C., & Modgil, S. (2000). Classroom issues: Practice, pedagogy, and curriculum. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. A. (1997). Tools of critical thinking: Metathoughts for psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. (2003). US and Chinese cultural beliefs about learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 258–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., Remedios, L., & Clarke, D. (2014). Chinese students’ group work practices and experiences in China. Higher Education, 68(2), 227–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. (2002). Negotiating silence in American classrooms: Three Chinese cases. Language and intercultural communication, 2(1), 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luk, J., & Lin, A. (2015). Voices without words: Doing critical literate talk in English as a second language. TESOL Quarterly, 49(1), 67–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R., & Goodchild, F. (1990). The critical thinker. New York: Wm. C. Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness, C. (1990). Talking about thinking: The role of metacognition in teaching thinking. American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness, C. (2005). Teaching thinking: Theory and practice. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2(3), 107–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPeck, J. E. (1981). Critical thinking and education. Oxford: Robertson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloth, M. (1991). Enhancing literacy through cooperative learning. In Literacy for a diverse society: Perspectives, practices, and policies (pp. 172–183).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloth, M. S., & Barbe, J. (1992). The relationship between instruction and cooperative peer-group discussions about reading comprehension strategies. In Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloth, M. S., & Deering, P. D. (1999). The role of the teacher in promoting cognitive processing during collaborative learning. In Cognitive perspectives on peer learning (pp. 235–255).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, N. (1996). The quality of talk in children’s collaborative activity in the classroom. Learning and Instruction, 6(4), 359–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mok, J. (2010). The new role of English language teachers: developing students’ critical thinking in Hong Kong secondary school classrooms. The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly, 12(2), 262–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. (1987). Offshore education: a Hong Kong perspective. Australian Universities Review, 30(2), 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, P. M., Terlouw, C., & Pilot, A. (2006). Culturally appropriate pedagogy: The case of group learning in a Confucian Heritage Culture context. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, D. (2009). Assessment for learner self-regulation: Enhancing achievement in the first year using learning technologies. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 335–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E. (1993). Rules for reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phuong-Mai, N., Terlouw, C., & Pilot, A. (2005). Cooperative learning vs Confucian heritage culture’s collectivism: Confrontation to reveal some cultural conflicts and mismatch. Asia Europe Journal, 3(3), 403–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. C. (2002). Crosscultural differences in learning style of secondary English learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 26(2), 443–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D. N., & Grotzer, T. A. (1997). Teaching intelligence. American Psychologist, 52, 1125–1133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D., Jay, E., & Tishman, S. (1993). New conceptions of thinking: From ontology to education. Educational Psychologist, 28(1), 67–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1928). Judgment and reasoning in the child (M. Warden, Trans.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1932). The moral development of the child. London: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1959). The Language and thought of the child (M. Gabain & Ruth, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, G. R. (1996). Limitations of using students’ self-reports of academic development as proxies for traditional achievement measures. Research in Higher Education, 37(1), 89–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purdie, N., & Hattie, J. (2002). Assessing students’ conceptions of learning. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2, 17–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdie, N., Hattie, J., & Douglas, G. (1996). Student conceptions of learning and their use of self-regulated learning strategies: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberge, J. J. (1970). A study of children’s abilities to reason with basic principles of deductive reasoning. American Educational Research Journal, 7(4), 583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner–researchers. Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B. J., & O’Brien, T. C. (1970). Logical thinking in children ages six through thirteen. Child Development, 823–829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M. E. (1981). Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P., & Whetton, C. (1992). Critical reasoning tests. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton, P. (2011). A survey of attitudes towards critical thinking among Hong Kong secondary school teachers: Implications for policy change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(1), 14–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam, G. (2008). Confronting Asian concerns in engaging learners to online education. International Education Studies, 1(4), 10–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeting, A. (1999). Doing comparative historical education research: Problems and issues from and about Hong Kong. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 29(3), 269–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, C. (2010). Chinese students’ perceptions of the effects of western university examination formats on their learning. Higher Education Quarterly, 64, 261–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tam, S. H. Y. (2001). The implementation of group work in Hong Kong: A case study. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 2(2), 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, C. (2015). Teacher-directed and learner-engaged: Exploring a Confucian conception of education. Ethics and Education, 10(3), 302–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. (1996). Collaborative learning: The latent dimension in Chinese students’ learning. In D. Watkins & J. Biggs (Eds.), The Chinese learners: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences (pp. 183–204). The University of Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totten, S., Sills, T., Digby, A., & Russ, P. (1991). Cooperative learning: A guide to research. New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tran, T. T. (2013). Is the learning approach of students from the Confucian heritage culture problematic? Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 12(1), 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trompanaars, F. (1993). Riding the waves of culture. London: Nicholas Brealy Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, Y. (2013). Pathologies of silence? Reflecting on international learner identities amidst the classroom chatter. In J. Ryan (Ed.), Cross-cultural teaching and learning for home and international students (pp. 15–26). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, C., Carnell, E., & Lodge, C. (2007). Effective learning in classrooms. London: Paul Chapman Educational Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, D. G., McClelland, D. C., & Stewart, A. J. (1981). A new case for the liberal arts. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, T. S. (2001). Group work in science learning: International scenarios and implications for teaching and learning in Hong Kong. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 2(2), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. (1998). How children think and learn. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., & O’Malley, C. (1996). Collaborative learning between peers: An overview. Educational Psychology in Practice, 11(4), 4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Z., & Dyson, J. R. (1999). Chinese students’ perceptions of good accounting teaching. Accounting Education, 8(4), 341–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, S. Y. (2004). An empirical study of the political participation of Hong Kong sixth form students: The relationship between critical thinking and political participation. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, Department of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, A.-B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In M. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 227–246). Hong Kong, China: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajac, R. J., & Hartup, W. W. (1997). Friends as coworkers: Research review and classroom implications. The Elementary School Journal, 98(1), 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, C., Valcke, M., & Schellens, T. (2008). A cross-cultural study of Chinese and Flemish university students: Do they differ in learning conceptions and approaches to learning? Learning and Individual Differences, 18(1), 120–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dennis Chun-Lok Fung .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fung, D.CL., Liang, T.W. (2019). The Research on Group Work, Critical Thinking and Confucian Heritage Culture: What Does a Thematic Review Tell Us?. In: Fostering Critical Thinking Through Collaborative Group Work. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2411-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2411-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2410-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2411-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics