Abstract
Biocatalyst in the form of enzymes is widely used in diverse applications. Unfortunately, free enzymes are quite unstable and may undergo denaturation even under mild conditions, thus hampering their usefulness, and this may lead to higher cost in enzyme based applications. A credible solution is to immobilize the enzymes prior to usages. This procedure was proven to improve the performances in term of stability, activity and selectivity of the enzymes. In addition, separation of product from the used enzyme was made easier and enzyme recyclability was possible. However, carrier-supported enzyme immobilization suffers from many disadvantages, such as large amounts of non-catalytic mass and expensive carrier beads. Thus, to overcome this problem, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) has been since widely researched. It involves simple procedure and has many benefits; for example, this procedure does not need purified enzyme. The technique involves an initial precipitation of enzymes using, either organic solvents, salts, non-ionic polymers or acids to obtain aggregates. It is then followed by cross-linking the aggregates by polyfunctional reagents, such as glutaryldehyde, whereby the enzyme molecules react among themselves, leading to the formation of ‘solid biocatalyst’. This chapter aims at deliberating the CLEA technique for enzyme immobilization. Lipase extracted from cocoa pod husk (CPH), an agricultural waste product, has been chosen as the model enzyme, and upon immobilization, the biocatalyst is termed as CLEA-lipase. The production of CLEA-lipase was carried out under an optimum condition and this was followed by experimental comparison with the free-form, on the temperature and pH optima and stabilities. Additionally, recyclability of CLEA-lipase was also studied. Finally, the morphology of the solid biocatalyst, which has bearings towards its activity, was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anbu P, Gopinath S, Hilda A, Annadurai G (2005) Purification of keratinase from poultry farm isolate-Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and statistical optimization of enzyme activity. Enzym Microb Technol 36(5):639–647
Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Torres R, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R (2014) Glutaraldehyde in bio-catalysts design: a useful crosslinker and a versatile tool in enzyme immobilization. RSC Adv 4(4):1583–1600
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Caballero Valdés E, Wilson Soto L, Aroca Arcaya G (2011) Influence of the pH of glutaraldehyde and the use of dextran aldehyde on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia. Electron J Biotechnol 14(3):1–10
Cabana H, Jones JP, Agathos SN (2007) Preparation and characterization of cross-linked laccase aggregates and their application to the elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals. J Biotechnol 132:23–31
Chaplin M, Bucke C (1990) Enyme technology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Garcia-Galan C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC (2011) Potential of different enzyme immobilization strategies to improve enzyme performance. Adv Synth Catal 353(16):2885–2904
Guauque Torres M, Foresti M, Ferreira M (2014) CLEAs of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) with a bovine serum albumin (BSA) cofeeder core: Study of their catalytic activity. Biochem Eng J 90:36–43
Habeeb AFSA, Hiramoto R (1968) Reaction of proteins with glutaraldehyde. Arch Biochem Biophys 126:16–26
Khanahmadi S, Yusof F, Amid A, Mahmod SS, Mahat MK (2015) Optimized preparation and characterization of CLEA-lipase from cocoa pod husk. J Biotechnol 202:153–161
Mateo C, Palomo JM, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R (2007) Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Enzym Microb Technol 40(6):1451–1463
Migneault I, Dartiguenave C, Bertrand MJ, Waldron KC (2004) Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking. BioTechniques 37(5):790–806
Rodrigues RC, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Torres R, Fernández-Lafuente R (2013) Modifying enzyme activity and selectivity by immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 42(15):6290–6307
Schoevaart R, Wolbers M, Golubovic M, Ottens M, Kieboom A, Van Rantwijk F, … Sheldon R (2004) Preparation, optimization, and structures of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Biotechnol Bioeng, 87(6):754–762
Sheldon RA (2007) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA® s): stable and recyclable biocatalysts. Biochem Soc Trans 35(6):1583
Sheldon RA (2011) Characteristic features and biotechnological applications of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 92(3):467–477
Talekar S, Ghodake V, Ghotage T, Rathod P, Deshmukh P, Nadar S et al (2012) Novel magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (magnetic CLEAs) of alpha amylase. Bioresour Technol 123:542–547
Walt DR, Agayn VI (1994) The chemistry of enzyme and protein immobilization with glutaraldehyde. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 13:425–430
Wang M, Jiang L, Li Y, Liu Q, Wang S, Sui X (2011) Optimization of extraction process of protein isolate from mung bean. Procedia Eng 15:5250–5258
Wine Y, Cohen-Hadar N, Freeman A, Frolow F (2007) Elucidation of the mechanism and end products of glutaraldehyde crosslinking reaction by X-Ray structure analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 98(3):711–718
Yu CY, Li XF, Lou WY, Zong MH (2013) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Mung bean epoxide hydrolases: A highly active, stable and recyclable biocatalyst for asymmetric hydrolysis of epoxides. J Biotechnol 166(1):12–19
Yusof F, Khanahmadi S, Amid A, Mahmod SS (2016) Cocoa pod husk, a new source of hydrolase enzymes for preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregate. Springerplus 57(5):1–18
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yusof, F., Khanahmadi, S. (2018). Carrier-Free Enzyme Immobilization by Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEA) Technology. In: Amid, A., Sulaiman, S., Jimat, D., Azmin, N. (eds) Multifaceted Protocol in Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2257-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2257-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2256-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2257-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)