Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture

Johnson, Hope

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2155-9_20

Hope Johnson²

1645 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides an initial exploration and analysis of agricultural research and development paradigms under the Paris Agreement for climate-smart agriculture. Drawing on diverse bodies of literature, this chapter provides an examination of agricultural socio-technical regimes with a focus on how problems, means and solutions are constructed by three broad archetypes: the intensive agricultural paradigm, the Life-Sciences Integrated paradigm, and the Ecological-Integrated paradigm. Re-conceptualisation of climate-smart agriculture in line with the Ecological-Integrated Paradigm is positioned as a critical step towards climate justice. Through an examination of the Paris Agreement and related documents, this chapter argues that the Paris Agreement creates an enabling environment for the development of an agricultural socio-technical regime more consistent with the existing intensive agricultural model than with genuine climate-smart agriculture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 299.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 379.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 379.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Binswanger-Mkhize and McCalla (2010).
2.
Würtenberger et al. (2006), Uriarte et al. (2010), Wirsenius et al. (2010).
3.
Possas et al. (1996).
4.
Fischer et al. (2014, p. 522).
5.
Pardey et al. (2016).
6.
Bozeman (2000).
7.
FAO (2016, p. xii).
8.
Smith et al. (2014, p. 816).
9.
IPCC (2014, p. 24).
10.
Gernaat et al. (2015), Bajželj et al. (2014).
11.
Porter et al. (2014, pp. 491–493).
12.
Nelson et al. (2014).
13.
Porter et al. (2014, p. 488).
14.
WHO (2017) Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed 16 December 2017, FAO (2016).
15.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1999) General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art. 11 of the Covenant).
16.
Kang et al. (2009).
17.
Adhikari et al. (2015).
18.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, concluded 9 May 2009, A/RES/48/189 (entered into force 20 January 1994) (‘UNFCCC’) art 2.
19.
Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st sess, Agenda item 4(b), UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (12 December 2015) annex (‘Paris Agreement’) Preamble.
20.
See, eg, Paris Agreement art 4(5), 6(6), 7(7)(d).
21.
FAO (2017)
22.
FAO (2016, p. 14).
23.
Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (2016)
24.
See, eg, Neufeldt et al. (2013).
25.
Karlsson et al. (2017).
26.
Clapp et al. (2017, p. 7).
27.
Rivera-Ferre (2012).
28.
Thompson and Scoones (2009).
29.
Lang and Heasman (2004, pp. 31–32).
30.
Kuhn (1970, pp. 23–24), Nelson and Winter (1977), Freeman et al. (1982, p. 112), Dosi (1982), Pavitt (1984). Based on the earlier work of Schumpeter (1939).
31.
Murray and O’Mahony (2007).
32.
Dosi (1982), Castellacci (2008).
33.
Liebowitz and Margolis (1995), Cowan and Gunby (1996).
34.
David (1985), Arthur (1989), North (1990).
35.
Schwartz et al. (2004, p. 365).
36.
Liebowitz and Margolis (1995, pp. 207–208).
37.
Possas et al. (1996, p. 940).
38.
Geels (2004).
39.
Seyfang and Smith (2007, p. 588).
40.
Levi (1997, p. 28).
41.
Friedmann and McMichael (1989).
42.
Jedwab et al. (2017).
43.
Pinstrup-Andersen and Hazell (1985), Perkins (1990).
44.
Alston (2002).
45.
James et al. (2008), Huffman and Evenson (2008), Alston et al. (2009).
46.
See, eg, Pearse (1980), Freebairn (1995).
47.
Workman D (2015) Top Pesticides Exporters. In: Worlds Top Exports. http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-pesticides-exporters/5160. Accessed 12 March 2015.
48.
Altieri (1998), Horrigan et al. (2002), Steinfeld et al. (2006), Moss (2008), Kissinger et al. (2012).
49.
Cowan and Gunby (1996).
50.
See, eg, Heong and Escalada (1998). Mangan and Mangan (1998), Barzman and Desilles (2013), Hurd (1994).
51.
Gurr et al. (2003), Lal (2010).
52.
Cowan and Gunby (1996, p. 538).
53.
Darnhofer et al. (2012), Byerlee and Echeverri (2002).
54.
Levidow (2015).
55.
Based on Pingali and Traxler (2002) who identified three drivers, but this chapter combines the biotechnological developments with the expansion of intellectual property rights to plant genetic material.
56.
Pingali and Raney (2005, p. 4).
57.
Gonzalez (2006).
58.
See, eg, Howard (2009).
59.
International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (2016)
60.
Lang and Heasman (2004).
61.
European Commission (2017) Sustainable Intensification in Africa. http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/sfs-35-2019-2020.html. Accessed 26 November 2017.
62.
See, eg, USDA (2013), European Commission (2015).
63.
See, eg, Thompson and Scoones (2009).
64.
Tomlinson (2013).
65.
Scheben et al. (2016).
66.
Cook S et al. (2015) Sustainable intensification revisited. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, Ricroch et al. (2014).
67.
Bonny (2017).
68.
Krishna and Qaim (2012), Qiao (2015).
69.
Klümper and Qaim (2014).
70.
There are approximately a billion cars in use worldwide. Brookes and Barfoot (2015, 2017).
71.
See, eg, Jackson et al. (2007).
72.
See, eg, Jones (2016).
73.
Rotz and Fraser (2015).
74.
Loftkas (1995, p. 21).
75.
ETC Group (2010).
76.
van de Wouw et al. (2010).
77.
IAASTD (2009) p. 166.
78.
Pray and Naseem (2007, p. 193).
79.
Tambo and Abdoulaye (2012, p. 277).
80.
Lence et al. (2016), Smith et al. (2016).
81.
See, eg, Gonsalves et al. (2007).
82.
See, eg, Brooks (2014), Spielman and von Grebmer (2004).
83.
See, eg, Atkinson et al. (2003).
84.
Silva and Vance (2017, p. 66).
85.
See, eg, Alston (2002), Alston et al. (2009), James et al. (2008), Pardey et al. (2006).
86.
James et al. (2008).
87.
Chiles (2013), Ojha et al. (2015), Smith (2017, p. 178); See also, Nicol (2017), Fraser and Charlebois (2016).
88.
Reijntjes et al. (1992), Altieri et al. (2005), Gliessman (2007).
89.
FAO (2014).
90.
FAO (2014, 2015).
91.
Monsen (2010, p. 23).
92.
Bommarco et al. (2013), Gurr et al. (2004), Holland (2004), Hurd (1994), Jose (2009).
93.
Pretty et al. (2006).
94.
Lal (2010), Powlson et al. (2016), Wilson et al. (2017).
95.
Bommarco et al. (2013), Cassman (1999), Crowder et al. (2010), Gabriel et al. (2013).
96.
Wezel et al. (2011).
97.
Holt-Giménez and Altieri (2013), Hornborg et al. (2013).
98.
Holt-Giménez and Altieri (2013), Jaffee and Howard (2010).
99.
Thomas and Twyman (2005).
100.
Smith (2006).
101.
Seufert and Ramankutty (2017).
102.
Pardey et al. (2006).
103.
Pardey et al. (2016).
104.
Henderson R et al. (1995) National Bureau of Economic Research, Wu et al. (2015), Smith and Bagchi‐Sen (2006), Huggins et al. (2008).
105.
See Glenna et al. (2011), Smith and Bagchi‐Sen (2006). See also, Baldini et al. (2007). Cf Boardman (2008).
106.
Craig Boardman and Ponomariov (2009).
107.
See generally, Fischer et al. (2014), Howard (2015).
108.
ETC Group (2010) Capturing “Climate Genes”: Gene Giants Stockpile “Climate-Ready” Patents. http://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/publication/pdf_file/Genegiants2011_0.pdf. Accessed 8 December 2017, Howard et al. (2016).
109.
Vanloqueren and Baret (2009, p. 977).
110.
Davidson (1984), Vanloqueren and Baret (2009).
111.
See, eg, Kuntz (2012).
112.
See, eg, Klein (2015, p. 263), Nerlich and Jaspal (2012), Hornborg et al. (2013).
113.
UNFCCC Preamble, art 4(c), (g).
114.
UNFCCC art 4(7).
115.
UNFCCC art 9(2)(c).
116.
Paris Agreement Preamble, art 10.
117.
UNFCCC art 4(5).
118.
Paris Agreement art 6 (4)(b).
119.
Paris Agreement art 6 (8)(b).
120.
Blandford and Hassapoyannes (2015).
121.
Wollenberg et al. (2016).
122.
Richards (2015).
123.
CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (2016) Dataset in Excel. These were: Angola, Argentina, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Federation, Chad, China, Cote d’lvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ehtioppia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Lebanon, Lesotho, Mali, Nepal, Nigeria, Rwanada, Saint Vincent and Grendaines, Togo, Tonga, Uruguay, Venezuela, Boliva and Zimbabwe.
124.
Such as Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chad, Coloumbia, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali.
125.
Such as Bangladesh, Bolivia, Namibia, and Vietnam, Vanuatu.
126.
Northrop (2016).

References

Adhikari U, Nejadhashemi AP, Woznicki SA (2015) Climate change and eastern Africa: a review of impact on major crops. Food Energy Secur 4:110–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.61
Article Google Scholar
Alston JM (2002) Spillovers. Aust J Agric Resour Econ 46:315–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00030
Article Google Scholar
Alston JM, Beddow JM, Pardey PG (2009) Agricultural research, productivity, and food prices in the long run. Science 325:1209–1210. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170451
Article Google Scholar
Altieri MA (1998) Ecological impacts of industrial agriculture and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming. Mon Rev 50:60–71
Article Google Scholar
Altieri MA, Nicholis CI, Caribbean UNEPETN for LA (2005) Agroecology and the search for a truly sustainable agriculture. United Nations Environmental Programme, Environmental Training Network for Latin America and the Caribbean
Google Scholar
Arthur WB (1989) Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. Econ J 99:116–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234208
Article Google Scholar
Atkinson RC, Beachy RN, Conway G et al (2003) Public sector collaboration for agricultural IP management. Science 301:174–175. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085553
Article Google Scholar
Bajželj B, Gilligan CA, Curmi E et al (2014) Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation. Nat Clim Change 4:924. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2353
Article Google Scholar
Baldini N, Grimaldi R, Sobrero M (2007) To patent or not to patent? A survey of Italian inventors on motivations, incentives, and obstacles to university patenting. Scientometrics 70:333–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-0206-5
Article Google Scholar
Barzman M, Desilles S (2013) Diversifying rice-based farming systems and empowering farmers in Bangladesh using the farmer field-school approach. In: Uphoff N (ed) Agroecological innovations: increasing food production with participatory development. Routledge, London, GBR, pp 203–211
Google Scholar
Binswanger-Mkhize H, McCalla AF (2010) The changing context and prospects for agricultural and rural development in Africa. In: Evenson RE, Pingali P (eds) Handbook of agricultural economics. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 3573–3706
Google Scholar
Blandford D, Hassapoyannes K (2015) A new global climate agreement: implications for agriculture? EuroChoices 14:4–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12084
Article Google Scholar
Boardman PC (2008) Beyond the stars: the impact of affiliation with university biotechnology centers on the industrial involvement of university scientists. Technovation 28:291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.06.001
Article Google Scholar
Bommarco R, Kleijn D, Potts SG (2013) Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends Ecol Evol 28:230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012
Article Google Scholar
Bonny S (2017) Corporate concentration and technological change in the global seed industry. Sustainability 9
Article Google Scholar
Bozeman B (2000) Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory. Res Policy 29:627–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1
Article Google Scholar
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2015) Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2013: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food 6:103–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2015.1025193
Article Google Scholar
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2017) Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2015: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food 8:117–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2017.1309490
Article Google Scholar
Brooks S (2014) Enabling adaptation? Lessons from the new ‘green revolution’ in Malawi and Kenya. Clim Change 122:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0992-0
Article Google Scholar
Byerlee D, Echeverri RG (eds) (2002) Agricultural research policy in an era of privatization. CABI
Google Scholar
Cassman KG (1999) Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:5952–5959. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5952
Article Google Scholar
Castellacci F (2008) Technological paradigms, regimes and trajectories: manufacturing and service industries in a new taxonomy of sectoral patterns of innovation. Res Policy 37:978–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.03.011
Article Google Scholar
Chiles RM (2013) If they come, we will build it: in vitro meat and the discursive struggle over future agrofood expectations. Agric Hum Values 30:511–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-013-9427-9
Article Google Scholar
Clapp J, Newell P, Brent ZW (2017) The global political economy of climate change, agriculture and food systems. J Peasant Stud 0:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1381602
Article Google Scholar
Cowan R, Gunby P (1996) Sprayed to death: path dependence, lock-in and pest control strategies. Econ J 106:521–542. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235561
Article Google Scholar
Craig Boardman P, Ponomariov BL (2009) University researchers working with private companies. Technovation 29:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.008
Article Google Scholar
Crowder DW, Northfield TD, Strand MR, Snyder WE (2010) Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature 466:109. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09183
Article Google Scholar
Darnhofer I, Gibbon D, Dedieu B (2012) Farming systems research into the 21st century: the new dynamic. Springer Science & Business Media
Google Scholar
David PA (1985) Clio and the economics of QWERTY. Am Econ Rev 75:332–337
Google Scholar
Davidson A (1984) Gramsci, the peasantry and popular culture. J Peasant Stud 11:139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066158408438245
Article Google Scholar
Dosi G (1982) Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: a suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change. Res Policy 11:147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6
Article Google Scholar
ETC Group (2010) Capturing ‘climate genes’: gene giants stockpile ‘climate-ready’ patents. http://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/publication/pdf_file/Genegiants2011_0.pdf. Accessed 8 Dec 2017
European Commission (2015) Sustainable intensification and nutrient recovery and reuse in agriculture—EIP-AGRI—European Commission. EIP-AGRI. https://www.eip/agriculture/en/event/sustainable-intensification-and-nutrient-recovery. Accessed 16 Dec 2017
FAO (2014) Final report for the international symposium on agroecology for food security and nutrition. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Google Scholar
FAO (2015) Harnessing the benefits of ecosystem services for effective ecological intensification in agriculture. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
Google Scholar
FAO (2016) The state of food and agriculture 2016. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Google Scholar
FAO (2017) Climate-Smart Agriculture. In: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/. Accessed 27 November 2017
Fischer R, Byerlee D, Edmeades G (2014) Crop yields and global food security: will yield increase continue to feed the world?
Google Scholar
Fraser E, Charlebois S (2016) Automated farming: good news for food security, bad news for job security? The Guardian
Google Scholar
Freebairn D (1995) Did the green revolution concentrate incomes? A quantitative study of research reports. World Dev 23:265–279
Article Google Scholar
Freeman C, Clark J, Soete L (1982) Unemployment and technical innovation: a study of long waves and economic development. Frances Pinter
Google Scholar
Friedmann H, McMichael P (1989) Agriculture and the state system: the rise and decline of national agricultures, 1870 to the present. Sociol Rural 29:93–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1989.tb00360.x
Article Google Scholar
Gabriel D, Sait SM, Kunin WE, Benton TG (2013) Food production vs. biodiversity: comparing organic and conventional agriculture. J Appl Ecol 50:355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12035
Article Google Scholar
Geels FW (2004) From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems: Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory. Res Policy 33:897–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.015
Article Google Scholar
Gernaat DEHJ, Calvin K, Lucas PL et al (2015) Understanding the contribution of non-carbon dioxide gases in deep mitigation scenarios. Glob Environ Change 33:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.010
Article Google Scholar
Glenna LL, Welsh R, Ervin D et al (2011) Commercial science, scientists’ values, and university biotechnology research agendas. Res Policy 40:957–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.002
Article Google Scholar
Gliessman SR (2007) Agroecology: the ecology of sustainable food systems. CRC Press
Google Scholar
Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (2016), http://www.fao.org/gacsa/about/en/. Accessed 27 May 2016.
Gonsalves C, Lee PDR, Gonsalves D (2007) The adoption of genetically modified papaya in Hawaii and its implications for developing countries. J Dev Stud 43:177–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380601055650
Article Google Scholar
Gonzalez CG (2006) Deconstructing the mythology of free trade: critical reflections on comparative advantage. Berkeley Raza Law J 17:65–93
Google Scholar
Gurr GM, Wratten SD, Luna JM (2003) Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: pest management and other benefits. Basic Appl Ecol 4:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00122
Article Google Scholar
Gurr GM, Wratten SD, Altieri MA (eds) (2004) Ecological engineering for pest management: advances in habitat manipulation for arthropods. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Google Scholar
Henderson R et al. (1995) Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting 1965–1988
Google Scholar
Heong KL, Escalada MM (1998) Changing rice farmers’ pest management practices through participation in a small-scale experiment. Int J Pest Manag 44:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/096708798228095
Article Google Scholar
Holland JM (2004) The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence. Agric Ecosyst Environ 103:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.018
Article Google Scholar
Holt-Giménez E, Altieri MA (2013) Agroecology, food sovereignty, and the new green revolution. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 37:90–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.716388
Article Google Scholar
Hornborg A, Clark B, Hermele K (2013) Ecology and power: struggles over land and material resources in the past. Routledge, Present and Future
Book Google Scholar
Horrigan L, Lawrence RS, Walker P (2002) How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environ Health Perspect 110:445–456
Article Google Scholar
Howard PH (2009) Visualizing consolidation in the global seed industry: 1996–2008. Sustainability 1:1266–1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1041266
Article Google Scholar
Howard PH (2015) Intellectual property and consolidation in the seed industry. Crop Sci 55:2489. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0669
Article Google Scholar
Howard PH, Goodman D, Goodman MK (2016) Concentration and power in the food system: who controls what we eat?. Bloomsbury Academic, New York
Google Scholar
Huffman WE, Evenson RE (2008) Science for agriculture: a long-term perspective. Wiley
Google Scholar
Huggins R, Johnston A, Steffenson R (2008) Universities, knowledge networks and regional policy. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 1:321–340. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsn013
Article Google Scholar
Hurd BH (1994) Yield response and production risk: an analysis of integrated pest management in cotton. J Agric Resour Econ 19:313–326
Google Scholar
IAASTD (2009) Agriculture at a Crossroads. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology for Development, Washington, D.C.
Google Scholar
International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (2016) From Uniformity to Diversity: A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agro-ecological systems.
Google Scholar
IPCC (2014) Summary for policy makers. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga Y, Sokona Y et al (eds) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York
Google Scholar
Jackson LE, Pascual U, Hodgkin T (2007) Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 121:196–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.017
Article Google Scholar
Jaffee D, Howard PH (2010) Corporate cooptation of organic and fair trade standards. Agric Hum Values 27:387–399. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/10.1007/s10460-009-9231-8
Article Google Scholar
James JS, Pardey PG, Alston JM (2008) Agricultural R&D policy: a tragedy of international commons. International Science & Technology Practice and Policy, Department of Applied Economics: University of Minnesota, Minnesota
Google Scholar
Jedwab R, Kerby E, Moradi A (2017) History, path dependence and development: evidence from colonial railways, settlers and cities in Kenya. Econ J 127:1467–1494. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12347
Article Google Scholar
Jones HD (2016) Biotechnology of major cereals. CABI
Google Scholar
Jose S (2009) Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agrofor Syst 76:1–10. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7
Article Google Scholar
Kang Y, Khan S, Ma X (2009) Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security—a review. Prog Nat Sci 19:1665–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.08.001
Article Google Scholar
Karlsson L, Naess LO, Nightingale A, Thompson J (2017) ‘Triple wins’ or ‘triple faults’? Analysing the equity implications of policy discourses on climate-smart agriculture (CSA). J Peasant Stud 0:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1351433
Article Google Scholar
Kissinger G et al (2012) Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation: a synthesis report for REDD + Policymakers. Lexeme Consulting, Vancouver
Google Scholar
Klein N (2015) This changes everything: capitalism vs. the climate. Simon and Schuster
Google Scholar
Klümper W, Qaim M (2014) A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. PLoS ONE 9:e111629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111629
Article Google Scholar
Krishna VV, Qaim M (2012) Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India. Agric Syst 107:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.11.005
Article Google Scholar
Kuhn TS (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press
Google Scholar
Kuntz M (2012) The postmodern assault on science: if all truths are equal, who cares what science has to say? EMBO Rep 13:885–889. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.130
Article Google Scholar
Lal R (2010) Managing soils and ecosystems for mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions and advancing global food security. Bioscience 60:708–721
Article Google Scholar
Lang T, Heasman M (2004) Food wars: the global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Earthscan
Google Scholar
Lence SH, Hayes DJ, Alston JM, Smith JSC (2016) Intellectual property in plant breeding: comparing different levels and forms of protection. Eur Rev Agric Econ 43:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbv007
Article Google Scholar
Levi M (1997) A model, a method, and a map: rational choice in comparative and historical analysis. In: Lichbach MI, Zuckerman AS (eds) Comparative politics: rationality, culture, and structure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 19–40
Google Scholar
Levidow L (2015) European transitions towards a corporate-environmental food regime: agroecological incorporation or contestation? J Rural Stud 40:76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.001
Article Google Scholar
Liebowitz SJ, Margolis SE (1995) Path dependence, lock-in, and history. J Law Econ Organ 11:205–226
Google Scholar
Loftkas T (ed) (1995) Dimensions of need: an atlas of food and agriculture. Food Agric Organ United Nations, Rome
Google Scholar
Mangan J, Mangan MS (1998) A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China: the importance of concepts of the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management. Agric Hum Values 15:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007434518330
Article Google Scholar
Monsen KL (2010) Agroecology. In: Mulvaney D, Robbins P (eds) Green food: an A-to-Z guide. SAGE Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, pp 23–28
Google Scholar
Moss B (2008) Water pollution by agriculture. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 363:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2176
Article Google Scholar
Murray F, O’Mahony S (2007) Exploring the foundations of cumulative innovation: implications for organization science. Organ Sci Linthicum 18:1006–1022
Article Google Scholar
Nelson RR, Winter SG (1977) In search of useful theory of innovation. Res Policy 6:36–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(77)90029-4
Article Google Scholar
Nelson GC, Valin H, Sands RD et al (2014) Climate change effects on agriculture: economic responses to biophysical shocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:3274–3279. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222465110
Article Google Scholar
Nerlich B, Jaspal R (2012) Metaphors we die by? Geoengineering, metaphors, and the argument from catastrophe. Metaphor Symb 27:131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2012.665795
Article Google Scholar
Neufeldt H, Jahn M, Campbell BM et al (2013) Beyond climate-smart agriculture: toward safe operating spaces for global food systems. Agric Food Secur 2:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-12
Article Google Scholar
Nicol W (2017) Automated agriculture: can robots, drones, and AI save us from starvation? Digit. Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/automated-agriculture-can-robots-drones-ai-save-us-from-starvation/. Accessed 16 Dec 2017
North DC (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press
Google Scholar
Northrop E et al (2016) Examining the alignment between the intended nationally determined contributions and sustainable development goals. Working paper. World Resources Institute, Washington
Google Scholar
Ojha T, Misra S, Raghuwanshi NS (2015) Wireless sensor networks for agriculture: the state-of-the-art in practice and future challenges. Comput Electron Agric 118:66–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.08.011
Article Google Scholar
Pardey PG et al (2006) Shifting ground: agricultural R&D worldwide. Int Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Pardey PG, Chan-Kang C, Dehmer SP, Beddow JM (2016) Agricultural R&D is on the move. Nat News 537:301. https://doi.org/10.1038/537301a
Article Google Scholar
Pavitt K (1984) Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Res Policy 13:343–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(84)90018-0
Article Google Scholar
Pearse A (1980) Seeds of plenty, seeds of want: social and economic implications of the green revolution/by Andrew Pearse. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Google Scholar
Perkins JH (1990) The Rockefeller foundation and the green revolution, 1941–1956. Agric Hum Values 7:6–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01557305
Article Google Scholar
Pingali PL, Traxler G (2002) Changing locus of agricultural research: will the poor benefit from biotechnology and privatization trends? Food Policy 27:223–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(02)00012-X
Article Google Scholar
Pingali P, Raney T (2005) From the green revolution to the gene revolution: how will the poor fare?. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy, p 4
Google Scholar
Pinstrup-Andersen P, Hazell P (1985) The impact of the green revolution and prospects for the future. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Porter J, Xie A, Challinor K et al (2014) Food security and food production systems. In: Field C, Barros V, Dokken D, Mach K (eds) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Cambridge and New York, pp 485–533
Google Scholar
Possas ML, Salles-Filho S, da Silveira JM (1996) An evolutionary approach to technological innovation in agriculture: some preliminary remarks. Res Policy 25:933–945
Article Google Scholar
Powlson DS, Stirling CM, Thierfelder C et al (2016) Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems? Agric Ecosyst Environ 220:164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.005
Article Google Scholar
Pray CE, Naseem A (2007) Supplying crop biotechnology to the poor: opportunities and constraints. J Dev Stud 43:192–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380601055676
Article Google Scholar
Pretty JN, Noble AD, Bossio D et al (2006) Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environ Sci Technol 40:1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051670d
Article Google Scholar
Qiao F (2015) Fifteen years of Bt cotton in China: the economic impact and its dynamics. World Dev 70:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.011
Article Google Scholar
Reijntjes C, Haverkort B, Waters-Bayer A (1992) Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-input and sustainable agriculture. Macmillan
Google Scholar
Richards M et al (2015) Agriculture’s contribution to national emissions: analysis of national reports to the UN framework convention on climate change. CGIAR, Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
Google Scholar
Ricroch A, Chopra S, Fleischer S (2014) Plant biotechnology: experience and future prospects. Springer
Google Scholar
Rivera-Ferre M (2012) Framing of agri-food research affects the analysis of food security: the critical role of the social sciences. Int J Sociol Agric Food 19:162–175
Google Scholar
Rotz S, Fraser EDG (2015) Resilience and the industrial food system: analyzing the impacts of agricultural industrialization on food system vulnerability. J Environ Stud Sci 5:459–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0277-1
Article Google Scholar
Scheben A, Yuan Y, Edwards D (2016) Advances in genomics for adapting crops to climate change. Curr Plant Biol 6:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2016.09.001
Article Google Scholar
Schumpeter JA (1939) Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. Martino Pub
Google Scholar
Schwartz H, Bevir TTM, Deeg R et al (2004) Down the wrong path: path dependence, increasing returns, and historical institutionalism. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia. Available on-line at http://people.virginia.edu/hms2f/Path.pdf. Accessed 03. ET J 361–370
Seufert V, Ramankutty N (2017) Many shades of gray—the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Sci Adv 3:e1602638. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602638
Article Google Scholar
Seyfang DG, Smith DA (2007) Grassroots innovations for sustainable development: towards a new research and policy agenda. Environ Polit 16:584–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010701419121
Article Google Scholar
Silva PUKD, Vance CK (2017) Scientific scholarly communication: the changing landscape. Springer
Google Scholar
Smith A (2006) Framing the present, shaping the future: contemporary governance of sustainable technologies. In: Murphy J (ed) Governance lessons from green niches: the case of eco-housing. Earthscan, London, pp 89–109
Google Scholar
Smith AF (2017) Food in America: the past, present, and future of food, farming, and the family meal [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO
Google Scholar
Smith HL, Bagchi-Sen S (2006) University-industry interactions: the case of the UK biotech industry. Ind Innov 13:371–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710601032697
Article Google Scholar
Smith P, Bustamante M, Ahammad H et al (2014) Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group iii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp 811–922
Google Scholar
Smith S, Lence S, Hayes D et al (2016) Elements of intellectual property protection in plant breeding and biotechnology: interactions and outcomes. Crop Sci 56:1401–1411. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.10.0608
Article Google Scholar
Spielman DJ, von Grebmer K (2004) Public-private partnerships in agricultural research: an analysis of challenges facing industry and the consultative group on international agricultural research. Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Google Scholar
Steinfeld H et al (2006) Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome
Google Scholar
Tambo JA, Abdoulaye T (2012) Climate change and agricultural technology adoption: the case of drought tolerant maize in rural Nigeria. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 17:277–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9325-7
Article Google Scholar
Thomas DSG, Twyman C (2005) Equity and justice in climate change adaptation amongst natural-resource-dependent societies. Glob Environ Change 15:115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.10.001
Article Google Scholar
Thompson J, Scoones I (2009) Addressing the dynamics of agri-food systems: an emerging agenda for social science research. Environ Sci Policy 12:386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.03.001
Article Google Scholar
Tomlinson I (2013) Doubling food production to feed the 9 billion: a critical perspective on a key discourse of food security in the UK. J Rural Stud 29:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.09.001
Article Google Scholar
Uriarte M, Hansen M, DeFries RS, Rudel T (2010) Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nat Geosci 3:178. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo756
Article Google Scholar
USDA (2013) Genetic Solutions for the sustainable intensification of common bean production in low-input, small-holder agricultural systems. https://www.usda.gov/oce/sustainable/definitions.htm. Accessed 16 Dec 2017
van de Wouw M, van Hintum T, Kik C et al (2010) Genetic diversity trends in twentieth century crop cultivars: a meta analysis. TAG Theor Appl Genet Theor Angew Genet 120:1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1252-6
Article Google Scholar
Vanloqueren G, Baret PV (2009) How agricultural research systems shape a technological regime that develops genetic engineering but locks out agroecological innovations. Res Policy 38:971–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.02.008
Article Google Scholar
Wezel A, Bellon S, Doré T et al (2011) Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. In: Lichtfouse E, Hamelin M, Navarrete M, Debaeke P (eds) Sustainable agriculture, vol 2. Springer, Netherlands, pp 27–43
Google Scholar
Wilson CH, Caughlin TT, Rifai SW et al (2017) Multi-decadal time series of remotely sensed vegetation improves prediction of soil carbon in a subtropical grassland. Ecol Appl 27:1646–1656. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1557
Article Google Scholar
Wirsenius S, Azar C, Berndes G (2010) How much land is needed for global food production under scenarios of dietary changes and livestock productivity increases in 2030? Agric Syst 103:621–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2010.07.005
Article Google Scholar
Wollenberg E, Richards M, Smith P et al (2016) Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2°C target. Glob Change Biol 22:3859–3864. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13340
Article Google Scholar
Wu Y, Welch EW, Huang W-L (2015) Commercialization of university inventions: individual and institutional factors affecting licensing of university patents. Technovation 36–37:12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.09.004
Article Google Scholar
Würtenberger L, Koellner T, Binder CR (2006) Virtual land use and agricultural trade: estimating environmental and socio-economic impacts. Ecol Econ 57:679–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.06.004
Article Google Scholar

International Agreements and Treaties

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 12 December 2015 (entered into force 4 November 2016) (in UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session, Addendum, UN Doc FCCC/CP/ 2015/10/Add.1, 29 January 2016
Google Scholar
UN Sustainable Development Goals 2015 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Faculty of Law, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Hope Johnson

Authors

Hope Johnson
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hope Johnson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Matthew Rimmer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johnson, H. (2018). Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture. In: Rimmer, M. (eds) Intellectual Property and Clean Energy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2155-9_20

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2155-9_20
Published: 26 October 2018
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2154-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2155-9
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics