Abstract
Environmental law controls and regulates the human impact on the environment. States promulgate and amend their internal legislation and administrative measures for the purposes of protecting the environment and promoting environmental management and sustainable development. This chapter discusses the current situation with respect to environmental law in Myanmar, their impact and prospects for future developments.
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- 1.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Constitution 2008, s.37 (a).
- 2.
Ibid., s.45.
- 3.
Ibid., s.196.
- 4.
Ibid., s.390 (b).
- 5.
The Government of the Union of Myanmar, Notification 1994.
- 6.
The Government of the Union of Myanmar, Notification 1994.
- 7.
Naing, K. (2011). National Report of Myanmar on the Coastal Pollution Loading and Water Quality Criteria, p. 32.
- 8.
NCEA, MOF, AIT/UNEP.RRC.AP, NSDS for Myanmar (2009) 8.
- 9.
NCEA, MOF, AIT/UNEP. RRC.AP, National Sustainable Development Strategy for Myanmar, (2009). ii.
- 10.
The Environmental Conservation Law 2012, s.3.
- 11.
Ibid., s.7 (o).
- 12.
Environmental Conservation Law 2012, s.13 (d, e, f).
- 13.
Ibid., s.21.
- 14.
Ibid., s.26.
- 15.
Ibid., s.31–34.
- 16.
Ibid., s.31.
- 17.
The Environmental Conservation Rules 2014, rr. 51–53.
- 18.
Ibid., r.55(a).
- 19.
The Environmental Conservation Rules 2014, r. (b).
- 20.
The Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, 2015.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Naing, Kyaw San, (2014). Environmental Legislations related to Green Productivity Improvement in Myanmar, Environmental Conservation Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry.
- 23.
The Water Power Act 1927, s.3.
- 24.
The Nay Pyi Taw Development Law 2009, ss. 8–9.
- 25.
The Yangon Municipal Act, 1922, s.118.
- 26.
The City of Yangon Municipal Law 2013, s.19 (e).
- 27.
Ibid., ss.58 (j), 63 (l) (q).
- 28.
Forest Law 1992, s. 5(a).
- 29.
Forest Rules 1995, r.60.
- 30.
The Protection of Wild Life, Wild Plants and Conservation of Natural Areas Law 1994, s.3 (b).
- 31.
Factory Act 1951, s.3.
- 32.
The Union of Myanmar Private Industrial Enterprises Law 1990, s.11 (c).
- 33.
The Myanmar Mines Law 1994, s.3.
- 34.
Myanmar Mines Rules 1996, rr.69, 70, 71,72, 73, 105,106.
- 35.
The Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law 2006, s.3.
- 36.
Ibid., s.33.
- 37.
The Obstruction in Fairways Act 1881, s.2.
- 38.
Ibid., s.8.
- 39.
The Ports Act 1908, s.6.
- 40.
Ibid., s.21.
- 41.
The Defile Traffic Act 1907, s.3.
- 42.
The Inland Water Vessel Law 2015, s.27.
- 43.
Ibid., s.28.
- 44.
Ibid., s.34.
- 45.
Myanmar Port Authority Law 2015, s.23(b).
- 46.
Ibid., s.23 (c).
- 47.
Natural Disaster Management Law 2013, s.3.
- 48.
Nyunt M, Development of environmental management mechanism in Myanmar (2008) 297.
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Nyunt, M. (2008). Development of environmental management mechanism in Myanmar, Springer-Verlag, New York City: United States of America.
Myanmar Fire Services Law 2015
National Forestry Action Plan 1995
Myanmar Gemstone Law 1995
Myanmar Hotel and Tourism Law 1993
Myanmar Insurance Law 1993
Myanmar Investment Law 2016
Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law 1990
Myanmar Mines Law 1994
Myanmar Mines Rules 1996
Myanmar Pearl Law 1995
Myanmar Port Authority Law 2015
Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law 2014
The Animal Health and Development Law 1993
The Atomic Energy Law 1998
The Canal Act 1905
The City of Yangon Municipal Act 1922
The City of Yangon Municipal Law 2013
The Community Forest Instruction 1995
The Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law 2006
The Conservation of Water Resources and River Rules 2013
The Control of Smoking and Consumption of Tobacco Product Law 2006
The Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management 1999
The Defile Traffic Act 1907
The Government of the Union of Myanmar, Notification No 26/94, 5 December 1994
The Embankment Act 1909
The Emergency Provisions Act 1950
The Environmental Conservation Law 2012
The Environmental Conservation Rules 2014
The Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure 2015
The Explosive Act 1887
The Explosive Substances Act 1908
The Factories Act 1951
The Fast Highways Law 2015
The Fertilizer Law 2002
The Format and Guidelines for District Forest Management Plans 1996
The Forest Law 1992
The Forest Rules 1995
The Highways Law 2000
The Freshwater Fisheries Law 1992
The Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885
The Law relating to Aquaculture 1989
The Law relating to Fishing Rights of Foreign Fishing Vessel 1989
The Law relating to Private Health Care Services 2007
The Motor Vehicle Law 2015
The National Code of Practice for forest Harvesting 2000
The National Drug Law 1992
The National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines 2015
The National Food Law 1997
The Natural Disaster Management Law 2013
The Natural Disaster Management Rules 2015
The Nay Pyi Taw Development Law 2009
The Obstruction in Fairways Act 1881
The Oilfield Act 1918
The Penal Code 1861
The Pesticide Law 1990
The Petroleum Act 1934
The Plant Past Quarantine Law 1993
The Prevention and Control for Communicable Disease Law 1995
The Prevention of Hazard from Chemical and Related Substances Law 2013
The Prevention of Hazard from Chemical and Related Substance Rules 2016
The Private Industrial Enterprises Law 1990
The Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Region Law 1994
The Protection of Wild Life, Wild Plats and Conservation of Natural Areas Law 1994
The Poison Act 1919
The Police Act 1945
The Ports Act 1908
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Constitution 2008
The Salt Enterprise Law 1992
The Science and Technology Development Law 1994
The Territorial Sea and Maritime Zones Law 1977
The Traditional Medicine Law 1996
The Underground Water Act 1930
The Union of Myanmar Public Health Law 1972
The Yangon Municipal Act 1922
The Yangon Police Act 1899
The Yangon Water-works Act 1885
The Water Power Act 1927
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Appendix
Appendix
International Environmental Instruments Entered into by Myanmar
Air and Climate Change | UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Paris, 1994 (Accession, 1997) |
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), New York, 1992 (Ratification, 1992) | |
Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto, 1997 (Accession, 2003) | |
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 1985 (Ratification, 2003) | |
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 1987+ amendments (Ratification 1993, 2012 for recent amendments) | |
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, Kuala Lumpur, 2002 (Ratification, 2003) |
Pollution Control | Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Stockholm, 2001 (Accession 2004) |
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Basel, 1989 (Accession 2015) | |
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), London, 1973 amendment in 1978 (Accession 4/8/1988) | |
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, Kuala Lumpur, 2002 (Ratification 2003) |
Outer Space | Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1993 (Accession, 1993) |
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Depletes Ozone Layer, 1993 (Accession, 1993) | |
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1992 (Accession, 1992) | |
Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 2009 (Accession, 2009) | |
Convention on the International Civil Aviation Environmental Protection |
Biodiversity and Natural Resources | Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Rio de Janeiro, 1995 (Ratification, 1995) |
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the CBD, Cartagena, 2000 (Ratification, 2008) | |
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) to the CBD, Nagoya, 2010 (Accession, 2004) | |
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Washington, D.C., 1973+ amendment (1979 Bonn, Germany) (Accession, 1997) | |
Agreement on Establishment of ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity (Ratification, 2009) | |
ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources, Kuala Lumpur, 1985 (Signatory, 1997) | |
Biodiversity and Natural Resources | Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially Water Flow Habit, 1971+ amendments 1982 and 1987 (Ratification, 2005) |
Agreement on the Networks of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1990 | |
International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), 1996 (Signatory, 1997) | |
Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1996 (Ratification, 1996) |
Cultural Heritage | The Convention for the Protection of the World Culture and Natural Heritage, Paris, 1972 (Acceptance, 1994) |
Declaration on ASEAN Heritage Parks (Signatory, 2003) |
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Myint Thu Myaing (2019). Laws Relating to Environmental Conservation in Myanmar. In: James, H. (eds) Population, Development, and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2101-6_17
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