Abstract
The concept of a human right to an environment of a particular quality intuitively appeals to those who wish to secure greater protection for the natural world and to promote an enhanced understanding of humans’ relationship with it. Yet questions abound as to how such a right should be defined and how we can justify a good environment as something which ought to be characterised as a human right. This chapter considers a number of theories which explain what human rights are and why they warrant protection, and analyses whether any of them could support the notion of a right to a good environment. In seeking a theoretical rationale for the right to a good environment, the chapter identifies the need to exclude explanations which rely on the environmental dimensions of other rights, on the basis that human rights require some independent justification beyond merely providing instrumental benefit to the enjoyment of other rights. The chapter argues that it is extremely problematic to provide an account of the right to a good environment which demonstrates its essentiality for human dignity, autonomy or well-being without describing its value in terms of facilitating other rights. Consequently, it is difficult to find a home for the right within conventional human rights theories.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Such scholars include Richard Bilder, Phillip Alston, John Finnis, Jack Donnelly, Maurice Cranston, Charles Beitz, Karel Vasek, Vernon van Dyke, Dinah Shelton, Linda Hajjar Leib, Stephen Marks, D.N. MacCormick, Joel Feinberg, W.N. Hohfeld and John Rawls.
- 2.
The Preamble of the UDHR states: ‘Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.’ The inherent dignity of the person is also recognised in preambles of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), which both recognise ‘that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person’.
- 3.
The right to development was first proposed by the Commission on Human Rights in 1977 (Resolution 4 (XXXIII) (21 February 1977)) and was later enshrined in the Declaration on the Right to Development, a resolution passed by the General Assembly in 1986 (GA Res 41/128). It is not recognised in any international treaty but it has received widespread support and was recognised by a consensus of States at the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 as a ‘universal and inalienable right’: Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993).
- 4.
References
Treaties and Legislation
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1577 UNTS 3, opened for signature 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 UNTS 171, opened for signature 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 993 UNTS 3, opened for signature 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976
International Documents
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly Resolution 217A (III), 3rd session, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948)
Commission on Human Rights, Resolution 4 (XXXIII), UN Doc E/CN.4/1257 (21 February 1977)
General Assembly Resolution 41/128, Declaration on the Right to Development, 41st session, 97th plen mtg, UN DOC A/Res/41/128 (4 December 1986)
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, UN Doc A/CONF.157/23 (25 June 1993)
Articles and Books
Alston P (1982) Conjuring up new rights: a proposal for quality control. Am J Int Law 78(3):607
Alston P (1985) The shortcomings of a ‘Garfield the Cat’ approach to the right to development. Calif West Int Law J 15:510
Alston P (1988) Making space for new rights: the case of the right to development. Harv Hum Rights Yearb 1:3
Alston P, Goodman R (2013) International human rights. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Atapattu S (2002–2003) The right to a healthy life or the right to die polluted? The emergence of a Human Right to a healthy environment under international law. Tulane Environ Law J 16:65
Beitz C (2003) What human rights mean. Daedalus 132(1):36
Beitz C (2009) The idea of human rights. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Bell D (2011) Does anthropogenic climate change violate human rights? Crit Rev Int Soc Polit Philos 14(2):99
Bentham J (1998) Anarchical fallacies. Headline Series Winter: 56 (first published 1816)
Blake M (2008) International justice. In: The Stanford encyclopaedia of philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/international-justice
Breakey H (2018) It’s right, it fits, we debated, we decided, i agree, it’s ours and it works: the gathering confluence of human rights legitimacy. Law Philos 37(1):1
Brown Weiss E (1989) In fairness to future generations: international law, common patrimony, and intergenerational equity. Transnational, Dobbs Ferry, NY
Brownlie I (1985) The rights of peoples in modern international law. Bull Aust Soc Legal Philos 9:104
Caney S (2006) Cosmopolitan justice, rights and global climate change. Can J Law Jurisprud 19:255
Caney S (2008) Human rights, climate change and discounting. Environ Politics 17(4):536
Cranston M (1973) What are human rights? Taplinger, Great Neck, NY
Crawford C (1988) The rights of peoples. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Cullet P (1995) Definition of an environmental right in a human rights context. Neth Q Hum Rights 13:13
Devall B, Sessions G (1985) Deep Ecology. Gibbs Smith, Layton
Donnelly J (1982) Human rights as natural rights. Hum Rights Q 4:391
Donnelly J (1984) Human rights and development: complementary or competing concerns? World Polit 36(2):255
Donnelly J (1985a) In search of the unicorn: the jurisprudence and politics of the right to development. Calif West Int Law J 15:474
Donnelly J (1985b) The theology of the right to development: a reply to Alston. Calf West Int Law J 15:519
Donnelly J (2007) The relative universality of human rights. Hum Rights Q 29:281
Downs J (1993) A healthy and ecologically balanced environment: an argument for a third generation right. Duke J Comp Int Law 3:351
Feinberg J (1971) The rights of animals and future generations. In: Paper presented at the fourth annual conference in philosophy, University of Georgia, 18 Feb 1971
Feinberg J (1981) The rights of animals and unborn generations. In: Partridge E (ed) Responsibilities to future generations: environmental ethics. Prometheus, Amherst, NY, p 139
Finnis J (2011) Natural law and natural rights. Oxford University Press, 2nd edn. Oxford
Fox W (1990) Toward a transpersonal ecology: developing new foundations for environmentalism. Shambhala Publications, Boulder
Gibson N (1990) The right to a clean environment. Sask Law Rev 54:5
Gosseries A (2008) On future generations’ future rights. J Polit Philos 16(4):446
Gravelle RK (1996–1997) Enforcing the elusive: environmental rights in east european constitutions. Va Environ Law J 16:633
Grey W (1993) Anthropocentrism and deep ecology. Aust J Philos 71(4):463
Gros Espiell H (1981) The right of development as a human right. Texas Int Law J 16:189
Hart HLA (1955) Are there any natural rights? Philos Rev 64(2):175
Hart HLA (1982) Essays on Bentham: studies in jurisprudential and political theory. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Hayward T (2005) Constitutional environmental rights. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hiskes RP (2005) The right to a green future: human rights, environmentalism and intergenerational justice. Hum Rights Q 27(4):1346
Hohfeld WN (1978) Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning. Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara
Kant I (2002) (trans Wood A W) Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals. Yale University Press, New Haven. Translation of: Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785)
Kleingeld P, Brown E (2013) Cosmopolitanism. In: The stanford encyclopaedia of philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/cosmopolitanism
Lee J (2000) The underlying legal theory to support a well-defined human right to a healthy environment as a principle of customary international law. Columbia J Environ Law 25:283
Leib L (2011) Human rights and the environment: philosophical, theoretical and legal perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden
Lewis B (2016) Quality control for new rights in international human rights law: a case study of the right to a good environment. Aust Yearb Int Law 33:55
MacCormick DN (1997) Rights in legislation. In: Hacker PMS, Raz J (eds) Law, morality and society: essays in honour of HLA hart. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 154
McClymonds JT (1992) The human right to a healthy environment: an international legal perspective. New York Law School Law Rev 37:583
Marks S (2004) The human right to development: between rhetoric and reality. Harv Hum Rights J 17:137
Miller D (1976) Social justice. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Moller Okin S (1981) Liberty and welfare: some issues in human rights theory. In: Pennock JR, Chapman JW (eds) Human rights. New York University Press, New York, p 230
Naess A (1995) The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: a summary. In: Drengson A, Inoue Y (eds) The deep ecology movement: an introductory anthology. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, p 3
Partridge E (1990) On the rights of future generations. In: Scherer D (ed) Upstream/downstream: issues in environmental ethics. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, p 40
Pogge T (2000) The institutional significance of human rights. J Ethics 4:45
Rawls J (1971) A theory of justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Rawls J (1982) The idea of an overlapping consensus. Oxford J Legal Stud 7(1):1
Rawls J (1999) The laws of peoples. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Raz J (1986) The morality of freedom, Clarendon
Redgwell C (1996) Life, the universe and everything: a critique of anthropocentric rights. In: Boyle A, Anderson M (eds) Human rights approaches to environmental protection. Clarendon, Oxford, p 71
Rich RY (1984) The right to development as an emerging human right. Va J Int Law 23:287
Rodriguez-Rivera LE (2001) Is the human right to environment recognised under international law? It depends on the source. Colo J Int Environ Law Policy 12:1
Shelton D (1985) A response to Donnelly and Alston. Calif West Law J 15:524
Shelton D (1991–1992) Human rights, environmental rights and the right to environment. Stanf J Int Law 28:103
Symonides J (1992) The human right to a clean, balanced and protected environment. Int J Legal Inf 20:24
Van Dyke V (1982) Collective entities and moral rights: problems in liberal-democratic thought. J Polit 44(1):21
Vandenbogaerde A (2013) The right to development in international human rights law: a call for its dissolution. Neth Q Hum Rights 31(2):187
Wenar L (2011) Rights. In: Stanford encyclopaedia of philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu.au/entries/rights/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewis, B. (2018). The Theoretical Basis for Expanding Environmental Human Rights. In: Environmental Human Rights and Climate Change. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1960-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1960-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1959-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1960-0
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)