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Arsenite S-Adenosylmethionine-Producing Spirulina platensis: A New Trump Card on the Face of Global Arsenic Poisoning

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The Role of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract

Arsenic is a gray-appearing metalloid which occurs naturally and is the 20th most prolific element in the earth’s crust. It is an integral part of more than 200 minerals. These are mostly ores containing sulfides, along with copper, nickel, lead, and other metals. In the environment, arsenic and its compounds are very mobile. Although in its organic form arsenic is nontoxic, it is highly toxic in its inorganic form (arsenite, a free form of arsenic) with arsine gas being the most fatal. The World Health Organization recommends a concentration below 20 mg/l for an individual to be considered free of arsenic poisoning. Accumulation of arsenic in the body beyond this level could adversely affect human health. An individual suffering from chronic arsenic poisoning via contaminated water could suffer from severe skin-related ailments like melanosis (pigmentation of the skin), keratosis (associated with the formation of rough, dry, and popular skin lesions), and leucomelanosis (also known as spotted melanosis) ultimately leading to arsenicosis in the long term. Other than that arsenic poisoning also may lead to other manifestations like neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obstetric problems, disorders of the respiratory system, and cancer in the lung, skin, and bladder. The Indian subcontinent is very rich in arsenic, and countries like India and Bangladesh are a disaster waiting to happen. West Bengal, India, is a state severely affected by arsenic-contaminated water, and a case study showed an astounding 16 sites from one single village with very high concentrations of arsenic. As such, it is the need of the hour for governments to be ready with an immediate action plan to tackle such large-scale disasters. Existing solutions to this problem include phytoremediation via hyperaccumulation with plants like Pteris vittata and grasses like A. delicatula and use of phosphate-based fertilizers. However, a long-term use of phosphate-based fertilizers may ultimately lead to an algal bloom in water bodies, and phytoremediation is a time-consuming process. Planktons, however, have the potential to be a game changer in tackling arsenic-contaminated water bodies by virtue of accumulation and bioremediation. Spirulina platensis, a typical plankton, produces an enzyme called arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase which has the ability to methylate arsenic making it nontoxic. This enzyme confers Spirulina platensis the unique ability to convert the toxic trivalent arsenic to its nontoxic pentavalent form. Spirulina platensis produces this enzyme by the virtue of arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase (SpArsM) gene.

Isolation and overexpression study of this gene in a heterologous host like E. coli followed by pilot-scale study ultimately leading to the industrial mass production of this enzyme is an unexplored and untapped area which has a huge potential to tackle the menace of arsenic contamination in water bodies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Anshuman Sahu, Ankita Pattanayak, Rajesh Kumar Sahoo, Mahendra Gaur, Kalpana Sahoo & Enketeswara Subudhi

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  1. Anshuman Sahu
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  2. Ankita Pattanayak
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  1. Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Lala Behari Sukla

  2. Biomics & Biodiversity Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Enketeswara Subudhi

  3. Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Debabrata Pradhan

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Sahu, A., Pattanayak, A., Sahoo, R.K., Gaur, M., Sahoo, K., Subudhi, E. (2019). Arsenite S-Adenosylmethionine-Producing Spirulina platensis: A New Trump Card on the Face of Global Arsenic Poisoning. In: Sukla, L., Subudhi, E., Pradhan, D. (eds) The Role of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1586-2_3

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