Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of biomineralization in Pinctada fucata, most of the researchers put their attention on the roles of matrix proteins in shell formation. Our group has identified and characterized many essential matrix proteins in the regulation of deposition of calcium carbonate crystals in both prism and nacre layers, as described in the former chapter. Meanwhile, the regulation of the transcription, translation and expression of matrix proteins and how these regulatory factors mediate the biomineralization have become a hot spot in recent years. In this chapter, we mainly assayed RACE to obtain the sequence of the members of signaling pathways and the transcriptional factors; real time-qPCR to analyze the expression pattern of these factors in different tissues and/or distinct time during shell repair and pearl sac; in situ hybridization to find out the expression location of specific genes in mantle tissue; luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility assay (EMSA) to clarify the recruitment of transcriptional factors on promoters of matrix protein; yeast two hybridization to explore the interactions between different pathways. We demonstrate the function of NF-κB, TGFβ, Wnt signal pathway, G protein-mediated pathway and several transcriptional factors in mediating the biomineralization in Pinctada fucata. The mechanism of transcriptional regulation can give deep sight to the matrix protein expression pattern which enrich the theory of bionimeralization in Pinctada fucata.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
G. Colaianni, G. Brunetti, M.F. Faienza, S. Colucci, M. Grano, Osteoporosis and obesity: Role of Wnt pathway in human and murine models. World J. Orthop 5, 242 (2014)
G. Chen, C. Deng, Y.-P. Li, TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 8, 272 (2012)
A. Rao et al., Roles of larval sea urchin spicule SM50 domains in organic matrix self-assembly and calcium carbonate mineralization. J. Struct. Biol. 183, 205–215 (2013)
T. Mass et al., Cloning and characterization of four novel coral acid-rich proteins that precipitate carbonates in vitro. Curr. Biol. 23, 1126–1131 (2013)
Y. Morino et al., A genome-wide survey of genes encoding transcription factors in the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata: I. Homeobox genes. Zool. Sci. 30, 851–857 (2013)
H. Koga et al., A genome-wide survey of genes encoding transcription factors in Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata: II. Tbx, Fox, Ets, HMG, NFκB, bZIP, and C2H2 zinc fingers. Zool. Sci. 30, 858–867 (2013)
K. Kalavantavanich, C.M. Schramm, Dexamethasone potentiates high-affinity β-agonist binding and G s α protein expression in airway smooth muscle. Am. J. Phys. Lung Cell. Mol. Phys. 278, L1101–L1106 (2000)
R. Sen, D. Baltimore, Inducibility of κ immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-κB by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 47, 921–928 (1986)
M. Grossmann, Y. Nakamura, R. Grumont, S. Gerondakis, New insights into the roles of ReL/NF-κB transcription factors in immune function, hemopoiesis and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31, 1209–1219 (1999)
A. Denk, T. Wirth, B. Baumann, NF-κB transcription factors: critical regulators of hematopoiesis and neuronal survival. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11, 303–320 (2000)
S. Bell et al., Involvement of NF-κB signalling in skin physiology and disease. Cell. Signal. 15, 1–7 (2003)
M.S. Hayden, S. Ghosh, Signaling to NF-κB. Genes. Dev. 18, 2195–2224 (2004)
S.T. Whiteside, A. Israël, in Seminars in cancer biology (Elsevier), pp. 75–82
B. Boyce, L. Xing, G. Franzoso, U. Siebenlist, Required and nonessential functions of nuclear factor-kappa B in bone cells. Bone 25, 137–139 (1999)
A. Robaszkiewicz et al., ARTD1 regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone homeostasis by dampening NF-κB-dependent transcription of IL-1β. Sci. Rep. 6 (2016)
J.Q. Feng et al., NF-κB specifically activates BMP-2 gene expression in growth plate chondrocytes in vivo and in a chondrocyte cell line in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29130–29135 (2003)
S. Ghosh, M.J. May, E.B. Kopp, NF-κB and Rel proteins: Evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 225–260 (1998)
T. Nakashima, J.M. Penninger, RANKL and RANK as novel therapeutic targets for arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 15, 280–287 (2003)
D. Zhang et al., Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the IκB gene from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 26, 84–90 (2009)
H. Miyamoto et al., A carbonic anhydrase from the nacreous layer in oyster pearls. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 9657–9660 (1996)
D. Chin, G.M. Boyle, P.G. Parsons, W.B. Coman, What is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)? Br. J. Plast. Surg. 57, 215–221 (2004)
K. Miyazono, S. Maeda, T. Imamura, BMP receptor signaling: Transcriptional targets, regulation of signals, and signaling cross-talk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16, 251–263 (2005)
A. Herpin et al., Structural and functional evidence for a singular repertoire of BMP receptor signal transducing proteins in the lophotrochozoan Crassostrea gigas suggests a shared ancestral BMP/activin pathway. FEBS J. 272, 3424–3440 (2005)
H. Le Quéré, A. Herpin, A. Huvet, C. Lelong, P. Favrel, Structural and functional characterizations of an Activin type II receptor orthologue from the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Gene 436, 101–107 (2009)
A. Herpin et al., Structural and functional evidences for a type 1 TGF-β sensu stricto receptor in the lophotrochozoan Crassostrea gigas suggest conserved molecular mechanisms controlling mesodermal patterning across bilateria. Mech. Dev. 122, 695–705 (2005)
A. Herpin, P. Favrel, C. Cunningham, Gene structure and expression of cg-ALR1, a type I activin-like receptor from the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas. Gene 301, 21–30 (2002)
H. Guo et al., Molecular characterization of TGF-β type I receptor gene (Tgfbr1) in Chlamys farreri, and the association of allelic variants with growth traits. PLoS One 7, e51005 (2012)
J. Massagué, TGF-β signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 753–791 (1998)
S. Souchelnytskyi, P. Ten Dijke, K. Miyazono, C. Heldin, Phosphorylation of Ser165 in TGF-beta type I receptor modulates TGF-beta1-induced cellular responses. EMBO J. 15, 6231 (1996)
T. Xie, A.L. Finelli, R.W. Padgett, The Drosophila saxophone gene: A serine-threonine kinase receptor of the TGF-beta superfamily. Science 263, 1756–1760 (1994)
J.L. Wrana et al., Two distinct transmembrane serine/threonine kinases from Drosophila melanogaster form an activin receptor complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 944–950 (1994)
Y.G. Chen, F. Liu, J. Massague, Mechanism of TGFβ receptor inhibition by FKBP12. EMBO J. 16, 3866–3876 (1997)
C. Lelong, M. Mathieu, P. Favrel, Structure and expression of mGDF, a new member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily in the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas. FEBS J. 267, 3986–3993 (2000)
Y.-G. Chen, J. Massagué, Smad1 recognition and activation by the ALK1 group of transforming growth factor-β family receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3672–3677 (1999)
C. Deal, Future therapeutic targets in osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 21, 380–385 (2009)
K.W. Finnson, W.L. Parker, P. ten Dijke, M. Thorikay, A. Philip, ALK1 opposes ALK5/Smad3 signaling and expression of extracellular matrix components in human chondrocytes. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23, 896–906 (2008)
M.-F. Iu et al., Dexamethasone suppresses Smad3 pathway in osteoblastic cells. J. Endocrinol. 185, 131–138 (2005)
D. Yang, Y. Ding, B. Ying, Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the expression of transforming growth factor-茁 1 and Smad3 in A549 cells. Chin. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 7, 43–46 (2008)
T. Liu et al., BMP-2 promotes differentiation of osteoblasts and chondroblasts in Runx2-deficient cell lines. J. Cell. Physiol. 211, 728–735 (2007)
C.J. Souza, C. MacDougall, B.K. Campbell, A.S. McNeilly, D.T. Baird, The Booroola (FecB) phenotype is associated with a mutation in the bone morphogenetic receptor type 1 B (BMPR1B) gene. J. Endocrinol. 169, R1–R6 (2001)
S.E. Yi, A. Daluiski, R. Pederson, V. Rosen, K.M. Lyons, The type I BMP receptor BMPRIB is required for chondrogenesis in the mouse limb. Development 127, 621–630 (2000)
A. Liu, L.A. Niswander, Bone morphogenetic protein signalling and vertebrate nervous system development. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 945–954 (2005)
C.B. Gonzales, D. Simmons, M. MacDougall, Competing roles of tGFβ and nma/bAMbI in Odontoblasts. J. Dent. Res. 89, 597–602 (2010)
Y. Zhang et al., A novel matrix protein participating in the nacre framework formation of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 135, 565–573 (2003)
H. Miyamoto, F. Miyoshi, J. Kohno, The carbonic anhydrase domain protein Nacrein is expressed in the epithelial cells of the mantle and acts as a negative regulator in calcification in the Mollusc Pinctada fucata. Zool. Sci. 22, 311–315 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.22.311
M. Suzuki et al., Characterization of Prismalin-14, a novel matrix protein from the prismatic layer of the Japanese pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). Biochem. J. 382, 205–213 (2004)
C. Richardson, N. Runham, D. Crisp, A histological and ultrastructural study of the cells of the mantle edge of a marine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. Tissue Cell 13, 715–730 (1981)
T. Ikeda et al., Distinct roles of Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9 in different stages of chondrogenic differentiation. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 23, 337–340 (2005)
T. Furumatsu, T. Ozaki, H. Asahara, Smad3 activates the Sox9-dependent transcription on chromatin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41, 1198–1204 (2009)
J.D. Peacock, D.J. Huk, H.N. Ediriweera, J. Lincoln, Sox9 transcriptionally represses Spp1 to prevent matrix mineralization in maturing heart valves and chondrocytes. PLoS One 6, e26769 (2011)
Y.-J. Luo et al., The Lingula genome provides insights into brachiopod evolution and the origin of phosphate biomineralization. Nat. Commun. 6, 8301 (2015)
F.H. Wilt, Developmental biology meets materials science: morphogenesis of biomineralized structures. Dev. Biol. 280, 15–25 (2005)
T.R. Waller, Functional morphology and development of veliger larvae of European oyster, Ostrea edulis Linne. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 328, 1–70 (1981)
R.T. Moon, A.D. Kohn, G.V. De Ferrari, A. Kaykas, WNT and beta-catenin signalling: diseases and therapies. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 691–701 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1427
T.P. Rao, M. Kuhl, An updated overview on Wnt signaling pathways: a prelude for more. Circ. Res. 106, 1798–1806 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.219840
K.A. Tompkins, Wnt proteins in mineralized tissue development and homeostasis. Connect. Tissue Res. 52, 448–458 (2011). https://doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2011.616610
P.D. McCrea, C.W. Turck, B. Gumbiner, A homolog of the armadillo protein in drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with e-cadherin. Science 254, 1359–1361 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1962194
M. Adamska et al., Structure and expression of conserved Wnt pathway components in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Evol. Dev. 12, 494–518 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2010.00435.x
C.D. Galetto, M.F. Izaguirre, V. Bessone, V.H. Casco, Isolation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the of Rhinella arenarum beta-catenin: an mRNA and protein expression study during the larval stages of the digestive tract development. Gene 511, 256–264 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.030
F. Nollet, G. Berx, F. Molemans, R.F. Van, Genomic organization of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1). Genomics 32, 413 (1996)
A.H. Huber, W.I. Weis, The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin. Cell 105, 391–402 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00330-0
C.M. Liu et al., Control of beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation by a dual-kinase mechanism. Cell 108, 837–847 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00685-2
H.E. Weitzel et al., Differential stability of beta-catenin along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo mediated by dishevelled. Development 131, 2947–2956 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.01152
N. Zhong, R.P. Gersch, M. Hadjiargyrou, Wnt signaling activation during bone regeneration and the role of Dishevelled in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Bone 39, 5–16 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.008
C.C. Malbon, H.Y. Wang, Dishevelled: a mobile scaffold catalyzing development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 72(72), 153 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0070-2153(05)72002-0
W. Kim, M. Kim, E.H. Jho, Wnt/beta-catenin signalling: from plasma membrane to nucleus. Biochem. J. 450, 9–21 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20121284
M. Molenaar et al., XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates beta-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86, 391–399 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80112-9
T. Kubota, T. Michigami, K. Ozono, Wnt signaling in bone metabolism. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 27, 265–271 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0064-8
T.A. Graham, C. Weaver, F. Mao, D. Kimelman, W.Q. Xu, Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell 103, 885–896 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00192-6
H.E. Hamm, A. Gilchrist, Heterotrimeric G proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 189–196 (1996)
J.H. Hurley, Structure, mechanism, and regulation of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 7599–7602 (1999)
S.R. Sprang, G Protein mechanisms: insights from structural analysis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66, 639–678 (1997)
L. De Vries, B. Zheng, T. Fischer, E. Elenko, M.G. Farquhar, The regulator of G protein signaling family. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 40, 235–271 (2000)
D.G. Lambright, J.P. Noel, H.E. Hamm, P.B. Sigler, Structural determinants for activation of the α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 369, 621–628 (1994)
A. Checa, A new model for periostracum and shell formation in Unionidae (Bivalvia, Mollusca). Tissue Cell 32, 405–416 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1054/tice.2000.0129
F.-H. Chang, H. Bourne, Cholera toxin induces cAMP-independent degradation of Gs. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5352–5357 (1989)
L. Hessle et al., Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 are central antagonistic regulators of bone mineralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99, 9445–9449 (2002)
J. Guicheux et al., Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase by BMP-2 and their implication in the stimulation of osteoblastic cell differentiation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18, 2060–2068 (2003)
J. Sondek, A. Bohm, D. Lambright, H. Hamm, P. Sigler, Crystal structure of a G-protein bg dimer at 2.1 AĘ resolution. Nature 379 (1996)
A. Ito, T. Satoh, Y. Kaziro, H. Itoh, G protein βγ subunit activates Ras, Raf, and MAP kinase in HEK 293 cells. FEBS Lett. 368, 183–187 (1995)
T. Ivanina, Y. Blumenstein, E. Shistik, R. Barzilai, N. Dascal, Modulation of L-type Ca2+ channels by Gβγ and calmodulin via interactions with N and C termini of α1C. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39846–39854 (2000)
M. Kondo, In vitro effect of chlorpromazine on the mineralization of tooth germ in mice--comparison with that of retinoic acid and HEBP. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 97, 85–95 (1991)
M. Zhao, M. He, X. Huang, Q. Wang, A homeodomain transcription factor gene, PfMSX, activates expression of Pif gene in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. PLoS One 9, e103830 (2014)
W. Herr et al., The POU domain: a large conserved region in the mammalian pit-1, oct-1, oct-2 and Caenorhabditis elegans unc-86 gene products. Genes Dev. 2, 1513–1516 (1988)
D.A. Gold, R.D. Gates, D.K. Jacobs, The early expansion and evolutionary dynamics of POU class genes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 31, 3136–3147 (2014)
D. Tantin, Oct transcription factors in development and stem cells: insights and mechanisms. Development 140, 2857–2866 (2013)
B. Andersen, M.G. Rosenfeld, POU domain factors in the neuroendocrine system: lessons from developmental biology provide insights into human disease. Endocr. Rev. 22, 2–35 (2001)
S. Raft, T.M. Coate, M.W. Kelley, E.B. Crenshaw III, D.K. Wu, Pou3f4-mediated regulation of ephrin-B2 controls temporal bone development in the mouse. PLoS One 9, e109043 (2014)
J.D. Klemm, M.A. Rould, R. Aurora, W. Herr, C.O. Pabo, Crystal structure of the Oct-1 POU domain bound to an octamer site: DNA recognition with tethered DNA-binding modules. Cell 77, 21–32 (1994)
W. Herr, M.A. Cleary, The POU domain: versatility in transcriptional regulation by a flexible two-in-one DNA-binding domain. Genes Dev. 9, 1679–1693 (1995)
T. Curran, B.R. Franza, Fos and Jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 55, 395–397 (1988)
J. Hess, P. Angel, M. Schorpp-Kistner, AP-1 subunits: quarrel and harmony among siblings. J. Cell Sci. 117, 5965–5973 (2004)
J.-P. David, K. Sabapathy, O. Hoffmann, M.H. Idarraga, E.F. Wagner, JNK1 modulates osteoclastogenesis through both c-Jun phosphorylation-dependent and-independent mechanisms. J. Cell Sci. 115, 4317–4325 (2002)
Y.-H. Zhang, A. Heulsmann, M.M. Tondravi, A. Mukherjee, Y. Abu-Amer, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via coupling of TNF type 1 receptor and RANK signaling pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 563–568 (2001)
L. Bakiri et al., Role of heterodimerization of c-Fos and Fra1 proteins in osteoclast differentiation. Bone 40, 867–875 (2007)
T. Miyashita, A. Takami, R. Takagi, Molecular cloning and characterization of the 5′-flanking regulatory region of the carbonic anhydrase nacrein gene of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and its expression. Biochem. Genet. 50, 673–683 (2012)
X. Zhao et al., Identification of genes potentially related to biomineralization and immunity by transcriptome analysis of pearl sac in pearl oyster Pinctada martensii. Mar. Biotechnol. 14, 730–739 (2012)
S. Gordon, G. Akopyan, H. Garban, B. Bonavida, Transcription factor YY1: structure, function, and therapeutic implications in cancer biology. Oncogene 25, 1125 (2006)
Z. Deng, P. Cao, M.M. Wan, G. Sui, Yin Yang 1: a multifaceted protein beyond a transcription factor. Transcription 1, 81–84 (2010)
F.B. Riquet et al., YY1 is a positive regulator of transcription of theCol1a1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 38665–38672 (2001)
T. Aoyama et al., Histone modifiers, YY1 and p300, regulate the expression of cartilage-specific gene, chondromodulin-I, in mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 29842–29850 (2010)
H.M. Jeong, Y.H. Choi, S.H. Lee, K.Y. Lee, YY1 represses the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in C2C12 cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 383, 103–110 (2014)
M. Yao, G. Niu, Z. Sheng, Z. Wang, J. Fei, Identification of a smad4/yy1-recognizedand bmp2-responsive transcriptional regulatorymodule in the promoter of mouse gaba transporter subtype i (gat1) gene. J. Neurosci. 30, 4062–4071 (2010)
F. Romeo et al., Negative transcriptional regulation of the human periostin gene by YingYang-1 transcription factor. Gene 487, 129–134 (2011)
J.T. Kadonaga, K.R. Carner, F.R. Masiarz, R. Tjian, Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell 51, 1079–1090 (1987)
S.M. Bell et al., Sp8 is crucial for limb outgrowth and neuropore closure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 12195–12200 (2003)
N.D. Schaeper, N.-M. Prpic, E.A. Wimmer, A conserved function of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp8/9 in allometric appendage growth in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dev. Genes Evol. 219, 427 (2009)
T. Takeuchi, I. Sarashina, M. Iijima, K. Endo, In vitro regulation of CaCO 3 crystal polymorphism by the highly acidic molluscan shell protein Aspein. FEBS Lett. 582, 591–596 (2008)
T. Samata et al., A new matrix protein family related to the nacreous layer formation of Pinctada fucata. FEBS Lett. 462, 225–229 (1999)
M. Suzuki et al., An acidic matrix protein, Pif, is a key macromolecule for nacre formation. Science 325, 1388–1390 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173793
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Supplementary Table 6.1
Supplementary Table 6.1
Chapter | Primer name | Primer sequence |
---|---|---|
6.3.2 | 5′-GSP1 | TTATGGGGGTGGGGGTCGTATGGTGTGT |
5′-GSP2 | TCTTCTCATTTGTGCTGCTCTCC | |
3′-GSP | GCTAAAGGTGGAGATGAGGTGTT | |
sense | AACAACACTGGAAAGCCCAGACT | |
antisense | ATGCCATTGAGATGAGGGGGAAT | |
RT-FP | AGCAGCACAAATGAGAAGAA | |
RT-RP | TCCCAAATAGTATCACCAGAGC | |
6.3.3 | 5RP | CCGACAAAGGTGCGTAGGTGATGTGATT |
3RP | CCTGGAGAAGAAGATTGGGTGG | |
FLGSPF | GGCACAATTTAGGTGGAACGATCA | |
FLGSPR | GCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCATC | |
EPF | CCGGAATTCGGATGGCAGTCAATAGTAAAG | |
EPR | CCGCTCGAGCTATCAGGTATTGTCTAACGGTG | |
RTGSPF | AAGCAGTAGTAATCCTGGTAG | |
RTGSPR | GTGTATTCGTCTTGTTCCCT | |
6.3.4 | Nacrein-F | GGGGTACCTGAGTATCGACGAGAAACGCTTA |
Nacrein-R | CCCAAGCTTCAGTCAAATGAAGATACATCACC | |
Rel-exp-F | GCGAGCGAGCGGTGACTTA | |
Rel-exp-R | GCACAGGCGCACACATACG | |
Sense-Rel | CATCCCCGGGGAGAGCAGCAC | |
Antisense-Rel | GTGCTGCTCTCCCCGGGATG | |
Nacrein-RT-F | GGCTTTGGCGACGAACCGGA | |
Nacrein-RT-R | ACACGGGGGAGTGGTCAGGG | |
Rel-RT-F | CTCGAGTGAAAGCTTCAACA | |
Rel-RT-R | CGAGCTATACGAGCACGCAGC | |
actin-RT-F | CTCCTCACTGAAGCCCCCCTCA | |
actin-RT-R | ATGGCTGGAATAGGGATTCTGG | |
KBWTL-5 | GATCACTGCAACAGGGTCTGGTTGGAGATCCCCTCCCTTCTTGTAAGA | |
AGTTGAGGGGACTTTCCCAGGC | ||
6.4.2.1 | AR1 | GGSACDGGVTCCTGGACNCAG |
AR2 | GAGCCATGTAACGTTTGGTTCC | |
AR5R2 | CTTTGGAGATAATCATATAATGACCCG | |
AR3R1 | TTGTTACGTCACGACTCGATCCTGGG | |
AR3R2 | CGGAAAGTGGAAAAATAGATTACGG | |
ALR-cf1 | TATCAACGCAGAGTACGCGGGGAG | |
ALR-cf2 | CTGAGCTTCAAATTCAGTACCGTGG | |
AR3 | CGAGGTGTAGGGTGTTTTGTGTTC | |
AR4 | TAGGTTTTCCTGGCTCTCTTGTCG | |
SB1 | TATTGAAGCACCAGTGTTGCCTCC | |
SB2 | TCTAAAGGTGGGCTTGGTGAAACG | |
RTREL1 | AGCAGCACAAATGAGAAGAA | |
RTREL2 | TCCCAAATAGTATCACCAGAGC | |
RTIPF | AAGCAGTAGTAATCCTGGTAG | |
RTIPR | GTGTATTCGTCTTGTTCCCT | |
6.4.2.2 | BMPR1B-GSP1 | TACAGTAATCCTCGTCATCACAGCAC |
BMPR1B-NGSP1 | GAAGTTGTTGTATTGCTGATCTGGGATTAGC | |
BAMBI-GSP1 | GCAATAGGGCCTCCATAAACTGTCAACC | |
BAMBI-NGSP1 | TCCATAAACTGTCAACCCCCTCGTCCC | |
RT-PfACTIN-F | TACCGCCGCGTCATCATCAT | |
RT-PfACTIN-R | TGCCTCGGGACATCTGAACC | |
RT-PfBAMBI-F | ACTGTACAAGGAAGGCGTGTCAC | |
RT-PfBAMBI-R | GAGCTGGCATTTGTTTGGACGTG | |
RT-PfBMPR1B-F | GCACATAACACACGGCAAGGAAC | |
RT-PfBMPR1B-R | TCTGCTTGTCGGTAGGCTTCAAA | |
RT-KRMP-F | GAATGAAGTTCGCCGCTGTT | |
RT-KRMP-R | TTCCAATCCCARGGRTGACA | |
RT-PRISMALIN14-F | AAAGAAATACTTAACTGGTGCTA | |
RT-PRISMALIN14-R | CATGAGCAGCCCGGGTC | |
RT-PIF-F | TGCTGCCATCACGTGAGTATG | |
RT-PIF-R | GACTTCCCTTTCTCACACTTCCA | |
RT-MSI60-F | GAACAATGACTGGAATGACA | |
RT-MSI60-R | GGAAAGGTATCCAATAACAAC | |
ISH-BAMBI-F | GAGAAGAGGTGCTACTGC | |
ISH-BAMBI-R | GCTGGATTCTGCTTCTCG | |
ISH-BMPR1B-F | GAGTGCTGTGATGACGAGGATTAC | |
ISH-BMPR1B-R | TTGATTCACTTATATATCGCACTGC | |
RNAi-BAMBI-F | GCGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGATGCGATGTTGTAAAGAGGA | |
RNAi-BAMBI-R | GCGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGATTTCACGACGGATTTGTAT | |
RNAi-BMPR1B-F | GCGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACTGGCGACTCAATGTCTCAA | |
RNAi-BMPR1B-R | GCGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACTGGCATTGGTGTTGTTGAC | |
BAMBI-EcoRI | CGGAATTCATGGAGGCCCTATTGCTTC | |
BAMBI-PstI | AACTGCAGCTATACAGAAGCCACCAAGTC | |
BMPR1B-EcoRI | CGGAATTCATGGCAGACCTCTGCTGG | |
BMPR1B-PstI | AACTGCAGCTAGCTTTCTCCGGGTTTTATGAC | |
BMPR1B-BamHI | CGGGATCCCTAGCTTTCTCCGGGTTTTATGAC | |
SMAD1/5/8-ClaI | CCATCGATATGAGTTCACCCATCTCC | |
SMAD1/5/8-BamHI | CGGGATCCTCATGATACAGATGAAATTGGG | |
BMP2-ClaI | CCATCGATATGATTTACGGATTTGGACATTACC | |
BMP2-BamHI | CGGGATCCCTACCGACATCCGCATCC | |
SMAD4-EcoRI | CGGAATTCATGTTTCGGTCTAAAAGATCTACCCTC | |
SMAD4-BamHI | CGGGATCCTCACCTGTGGACGTTCAATAAAATTTC | |
6.4.4.1 | SD5-1 | GCAAACTCCTGATTGTTAAATATC |
SD5-2 | GCATGAAATGGTTCTCCAACACG | |
SD3-1 | GGTGCTCGATAGCTTACTATGAGC | |
SD3-2 | CAGTCTGCAAAATACCCCCAGG | |
Smad-cf1 | AATCGTCGTTTTGTTCTCTTCTAG | |
Smad-cf2 | CGGTATCAGTCAATATCACACAG | |
SB1 | TATTGAAGCACCAGTGTTGCCTCC | |
SB2 | TCTAAAGGTGGGCTTGGTGAAACG | |
SI1 | TTCCCCATTTACTCCACCCATC | |
SI2 | GCAACACTGGTGCTTCAATACGA | |
Pf-engrailed-ES1 | CGGCATTCTCTAACGATCAGC | |
Pf-engrailed-ES2 | CCATGAGATGTAACGCTAACAAG | |
Pf-Smad3-SB1 | TTCCCCATTTACTCCACCCATC | |
Pf-Smad3-SB2 | TCGTATTGAAGCACCAGTGTTGC | |
Pf-BMP2-BMP2F | GCGGTCGAAGAACTAAAA | |
Pf-BMP2-BMP2R | ATCCGCATCCTTCAACAA | |
6.5 | BCAT-3F1 | CGAGGAATGAAGGGGTTGC |
BCAT-3F2 | TCACGGTAGTCAGGGAAGCAT | |
BCAT-5R1 | GGGTGGAGGGGATGGGTAC | |
BCAT-5R2 | CGGCGTGTATGCCTGTTCT | |
BCAT-5 | ACAAATAAGGAACCACCAAGATG | |
BCAT-3 | CATGGTTACAGAAGTGGAATATCC | |
DVL-3F1 | CCCCTCAGCCTGGGTAGCA | |
DVL-3F2 | GAAAGACTCCGCTGAAACTCC | |
DVL-5R1 | CCAGCACTTGGCAACGACT | |
DVL-5R2 | TGATGTGCGGTTTGTGGTGT | |
DVL-5 | AATCGGACGCCATTTTACATCA | |
DVL-3 | TTGCGGTACTGCGTTGAGGT | |
TCF-3F1 | GGGAATCCACCAGAAGACAAA | |
TCF-3F2 | AAAGAAGTGCGAGCCCAAGT | |
TCF-5R1 | TGGGCTCGCACTTCTTTCAT | |
TCF-5R2 | ACATCAAGCCTGGGTGGG | |
TCF-5 | TTGTTTTTAACTTTGACAATGCCG | |
TCF-3 | AATGTCTACTACCGTTGCCATGTTC | |
BCAT-F | AACCATTCTACAAGCAGGCGATA | |
BCAT-R | TCCCTCAGTGGTGCGTGGTTAG | |
DVL-F | TATTAGCAGGGCTTCGTCATTCA | |
DVL-R | CCCGTCTCCTCCTTTGTTACTCT | |
TCF-F | TGAAGGCGAGGAAGAGCAGA | |
TCF-R | CCCAAGGGAGAAGATCCATTAGG | |
actin-F | CTCCTCACTGAAGCCCCCCTCA | |
actin-R | ATGGCTGGAATAGGGATTCTGG | |
18S-F | AGGACCTCGGTTCTATTTTGTTGG | |
18S-R | TTTCACCTCTAACACCGCAATACC | |
6.6.2 | 5AGSP1 | GTACA GGGGGATTCAGTGTGCTCATGG |
3AGSP2 | CATGAGCACACTGAATCCCCCTGTACC | |
AeF | CGCGGATCCATGGGATGTTTTAAGCCTAAGGGAG | |
AeR | CCGCTCGAGCTATCACAGAAGCTCGTATTGTCGCAG | |
6.6.3 | GSP3 | CCTGTAAATGCTGTCGTCTGCTGACCT |
6.7.2 | POU3-3F1 | GCCATCCGCCCAAGAAAT |
POU3-3F2 | ACCAAATGGAGAACTGCTGATG | |
POU3-5R1 | CCTGTGGTCGAGTCCGCTTCTTCAA | |
POU3-5R2 | CCAGGAATCACCGCCCGTAATCG | |
POU3F4-5 | AATAAGCCAGGACCAAGTAAAGG | |
POU3F4-3 | CATTCCCAACACCTTACTTTCTG | |
AS-1F | GGGATAGCCATTCTTATGTGTCT | |
AS-1R1 | AGCATCACTGGGCTCCGATA | |
AS-1R2 | ACTACAGCACCAGCGGCAG | |
P14-1F | GGGACACAGTCCCAAAGAAATAC | |
P14-1R1 | AACAAACATGAGCAGCCCG | |
P14-1R2 | GATTCGCTGGATTCCGCTA | |
AS-GWR1 | TGACATCAGAAACGAATAAACAGGA | |
AS-GWR2 | TATCAGCATTTCCTTGAGCAGCCAT | |
AS-GWR3 | ACAATACCAAACAAACGAAATCACT | |
AS-GWR4 | GTCCGTTACCGAAAGCGAAAGA | |
AS-GWR5 | TAACTGACAAGGATCGGGCTAG | |
AS-GWR6 | CTAGAGCGTGCTTTGTGGAACT | |
ASP-F | TCGGATGCCCTGTAGAGT | |
ASP-R | AATCACTTACAAGTAACGCTTA | |
P14-GWR1 | CACAAGCAGCTAAGGCAAGGA | |
P14-GWR2 | GAATGGAAATGTAGCACCTGTTGAT | |
P14-GWR3 | GCTTGCCGAAAATCTTTTACGA | |
P14P-F | AAGGCTTCTGCGGGGTTT | |
P14P-R | TCGAACTCCGGTGCCAGAG | |
POU2F1-F | CTCCGATTTCCGCCCCTC | |
POU2F1-R | GCTAGAATGATTTGTCCGTTAGTCG | |
POU3F4-F | AGATGTGGGACTTGCTTTGGG | |
POU3F4-R | TTCTTTCGCTTTCTACCTTGTGC | |
AS-F | GAAGGGGATAGCCATTCTTATGTG | |
AS-R | GCATCACTGGGCTCCGATACTA | |
P14-F | CTATTTCCCGCGTTTCTCCTATC | |
P14-R | TCCTCCGTAACCACCGTTAAATC | |
actin-F | CTCCTCACTGAAGCCCCCCTCA | |
actin-R | ATGGCTGGAATAGGGATTCTGG | |
18S-F | AGGACCTCGGTTCTATTTTGTTGG | |
18S-R | TTTCACCTCTAACACCGCAATACC | |
dsPOU3F4- 1F | GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGTTGGCGGA CCCTACTCA | |
dsPOU3F4- 1R | CTTCTTTCGCTTTCTACCTT | |
dsPOU3F4- 2F | TTGGCGGACCCTACTCA | |
dsPOU3F4- 2R | GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGCTTCTTTCG CTTTCTACCTT | |
dsGFP-1F | GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGATGGTGAG CAAGGGCGA | |
dsGFP-1R | ACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATG | |
dsGFP-2F | ATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGA | |
dsGFP-2R | GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGACTTGTAC AGCTCGTCCATG | |
P14B1F | GTCAAAATTGCAAATTTAATTAGATTCAAAAAC GCACGG | |
P14B1R | CCGTGCGTTTTTGAATCTAATTAAATTTGCAATT TTGAC | |
P14B1WTF | GTCAAAATTGCAAATGGAAGGAGAGGCAAAA ACGCACGG | |
P14B1WTR | CCGTGCGTTTTTGCCTCTCCTTCCATTTGCAATT TTGAC | |
P14B2F | GATTAGACTATAATTAATTTTAATTATTCTGTGCA ATAT | |
P14B2R | ATATTGCACAGAATAATTAAAATTAATTATAGTC TAATC | |
P14B2WTF | GATTAGACTATGGTTGGTTTTAATGGTTCTGTGC AATAT | |
P14B2WTR | ATATTGCACAGAACCATTAAAACCAACCATAGT CTAATC | |
ASB1F | TTGTCAGTTATTAAAATACCTATAACGTATTTTA ATCACAATA | |
ASB1R | TATTGTGATTAAAATACGTTATAGGTATTTTAATA ACTGACAA | |
ASB2F | TTAATCACAATATGTATGCATGATTGTTCAAAAA ATTGTGATG | |
ASB2R | CATCACAATTTTTTGAACAATCATGCATACATAT TGTGATTAA | |
ASB3F | AAAATTGTGATGTTTCCATAAATTATAGGTACTG AACCTCAAT | |
ASB3R | ATTGAGGTTCAGTACCTATAATTTATGGAAACAT CACAATTTT | |
P14B1F | GTCAAAATTGCAAATTTAATTAGATTCAAAAAC GCACGG | |
P14B1R | CCGTGCGTTTTTGAATCTAATTAAATTTGCAATT TTGAC | |
P14B1WTF | GTCAAAATTGCAAATGGAAGGAGAGGCAAAA ACGCACGG | |
P14B1WTR | CCGTGCGTTTTTGCCTCTCCTTCCATTTGCAATT TTGAC | |
P14B2F | GATTAGACTATAATTAATTTTAATTATTCTGTGCA ATAT | |
P14B2R | ATATTGCACAGAATAATTAAAATTAATTATAGTC TAATC | |
P14B2WTF | GATTAGACTATGGTTGGTTTTAATGGTTCTGTGC AATAT | |
P14B2WTR | ATATTGCACAGAACCATTAAAACCAACCATAGT CTAATC | |
ASB1F | TTGTCAGTTATTAAAATACCTATAACGTATTTTA ATCACAATA | |
ASB1R | TATTGTGATTAAAATACGTTATAGGTATTTTAATA ACTGACAA | |
ASB2F | TTAATCACAATATGTATGCATGATTGTTCAAAAA ATTGTGATG | |
ASB2R | CATCACAATTTTTTGAACAATCATGCATACATAT TGTGATTAA | |
ASB3F | AAAATTGTGATGTTTCCATAAATTATAGGTACTG AACCTCAAT | |
ASB3R | ATTGAGGTTCAGTACCTATAATTTATGGAAACAT CACAATTTT | |
6.7.3 | c-Jun186-f | TCTCCKCACGTKGGKCTKCTCAARC |
c-Jun873-f | CAAGTAGCWGAGCTCAARCARAAAG | |
c-Jun35-r | TCATCGTAGAAAGTAGTTTCCAT | |
c-Jun489-r | GAGTGATGAAATGACGAGTTAGAATCATC | |
c-Jun1152-f | AATGGCAATATTATGTCTCTTGTTAGCAC | |
cjun-qf | CGGTGGCAAAACAAAACAGC | |
cjun-qr | TGGGGCACGGGTAAAACTT | |
6.7.4 | yy10-f | GGCGACACCCTCTACATTGCC |
yy95-f | CGACAGAAATCAAACATGGCGTC | |
yy1391-r | CCTCGTATGTGTATCCTATTAACATGGC | |
yy833-3f | TAGCAGAATTTGCTAGTCTCCAGCC | |
yy1098-3f | TTTTCAGTGTACGTTTGAGGGATGC | |
yy1251-3f | TATACTGACACATGCAAAAGCAAATAGC | |
yy776-5r | AATTCCCCCTGGGGGAAGTTTTTTCC | |
yy545-5r | CTCCCAAAGTTCCAGCCCCGAGAAG | |
yy238-5r | TGGAAGCGGTTGTAACGCTATCATAGGTTG | |
yy92-5r | CGACGCCATGTTTGATTTCTGTCGAAG | |
yy-confirmf | AGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAG | |
yy-confirmr | CCGATTCCCAAAACAGAGTAA | |
yy-ef | CCATCGATATGGCGTCGGTTATCGGTTC | |
yy-er | AACCTCGAGCTATGACTCCTCGTATGTGTATCCTATTAAC | |
yy-sf | ATCCCAAACAGTTAGCAGA | |
yy-sr | CTTACCGCATCCCTCAA | |
β-actin-qf | CTCCTCACTGAAGCCCCCCTCA | |
β-actin-qr | ATGGCTGGAATAGGGATTCTGG | |
yyqf | AGAGGAAGATGCGTCAGTTTCAG | |
yyqr | GTTTGGGATCACTAAGGTCAAGG | |
P39-qf | CTGGAATGAGAGGATATG | |
P39-qr | TGCTGCTGTAATAACTATA | |
ACCBP-qf | GACATGGAACAAAGATGGTGGA | |
ACCBP-qr | CTGTGGCTGGAATGGTTGG | |
Pif-qf | TGCTGCCATCACGTGAGTATG | |
Pif-qr | GACTTCCCTTTCTCACACTTCCA | |
Aspein-qf | TGATAGTGAAGACGATGA | |
Aspein-qr | TGTCATCATCATCATCATC | |
6.7.5 | sp157-3f | CTAGCCGCTCAATGTAACAAGATC |
sp1311-3f | TACSTGGCAGACCATCCAGCT | |
sp1324-3r | TGGATGGTCTGCCASGTAACTTG | |
sp1318-3r | CASGTAACTTGGCCATTWGGRCC | |
sp180-5r | GATCTTGTTACATTGAGCGGCTAGCATTG | |
sp1705-5r | CATTGAGCGGCTAGCATTGCTAATGG | |
sp-85r | AAGGATGGAACCCCTTCCCTACA | |
sp-43r | GCGGGCTTTTGTTTGTGATCTTG | |
spqf | CTCACGGCATCAAGTCTGAAAT | |
spqr | CGGACTGCTGAACGGGTAAT | |
Pif-qf | TGCTGCCATCACGTGAGTATG | |
Pif-qr | GACTTCCCTTTCTCACACTTCCA | |
aspein-qf | TGATAGTGAAGACGATGA | |
aspein-qr | TGTCATCATCATCATCATC | |
Pearlin-qf | TACTCATACTGCTGGATA | |
Pearlin-qr | TATCATCATCGGTGTAAC | |
KRMP-ef1 | AAAGGTACCGTACATTTTTGACATATTTTTCACACTCTTTG | |
KRMP-er1 | AACCTCGAGTCTGAACCTGTAGAAAAATATTATTCATTAGATTC | |
pearlin-ef | AAAGGTACCAAAATTACTGTGTCCAAAGG | |
pearlin-er | AAACTCGAGAGACAAAAGATATTTCTCTTTAACC | |
p39-ef | AAAGGTACCCCGTACTTCATCATTGTAGCTCCG | |
p39-er | AACCTCGAGGACAATTTTGTAACCTGAAACAAAG | |
spef | AAAGGTACCATGCTAGCCGCTCAATGTAACAAGA | |
sper | GGATCGATTCACTTCATAGCACGGTTATCCCTG |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, R., Xie, L., Yan, Z. (2019). Molecular Regulation Mechanism of Biomineralization of Pinctada fucata . In: Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1458-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1459-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)