Energy System Design Incorporating Socio-Technical Regimes and Sustainability in Japan: Energy Use, Knowledge, and Choice in a Liberalizing Energy Market

Abstract

This research explores energy system design—assessing probable and desirable energy scenarios based on user choice and future system participation preferences as identified in a recent survey across Japan. Scenarios are assessed from a sustainability viewpoint to clarify their economic, environmental, and social effectiveness in a quantitative manner. Conclusions identify that user choices about the energy mix and participation in the energy market can impact energy system and sustainability outcomes significantly. Further, scenario evaluations identify that sustainability and policy effectiveness are not necessarily mutually exclusive. However, technological decisions require redress in order that the future energy system can deliver desirable properties such as low cost and environmentally sound energy in an inclusive manner while contributing to Japan’s energy policy goals such as an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions target for 2050. Incorporating household level stakeholder engagement under the auspices of user choice and participation has significant, positive ramifications for the future energy system, particularly for technology innovation and future deployment. An early understanding of energy system influencing trends, as explored in this research, will serve as an enabler for policy energy system design for governments and energy system policymakers.