Skip to main content

Acupuncture Elicits Neuroprotective Effect by Ameliorating Cognitive Deficits

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Experimental Acupuncturology
  • 410 Accesses

Abstract

Dementia is a global epidemic, with the number of people with dementia steadily increasing worldwide each year. New therapeutic strategies are needed to treat cognitive impairment, to mitigate the growing demands this syndrome is placing on health and long-term care providers as the world’s population ages. Increasing scientific evidence indicates that acupuncture may be a clinically effective intervention for people with cognitive impairment. In this study, we describe how acupuncture shows significant neuroprotective activity in the hippocampus of rodent models with impaired learning and memory ability. The evidence suggests that acupuncture may improve cognitive function in neurodegenerative diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen G, Barnard H, McColl R, Hester AL, Fields JA, Weiner MF, Ringe WK, Lipton AM, Brooker M, McDonald E, et al. Reduced hippocampal functional connectivity in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:1482–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brummelte S, Galea LA. Chronic high corticosterone reduces neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult male and female rats. Neuroscience. 2010;168:680–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RE. The relative selectivity of anticholinergic drugs for the M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes. Mov Disord. 1986;1:135–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussell J. The effect of acupuncture on working memory and anxiety. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2013;6:241–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield DA, Poon HF. The senescence-accelerated prone mouse (SAMP8): a model of age-related cognitive decline with relevance to alterations of the gene expression and protein abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol. 2005;40:774–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng H, Yu J, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Liu C, Peng Y, Chen F, Qu Y, Jia Y, Tian Q, et al. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficits and regulates the brain cell proliferation of SAMP8 mice. Neurosci Lett. 2008;432:111–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunnane S, Nugent S, Roy M, Courchesne-Loyer A, Croteau E, Tremblay S, Castellano A, Pifferi F, Bocti C, Paquet N, et al. Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrition. 2011;27:3–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Marco M, Shanks MF, Venneri A. Cognitive stimulation: the evidence base for its application in neurodegenerative disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11:469–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding X, Yu J, Yu T, Fu Y, Han J. Acupuncture regulates the aging-related changes in gene profile expression of the hippocampus in senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP10). Neurosci Lett. 2006;399:11–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du Y, Liu R, Sun G, Meng P, Song J. Pre-moxibustion and moxibustion prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regen Res. 2013;8:2811–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elgh E, Lindqvist Astot A, Fagerlund M, Eriksson S, Olsson T, Nasman B. Cognitive dysfunction, hippocampal atrophy and glucocorticoid feedback in Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:155–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elvander E, Schott PA, Sandin J, Bjelke B, Kehr J, Yoshitake T, Ogren SO. Intraseptal muscarinic ligands and galanin: influence on hippocampal acetylcholine and cognition. Neuroscience. 2004;126:541–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Ford PJ, Bilgic B, Uc EY. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson’s disease: practical issues and management. Mov Disord. 2014;29:663–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang J, Jin Z, Wang Y, Li K, Kong J, Nixon EE, Zeng Y, Ren Y, Tong H, Wang P, Hui KK. The salient characteristics of the central effects of acupuncture needling: limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30:1196–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Y, Bai L, Ren Y, Chen S, Wang H, Zhang W, Tian J. FMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effects on the whole brain network in mild cognitive impairment patients. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30:672–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flood JF, Morley JE. Learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998;22:1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu Y, Yu JC, Ding XR, Han J. Effects of acupuncture on expressions of the transcription factors NF-E2, YB-1, LRG47 in the SAMP10 mice. J Tradit Chin Med. 2009;29:54–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamer M. Validity of the concealed information test in realistic mock crime scenarios: comment on Bradley, Malik, and Cullen. Percept Mot Skills. 2012;115:427–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geloso MC, Corvino V, Michetti F. Trimethyltin-induced hippocampal degeneration as a tool to investigate neurodegenerative processes. Neurochem Int. 2011;58:729–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goh YL, Ho CE, Zhao B. Acupuncture and depth: future direction for acupuncture research. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:871217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo HD, Tian JX, Zhu J, Li L, Sun K, Shao SJ, Cui GH. Electroacupuncture suppressed neuronal apoptosis and improved cognitive impairment in the AD model rats possibly via downregulation of notch signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:393569.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Yan T, Chen R, Ran D. Acute effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP) of perforant path-dentate gyrus granule cells synapse related to memory. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2012;37:89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho TJ, Chan TM, Ho LI, Lai CY, Lin CH, Macdonald I, Harn HJ, Lin JG, Lin SZ, Chen YH. The possible role of stem cells in acupuncture treatment for neurodegenerative diseases: a literature review of basic studies. Cell Transplant. 2014;23:559–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horr T, Messinger-Rapport B, Pillai JA. Systematic review of strengths and limitations of randomized controlled trials for non-pharmacological interventions in mild cognitive impairment: focus on Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19:141–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh C. Acupuncture as treatment for nervous system diseases. Biomedicine. 2012;2:51–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iadecola C. The pathobiology of vascular dementia. Neuron. 2013;80:844–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jameison K, Dinan TG. Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: from physiology to pathophysiology. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:293–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Gao K, Zhou Y, Xu A, Shi S, Liu G, Li Z. Electroacupuncture treatment improves learning-memory ability and brain glucose metabolism in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: using Morris water maze and micro-PET. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:142129.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jung EY, Lee MS, Ahn CJ, Cho SH, Bae H, Shim I. The neuroprotective effect of gugijihwang-tang on trimethyltin-induced memory dysfunction in the rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:542081.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Yang M, Kim SH, Kim JC, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Possible role of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70356.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoth R, Singec I, Ditter M, Pantazis G, Capetian P, Meyer RP, Horvat V, Volk B, Kempermann G. Murine features of neurogenesis in the human hippocampus across the lifespan from 0 to 100 years. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreyberg S, Torvik A, Bjorneboe A, Wiik-Larsen W, Jacobsen D. Trimethyltin poisoning: report of a case with postmortem examination. Clin Neuropathol. 1992;11:256–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok T, Leung PC, Wing YK, Ip I, Wong B, Ho DW, Wong WM, Ho F. The effectiveness of acupuncture on the sleep quality of elderly with dementia: a within-subjects trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:923–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzi W, Corvino V, Di Maria V, Michetti F, Geloso MC. Gene expression profiling as a tool to investigate the molecular machinery activated during hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by trimethyltin (TMT) administration. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:16817–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lautenschlager NT, Anstey KJ, Kurz AF. Non-pharmacological strategies to delay cognitive decline. Maturitas. 2014;79:170–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Shim I, Lee HJ, Yang Y, Hahm DH. Effects of acupuncture on chronic corticosterone-induced depression-like behavior and expression of neuropeptide Y in the rats. Neurosci Lett. 2009;453:151–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Sur BJ, Kwon S, Jung E, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Acupuncture stimulation alleviates corticosterone-induced impairments of spatial memory and cholinergic neurons in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:670536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Sur B, Shim J, Hahm DH, Lee H. Acupuncture stimulation improves scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment via activation of cholinergic system and regulation of BDNF and CREB expressions in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leuner B, Kozorovitskiy Y, Gross CG, Gould E. Diminished adult neurogenesis in the marmoset brain precedes old age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:17169–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leys D, Henon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:752–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Liang JM, Li PW, Yao X, Pei PZ, Li W, He QH, Yang X, Chan QC, Cheung PY, et al. Physiology and cell biology of acupuncture observed in calcium signaling activated by acoustic shear wave. Pflugers Arch. 2011;462:587–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Zhang X, Cheng H, Shang X, Xie H, Yu J, Han J. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficits and increases neuron density of the hippocampus in middle-aged SAMP8 mice. Acupunct Med. 2012a;30:339–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Chen Z, Liang F, Wu S, Wang H. The influence of PC6 on cardiovascular disorders: a review of central neural mechanisms. Acupunct Med. 2012b;30:47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li F, Yan CQ, Lin LT, Li H, Zeng XH, Liu Y, Du SQ, Zhu W, Liu CZ. Acupuncture attenuates cognitive deficits and increases pyramidal neuron number in hippocampal CA1 area of vascular dementia rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015a;15:133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li QQ, Shi GX, Yang JW, Li ZX, Zhang ZH, He T, Wang J, Liu LY, Liu CZ. Hippocampal cAMP/PKA/CREB is required for neuroprotective effect of acupuncture. Physiol Behav. 2015b;139:482–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang P, Wang Z, Qian T, Li K. Acupuncture stimulation of Taichong (Liv3) and Hegu (LI4) modulates the default mode network activity in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014;29:739–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JG, Chen WL. Acupuncture analgesia: a review of its mechanisms of actions. Am J Chin Med. 2008;36:635–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YW, Hsieh CL. Electroacupuncture at Baihui acupoint (GV20) reverses behavior deficit and long-term potentiation through N-methyl-d-aspartate and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 receptors in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. J Integr Neurosci. 2010;9:269–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lista S, Garaci FG, Ewers M, Teipel S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hampel H. CSF Abeta1-42 combined with neuroimaging biomarkers in the early detection, diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:381–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luine V. Recognition memory tasks in neuroendocrine research. Behav Brain Res. 2015;285:158–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;583:174–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mignini F, Nasuti C, Artico M, Giovannetti F, Fabrizi C, Fumagalli L, Iannetti G, Pompili E. Effects of trimethyltin on hippocampal dopaminergic markers and cognitive behaviour. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25:1107–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nie K, Yu JC, Fu Y, Cheng HY, Chen FY, Qu Y, Han JX. Age-related decrease in constructive activation of Akt/PKB in SAMP10 hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;378:103–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi S, Moue M, Tanaka T, Kobayashi S. Translational level of acetylcholine receptor alpha mRNA in mouse skeletal muscle is regulated by YB-1 in response to neural activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;414:647–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park HJ, Shim HS, Choi WK, Kim KS, Bae H, Shim I. Neuroprotective effect of Lucium chinense fruit on Trimethyltin-induced learning and memory deficits in the rats. Exp Neurobiol. 2011;20:137–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park HJ, Lee SY, Shim HS, Kim JS, Kim KS, Shim I. Chronic treatment with squid phosphatidylserine activates glucose uptake and ameliorates TMT-induced cognitive deficit in rats via activation of cholinergic systems. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:601018.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rey C, Reinecke HJ, Besser R. Methyltin intoxication in six men; toxicologic and clinical aspects. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1984;26:121–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi GX, Liu CZ, Li QQ, Zhu H, Wang LP. Influence of acupuncture on cognitive function and markers of oxidative DNA damage in patients with vascular dementia. J Tradit Chin Med. 2012a;32:199–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi GX, Liu CZ, Wang LP, Guan LP, Li SQ. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in vascular dementia patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012b;39:65–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shim HS, Park HJ, Ahn YH, Her S, Han JJ, Hahm DH, Lee H, Shim I. Krill-derived phosphatidylserine improves TMT-induced memory impairment in the rat. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2012;20:207–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder JS, Glover LR, Sanzone KM, Kamhi JF, Cameron HA. The effects of exercise and stress on the survival and maturation of adult-generated granule cells. Hippocampus. 2009;19:898–906.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda T, Hosokawa M, Takeshita S, Irino M, Higuchi K, Matsushita T, Tomita Y, Yasuhira K, Hamamoto H, Shimizu K, et al. A new murine model of accelerated senescence. Mech Ageing Dev. 1981;17:183–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan CC, Yu JT, Wang HF, Tan MS, Meng XF, Wang C, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Tan L. Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41:615–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang X, Yang X, Lai G, Guo J, Xia L, Wu B, Xie Y, Huang M, Chen J, Ruan X, et al. Mechanism underlying hypokalemia induced by trimethyltin chloride: inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in renal intercalated cells. Toxicology. 2010;271:45–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomobe K, Nomura Y. Neurochemistry, neuropathology, and heredity in SAMP8: a mouse model of senescence. Neurochem Res. 2009;34:660–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palmer TD, Gage FH. Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature. 2002;415:1030–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SJ, Omori N, Li F, Zhang WR, Jin G, Hamakawa Y, Sato K, Nagano I, Shoji M, Abe K. Enhanced expression of phospho-Akt by electro-acupuncture in normal rat brain. Neurol Res. 2002;24:719–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Tang C, Lai X. Effects of electroacupuncture on learning, memory and formation system of free radicals in brain tissues of vascular dementia model rats. J Tradit Chin Med. 2004;24:140–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Liu CZ, Yu JC, Jiang W, Han JX. Acupuncture protected cerebral multi-infarction rats from memory impairment by regulating the expression of apoptosis related genes Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus. Physiol Behav. 2009;96:155–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Nie B, Li D, Zhao Z, Han Y, Song H, Xu J, Shan B, Lu J, Li K. Effect of acupuncture in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: a functional MRI study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42730.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SJ, Zhang JJ, Qie LL. Acupuncture relieves the excessive excitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis function and correlates with the regulatory mechanism of GR, CRH, and ACTHR. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014a;2014:495379.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Liang P, Zhao Z, Han Y, Song H, Xu J, Lu J, Li K. Acupuncture modulates resting state hippocampal functional connectivity in Alzheimer disease. PLoS One. 2014b;9:e91160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White A, Ernst E. A brief history of acupuncture. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43:662–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region; World Health Organization; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuppen K, Oesterle D, Lewicka S, Kopitz J, Plaschke K. A subchronic application period of glucocorticoids leads to rat cognitive dysfunction whereas physostigmine induces a mild neuroprotection. J Neural Transm. 2010;117:1055–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu H, Zhao B, Cui Y, Lim MY, Liu P, Han L, Guo H, Lao L. Effects of Moxa smoke on monoamine neurotransmitters in SAMP8 mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:178067.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Wu B, Nie K, Jia Y, Yu J. Effects of acupuncture on declined cerebral blood flow, impaired mitochondrial respiratory function and oxidative stress in multi-infarct dementia rats. Neurochem Int. 2014;65:23–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao K. Acupuncture for the treatment of insomnia. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;111:217–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Shen P, Han Y, Zhang X, Nie K, Cheng H, Kan B, Li G, Yu J, Han J. Effects of acupuncture on glycometabolic enzymes in multi-infarct dementia rats. Neurochem Res. 2011;36:693–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Jia Y, Yan D, Zhou C, Han J, Yu J. Aging-related changes of triose phosphate isomerase in hippocampus of senescence accelerated mouse and the intervention of acupuncture. Neurosci Lett. 2013;542:59–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Sun G, Kong L, Du Y, Shen F, Wang S, Chen B, Zeng X. Acupuncture and moxibustion reduces neuronal edema in Alzheimer’s disease rats. Neural Regen Res. 2014;9:968–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu ZH, Yang R, Fu X, Wang YQ, Wu GC. Astrocyte-conditioned medium protecting hippocampal neurons in primary cultures against corticosterone-induced damages via PI3-K/Akt signal pathway. Brain Res. 2006;1114:1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Wang X, Ye X, Gao C, Wang W. Effects of electroacupuncture on the expression of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6 in the hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia. Neural Regen Res. 2012;7:207–11.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the grants from China Medical University, (CMU103-SR-33) and the National Science Council in Taiwan (NSC 102-2320-B-039-019, MOST 103-2815-C-039-033-B).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jaung-Geng Lin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Liu, HP., Lin, JG. (2018). Acupuncture Elicits Neuroprotective Effect by Ameliorating Cognitive Deficits. In: Lin, JG. (eds) Experimental Acupuncturology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0971-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0971-7_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0970-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0971-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics