Abstract
This chapter first discusses the definition of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and distinguishes it from other dementias. It illustrates how problematic it is to diagnose it precisely, in part because it is often mixed with other types, but also because it can vary among individuals. The chapter next examines the stages of AD and the accompanying symptoms at each stage. It then turns attention to competing theories of the causes of AD and to the range of frameworks for studying it. Although the disease model is predominant in the literature, it is not without controversy. The chapter then summarizes testing possibilities for AD, other forms of cognitive impairment, and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of developing AD. Finally, it presents data on AD prevalence and deaths in the United States and at the global level.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abou-Saleh, M.T., C. Katona and A. Kumar (2011) Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Alonso Vilatela, M.E., M. Lopez-Lopez and P. Yescas-Gomez (2012) “Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Archives of Medical Research 43: e622–e631.
Alzheimer’s Association (2016) Tests for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_steps_to_diagnosis.asp.
Alzheimer’s Association (2017) “Beta-amyloid and the amyloid hypothesis.” https://www.alz.org/documents/national/topicsheet_betaamyloid.pdf.
Alzheimer’s Association (2018) “Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 14 (3): 367–429.
Ardekani, B.A., A. Convit and A.H. Bachman (2016) “Analysis of the MIRIAS data shows sex differences in hippocampal atrophy progression.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 50: 3.
Bartus, R.T., R.L. Dean III, B. Beer and A.S. Lippa (1982) “The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction.” Science 217: 408–14.
Baum, M.L. (2016) “Patient requests for off-label bioprediction of dementia.” Clinical Neuroethics 25 (4): 686–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180116000402.
BCBS (2016) “Corporate medical policy: Genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease.” https://www.bcbsnc.com/assets/services/public/pdfs/medicalpolicy/genetic_testing_for_alzheimers_disease.pdf.
Bernier, P.J., C. Gourdeau, P-H. Carmichael, J-P. Beauchemin et al. (2017) “Validation and diagnostic accuracy of predictive curves for age-associated longitudinal cognitive decline in older adults.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 189: E1472–E1480.
Bowler, J.V. and V. Hachinski, eds. (2003) Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Preventable Dementia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brier, M.R., B. Gordon, K. Friedrichsen, J. McCarthy et al. (2016) “Tau and Ab imaging, CSF measures, and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease.” Science Translational Medicine 3 (338): 338ra66.
Chin, A.L., S. Negash and R. Hamilton (2011) “Diversity and disparity in dementia: The impact of ethnoracial differences in Alzheimer disease.” Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 25 (3): 187–95.
Clarfield, A.M. (2003) “The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: An up-dated meta-analysis.” Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (18): 2219–29
Clark, P.C., N.G. Kutner, F.C. Goldstein, S. Peterson-Hazen et al. (2005) “Impediments to timely diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in African Americans.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53 (11): 2012–17
Francis, P.T., A.M. Palmer, M. Snape and G.K. Wilcock (1999) “The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: A review of progress.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 66: 137–47.
Frisoni, G.B., M. Boccardi, F. Barkhof, K. Blennow et al. (2017) “Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on biomarkers.” The Lancet 16 (8): 661–76.
Fukui, T. (2016) “Disentangling dementia from neuropsychological perspectives.” Japanese Journal of Neuropsychology 32 (3): 229–38.
Genova, L. (2008) “Busting the myth of Alzheimer’s.” http://lisagenova.com/busting-the-myth-of-alzheimers-2/.
Hayden, E.C. (2008) “Alzheimer’s tests under fire.” Nature 455: 30.
Hodgson, L.J. (2011) “Strategizing about Alzheimer’s.” The Gerontologist 51 (6): 876–80.
Howard, R. (2005) “Vascular cognitive impairment: Preventable dementia.” American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (1): 199–200.
Hurd, M.D., P. Martorell, A. Delavande, K.J. Mullen and K.M. Langa (2013) “Monetary costs of dementia in the United States.” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (14): 1326–34.
Innes, A. (2009) Dementia Studies: A Social Science Perspective. London: Sage Publications.
James, B.D., S.E. Leurgans, L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr et al. (2014) “Contribution of Alzheimer’s disease to mortality in the United States.” Neurology 82 (12): 1045–50.
Jaret, P. (2014) “A test for Alzheimer’s disease raises thorny ethical issues.” AARP Bulletin (May). http://www.aarp.org/health/brain-health/info-2014/alzheimers-disease-blood-test.html?intcmp=AE-HEA-RELBOX.
Knapton, S. (2014) “Alzheimer’s disease could be prevented after new blood test breakthrough.” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10951689/Alzheimers-disease-could-be-prevented-after-new-blood-test-breakthrough.html.
Kosik, K.S. and E. Clegg (2010) The Alzheimer’s Solution: How Today’s Care is Failing Millions and How We Can Do Better. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Lab Tests Online (2014) “Blood test shows very preliminary results in predicting Alzheimer disease.” https://labtestsonline.org/news/140326alzheimer/.
Lerner, A.J. (2013) “Amyloid imaging: The court of public opinion.” Neurology 81: 1108–09.
Lin, J.S., E. O’Connor, R. Rossom, L.A. Perdue et al. (2013) “Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: An evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.” Evidence Report No. 107. AHRQ Publication No. 14-05198-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Lines, L.M., N.A. Sherif and J.M. Wiener (2014) Racial and Ethnic Disparities among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press.
Livingston, G., A. Sommerlad, V. Orgeta, S.G. Costafreda et al. (2017) “Dementia prevention, intervention, and care.” The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6.
Loy, C.T., P.R. Schofield, A.M. Turner and J.B. Kwok (2014) “Genetics of dementia.” The Lancet 383 (9919): 828–40.
Luan, K., J.L. Rosales and K.Y. Lee (2013) “Viewpoint: Crosstalks between neurofibrillary tangles and amyloidplaque formation.” Ageing Research Review 12: 174–181.
Mazure, C.M. and J. Swendsen (2016) “Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.” Lancet Neurology 15 (5): 451–52.
Mielke, M.M., P. Vemuri and W.A. Rocca (2014) “Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: Assessing sex and gender differences.” Clinical Epidemiology 6: 37–48.
Nakamura, A., N. Kaneko, V.L. Villemagne, T. Kato et al. (2018) “High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease.” Nature 554: 249–54.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017) Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
PharmaFocus (2013) “Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease.” http://www.insightpharmareports.com/Affiliated-Reports/Global-Data/PharmaFocus--Biomarkers-in-Alzheimer-s-Disease/–.
Porteri, C., E. Albanese, C. Scerri, M.C. Carrillo et al. (2017) “The biomarker-based diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Ethical and societal issues.” Neurobiology of Aging 52: 132–40.
Power, G.A. (2010) Dementia Beyond Drugs: Changing the Culture of Care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press, Inc.
Prince, M.J. (2017) “Progress on dementia—Leaving no one behind.” The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31757-9.
Prince, M.J., A. Wimo, M. Guerchet, G.C. Ali et al. (2015) World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International.
Prince, M.J., G.C. Ali, M. Guerchet, A.M. Prina et al. (2016) “Recent global trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, and survival with dementia.” Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy 8: 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-016-0188-8.
Sabat, S.R. (2018) Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sachdev, P.S., D. Blacker, D.G. Blazer, M. Ganguli et al. (2014) “Classifying neurocognitive disorders: The DSM-5 approach.” Nature Reviews Neurology 10: 634–42.
Sinclair, N. (2016) “The financial and emotional toll of America’s Alzheimer’s problem.” http://finance.yahoo.com/news/alzheimers-most-expensive-disease-caregivers-cost-190758660.html;_ylt=A0LEV12541VYQZoAsQFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyaTkzYXJyBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjMyMTlfMQRzZWMDc3I-.
Sinforiani, E., A. Citterio, C. Zucchella, G. Bono et al. (2010) “Impact of gender differences on the outcome of Alzheimer’s disease.” Dementia 30: 147–54.
Stites, S.D, J. Karlawish, K. Harkins, J.D. Rubright and D. Wolk (2017) “Awareness of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia diagnoses associated with lower self-ratings of quality of life in older adults.” The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx100.
Villemagne, V.L., W.E. Klunk, C.A. Mathis, C.C. Rowe et al. (2012) “Aβ Imaging: Feasible, pertinent, and vital to progress in Alzheimer’s disease.” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 39: 209–19.
Ward A, S. Tardiff, C. Dye and H.M. Arrighi (2013) “Rate of conversion from prodromal Alzheimer’s disease to Alzheimer’s dementia: A systematic review of the literature.” Dementia and Geriatrics Cognitive Disorders Extra 3: 320–32.
Weuve, J., L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr and D.A. Evans (2014) “Deaths in the United States among persons with Alzheimer’s disease, 2010–2050.” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 10: e40–e46.
Whitehouse, P.J. (2014) “The end of Alzheimer’s disease—From biochemical pharmacology to ecopsychosociology: A personal perspective.” Biochemical Pharmacology 88 (4): 677–81.
Whitehouse, P.J. and D. George (2008) The Myth of Alzheimer’s. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Wimo, A. and M. Prince (2010) World Alzheimer Report 2010: The Global Economic Impact of Dementia. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International.
Winblad, B., P. Amouyel, S. Andrieu, C. Ballard et al. (2016) “Defeating Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: A priority for European science and society.” Lancet Neurology 15: 455–532.
WHO (2017) Draft global action plan on the public health response to dementia. Report by the Director-General. April 3. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_28-en.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed June 26, 2017).
Wu, T-Y., C-P. Chen and T-R. Jinn (2011) “Traditional Chinese medicines and Alzheimer’s disease.” Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 50: e131–e135.
Xing, Y., Y. Tang and J. Jia (2015) “Sex differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: The modifying effect of apolipoprotein E ε4 status.” Behavioural Neurology. Published online October 11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/275256.
Yaffe, K., C. Falvey, T.B. Harris, A. Newman et al. (2013) “Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: Prospective study.” British Medical Journal 347: f7051.
Zick, C.D., C.J. Mathews, J.S. Roberts, R. Cook-Deegan et al. (2005) “Genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease and its impact on insurance purchasing behavior.” Health Affairs 24 (2): 483–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Blank, R.H. (2019). Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias: An Introduction. In: Social & Public Policy of Alzheimer's Disease in the United States. Palgrave Pivot, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0656-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0656-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0655-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0656-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)