Abstract
This book demonstrates the role of governance at different levels in implementing the SDGs, and within that context in previous chapters the main discourses are analysed and key competences for effective and coherent transition governance are identified. This chapter takes these findings one step further by suggesting three actions that can be taken to increase the effectiveness and coherence of governance for the SDGs at both the individual and the collective (community, organization, institution, societal, etc.) levels. These inferenced actions are:
-
Inference 1: Considering behavioural insights
-
Inference 2: Addressing complexity through systems deliberations
-
Inference 3: Mobilizing ‘crisis’ for change and collective action.
These inferences are highly complementary with the theoretical pillars and competences in the previous chapter and in fact build on them. All three inferences are meant to function as building blocks for coherent approaches in the Integrative Sustainability Governance (ISG) framework which is presented in the next and final chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Psychological research applies empirical methods to investigate individual perceptions and cognitions, individual and collective behaviours, and psychological well-being. This research incorporates physiological, cognitive, affective and interpersonal processes, as well as factors in the social, cultural, biophysical and environments of individuals (Clayton et al. 2015).
- 3.
Willingness generally can be described as the intention, drive or readiness of an actor to reflect on what is the best governance mix according to the situation. The general influences of a person’s willingness can be internal and external. Internal influences can be born from someone’s character, goals, mission in life, past experiences, knowledge and perception of things (these are all unique to a person). External influences include relations with others.
- 4.
In Florida (the US state most susceptible to rising sea levels), state environmental officials are ordered not to use the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming’ in any government communications, emails or reports. (http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article12983720.html#storylink=cpy).
- 5.
One interviewee (Pier Vellinga) suggested that the reason why the Netherlands is the biggest donor for UNEP and why Norway is the biggest donor for forestry/REDD+ projects is that they feel ‘guilty’ about their fossil fuel production and energy-intensive industries/trade activities.
- 6.
Behavioural sciences deal with the activities and interactions of all organisms in the natural world. Psychology is a subheading under behavioural sciences that is focused on mental processes and behaviours.
- 7.
In psychology and behavioural economics, the endowment effect is the hypothesis that people ascribe more value to things merely because they own them (Roeckelein 2006).
- 8.
Discounting here refers to the undervaluing of distant or future risks.
- 9.
System justification refers to the tendency to defend and justify the societal status quo. In other words, system justification is about the way in which people counter such unease and “are motivated to justify and rationalize the way things are, so that existing social, economic and political arrangements tend to be perceived as fair and legitimate” (Jost and Hunyady 2005).
- 10.
Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979) states that humans have an irrational tendency to be less willing to gamble with profits than with losses. This implies that losses are perceived as being bigger than gains of equal size.
- 11.
One example of a psychological approach that may be useful for both individually and collectively dealing with the complexity and dynamics of sustainability governance is Gestalt psychology. Gestalt theory is based on understanding our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in a seemingly chaotic world. The central principle of Gestalt psychology is that the mind (just like society) forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements. This principle maintains that when the human mind (perceptual system) forms a percept or Gestalt, the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts. Gestalt therapy aims to let a person deal with change by letting him become what he is already, instead of forcing change within the classical hierarchical therapist–patient relationship.
It is claimed that Gestalt theory can also be applied to social systems that orderly change within dynamic and fragmented social systems is in the direction of integration and holism. This requires that the system becomes conscious of alienated fragments within and without so it can bring them into the main functional activities by processes similar to empowerment of the individual. This should lead to communication with other subsystems and facilitate an integrated, harmonious development of the whole system.
Confronted with a pluralistic, multifaceted, changing society, the individual is left to his own devices to find stability. He must do this through an approach that allows him to move dynamically and flexibly with the times while still maintaining some central gyroscope to guide him. He can no longer do this with ideologies, which become obsolete, but must do it with a change theory, whether explicit or implicit. The goal of Gestalt therapy becomes not so much to develop a good, fixed character but to be able to move with the times while retaining some individual stability.
- 12.
Strategies refer to the methods that are applied in order to exercise power, including the ways in which actors combine different types of power exercise in reaction to the (combined) power exercise of others, i.e. what kind of power relations they engage with, and how they play into a synergetic or antagonistic power dynamics.
- 13.
For example, addressing climate change would help grow the world economy by up to USD 2.6 trillion a year in comparison with a business-as-usual scenario (World Bank 2014).
- 14.
Royal Dutch Shell for example is in favour of emissions trading because that will make its growing gas exploration, production and trading activities more competitive relative to coal.
- 15.
Korea, as Chair of the OECD Meeting of the Council at the Ministerial Level (MCM) in June 2009, initiated the adoption of the OECD Declaration on Green Growth. In 2010, Korea ensured in the G20 Seoul Summit that Green Growth was included in the G20 agenda.
- 16.
Growth is inherent to life and to living organisms, and a systems view regards human societies and economies as living organisms. However, growth is neither linear nor unlimited; while certain parts of systems decline, others flourish. Systems views focus on the qualities of the system as a whole and of the relations between its constitutive parts. Instead of only using a crude number for economic growth (GDP) as a policy objective and measure of success, it could be helpful to distinguish between ‘sustainable’ and ‘unsustainable’ growth, for example by adding measurements of environmental quality, ‘quality of life’ and well-being.
- 17.
The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate’s report ‘Better Growth, Better Climate’, for example, shows that economic growth and climate change mitigation can go hand-in-hand: http://newclimateeconomy.net/.
- 18.
- 19.
Lakoff (2008) argues that empathy and cooperation are fundamental human capacities by drawing on neurological evidence for ‘mirror neurons’ which fire both when an individual acts, and when an individual observes another acting in the same way a person to literally feel what another person is feeling.
- 20.
One example is that environmental groups concerned with climate change highlight the threat of climate change to polar bears. By appealing to the fate of the (both physically and emotionally far away) polar bear, rather than to speaking to the impacts of climate change on people’s everyday world (e.g. food production, jobs, children’s health), a more expansive and world centric value-set is assumed by environmental groups.
- 21.
The variety of interests and stakeholders in climate change is unparalleled. Climate change can mean different things to different people; it is used as a battleground between different practices and philosophies of science and between different ways of knowing; it is used as an excuse for the commodification of the atmosphere and of the gas carbon dioxide; it is the inspiration for global networks of social movements; and it is used to reveal threats to human and environmental security. Overall, the idea of climate change is changing our social worlds and affects our world views (Hulme 2010).
- 22.
Sarewitz (2004) further states that “those holding different value perspectives may see in the huge and diverse body of scientific information related to climate change, different facts, theories and hypotheses relevant to and consistent with their own normative frameworks”.
- 23.
Hahnel and Brosch employ a definition of perception that goes beyond rudimentary perceptual processes and encompasses attentional processes, expectations and inferences.
- 24.
There are three levels of dynamics in complex systems: the agent level; the system level; and the context level. These levels bear strong similarities with the three levels of Landscape, Regimes and Niches in transition management’s multilevel framework.
- 25.
Here it is important to distinguish between social and technical systems as complex technical systems can allow operation of, e.g. a building close to equilibrium temperature through measures such as automatic blinds.
- 26.
If governments limit emissions to a level consistent with science (e.g. 2 °C above pre-industrial levels), then fossil fuel companies can sell and burn only a minor part of their reserves (McGlade and Ekins 2015). Also, energy utilities and oil majors would have stranded assets (e.g. coal fired power plants and oil reserves that are not desired any more). As a result, those companies would face collapse, and so would global stock markets (fossil fuel companies control one-third of global stock market assets), the taxes that fossil fuel companies pay to governments, the banks that made loans to fossil fuel companies, and the revenues that governments will lose from state-owned enterprises (70% of fossil fuel reserves are owned by SOEs). Currently, fossil fuels account for 20–30% of the worth of major stock exchanges around the world (Carbon Tracker 2011; available at http://go.nature.com/2ppxcyh). This phenomenon of fossil fuel-related assets that may become worthless is called the ‘carbon bubble’. Several oil companies, including Shell, Statoil and BP have decided to report on how they address (measures on) climate change under pressure from shareholders. In addition, campaigns have been launched to ‘divest’ from the fossil fuel industry. In October 2015 Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England and chairman of the G20 countries’ Financial Stability Board, warned that climate change might make the world’s stock markets and banks unstable and lead to a financial crash because of stranded assets. Carney called for the setting up of a Climate Disclosure Task Force to which companies have to declare how much carbon they emit, and how they are going to proceed to zero emissions in the future. Also see http://www.bbc.com/news/business-34396961.
- 27.
One example that Dahl gives of the lack of holistic thinking is the global financial crisis of 2008. The financial crisis is widely acknowledged to have been caused by an overconfidence in scientific tools of risk assessment for each financial product without considering the overall behaviour of the system. Risk assessment indeed should be separated from risk management. Whereas the former addresses the question “what are the likely consequences?” and can be based on science, the latter asks “what should we do about it?” and is normative. Technical information is not enough for making choices about the social consequences of sustainability governance (Gregory et al. 2006).
- 28.
Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: the climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; and transport systems.
- 29.
As Frantzeskaki (2011: 3) explains, there is a difference between complexity and uncertainty when referring to systems and their processes: ‘Complexity refers to the characteristic of the subsystems of a system and it is a property of the system. When we know the subsystems and functions of a system but its interdependencies and processes are too nested and too intertwined to disentangle, the system is characterized as complex. Uncertainty refers to the inability to foresee how processes or phenomena will develop over the long-term and/or the unknowability of these processes. The distinction between complexity and uncertainty relies on the dimension of time: uncertainty relates to the time dimension whereas complexity as a property is indifferent or, better, unrelated to time’.
- 30.
Systemic forces are exercised and/or act within the system, while exogenous forces are present and exercised upon the system (from outside the system).
- 31.
Politics includes questions of power and interaction between actors; polity is about ontology, rules, norms and institutions; and policy describes specific problems, solutions and knowledge (Howlett 2009).
- 32.
- 33.
The foresighted thinking competence is the ability to collectively analyse, evaluate, and craft ‘pictures’ of the future in which the impact of local and/or short-term decisions on environmental, social and economic issues is viewed on a global/cosmopolitan scale and in the long term (Wiek et al. 2011). Strategic foresight can be defined as ‘the capacity to anticipate alternative futures and an ability to visualize multiple possible outcomes and their consequences’ (Fuerth 2009).
- 34.
For example, the costs of inaction in terms of economic, biophysical, social and cultural damage across the different systems elements.
- 35.
This does not mean that vision always leads to desirable outcomes; in history there have been numerous destructive events based on individual and collective ‘vision’.
- 36.
Transition management literature traditionally describes a process, based on sustainability visions, in which transition paths are developed and a common transition agenda is formulated collaboratively by network actors (Loorbach 2007). This transition agenda contains a number of joint objectives, action points, projects and instruments to realize collective outcomes, and makes it very clear what party is responsible for which type of activity, project or instrument that is being developed. The next step, which they call the technical stage is to translate the visions into transition paths and establish a series of intermediate objectives, which, as they come closer, can be formulated more quantitatively. Most of the focus is aimed at the structures of the Regime, and at affecting the regulatory, institutional, economic, technological, behavioural and other barriers that may influence the system to move in one direction or the other. The implementation stage relies on experimentations and continuous learning.
- 37.
Inclusive strategies should ‘allocate costs consistently and distribute the benefits equitably across the key actors of the system’ (Probst and Bassi 2014).
- 38.
In fact, the 2007 Lisbon Treaty on EU remains the only multilateral treaty so far prescribing principles of constitutional, parliamentary, participatory and ‘deliberative democracy’ (cf. Articles 9–12 TEU) and a detailed ‘Charter of Fundamental Rights’ for multilevel governance of public goods by an international organization as well as principles of ‘cosmopolitan constitutionalism’ for the external actions of the EU (cf. Articles 3–6, 21 TEU) (Petersmann 2012: 238).
- 39.
According to the PCD approach, governments need to design more effective policies that not only avoid impacts that adversely affect the development prospects of other countries but that also enhance capacities to exploit synergies across different policy areas (e.g. trade, investment, agriculture, environment and development co-operation).
- 40.
- 41.
‘Enhance global macro-economic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence’.
- 42.
‘Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development’.
- 43.
Also see https://commitment2050.fi/.
- 44.
Jean Monnet wrote in his memoirs: ‘I have always believed that Europe will be established through crisis, and that the outcome will be the sum of the outcomes of those crises’.
- 45.
- 46.
Vice versa, it is suggested that environmental shocks can expose and topple governments that are corrupt, unresponsive, elitist or inefficient (Pelling 2011). This is important as Flagg (2015) hypothesizes that corrupt states that are led by small elites tend to ignore the public good and are less likely to make climate pledges.
- 47.
See footnote 26 supra.
- 48.
Grin et al. (2010: 1) define a sustainability transition as a ‘radical transformation towards a sustainable society as a response to a number of persistent problems confronting contemporary modern societies’.
- 49.
Osborne and Brown (2005) in fact accept that the cause of emergent change in public organizations is limited to two critical factors: politics and crises.
- 50.
Despite this enthusiasm over the potential for crisis to evoke change, it is important to realize that institutional theorists and political theory scientists have the tendency to use the term ‘crisis’ as an umbrella concept to describe any type of inefficiency or pathology of the system, or any type of unanticipated events (Frantzeskaki 2011). Therefore, it is important to distinguish between different types of triggers for collapse, namely system failures or institutional failures to describe discrepancies (inefficiency, ineffectiveness), exogenous events to capture events exogenous to the system that influence its operation and crisis that are uncertain events of high impact that shock the system. (ibid.) From a transition perspective, collapse differs from adaptation or Regime shifting in the sense that there is no institutional response and a lack of initiative from actors (as manifested by the presence of Niches or new practices).
- 51.
Heberlein (2012) describes ‘attitudes’ as beliefs ‘tied to a value’, so that the belief ‘says or implies that something is better than something else’. Unlike economists’ who believe that preferences and attitudes are fixed, psychologists believe attitudes can change. Heberlein further separates attitudes from values by saying that whereas attitudes always have an object, values do not (p. 15). It is very difficult to change values in the shorter term while attitudes can be changed.
- 52.
Also in economic terms, Denmark’s policies have started to pay off; in 2010, the Danish energy technology sector accounted for about 10% of the country’s exports.
- 53.
On the other hand, Russia allegedly supports protests in Europe against shale gas: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/01/world/russian-money-suspected-behind-fracking-protests.html?_r=1.
- 54.
- 55.
- 56.
- 57.
One result of this can be the ‘risk society’. According to Giddens, a risk society is ‘a society increasingly preoccupied with the future (and also with safety), which generates the notion of risk’, (1999: 3) while Beck defines it as ‘a systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself’ (1992: 21). Also see Annex 28.
- 58.
What holds at the collective level is often also expressed at the individual level. Many people survive heart attacks, but most cardiac surgery patients soon resume their old ways: only about 20% give up smoking, change their diet or get more exercise.
- 59.
- 60.
In both Iceland and Ireland, there is a high degree of social support, as indicated by the Gallup World Poll.
- 61.
There are small differences discernible between these approaches though. While resilience, for example, can be productive when there is a need to adapt to climate change, it can be an obstacle to climate change mitigation when the fossil fuel industry turns out to be resilient.
- 62.
The UN General Assembly adopted the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in 1999 and established UNISDR (http://www.unisdr.org/) the secretariat to ensure its implementation. UNISDR is also the focal point in the UN system for the coordination of disaster risk reduction.
- 63.
According to UNDP (2007), ‘To be inclusive is a core value of democratic governance, in terms of equal participation, equal treatment and equal rights before the law. This implies that all people […] have the right to participate meaningfully in governance processes and influence decisions that affect them. It also means that governance institutions and policies are accessible, accountable and responsive to disadvantaged groups […].
References
Abrahamse W, Steg L (2013) Social influence approaches to encourage resource conservation: a meta-analysis. Glob Environ Change 23:1773–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.029
Alexander S (2012) Resilience through simplification: revisiting Tainter’s theory of collapse. University of Melbourne, Simplicity Institute, Melbourne
Allen TFH, Tainter JA, Hoekstra TW (2003) Supply-side sustainability. Columbia University Press, New York
Argyris C, Schön DA (1997) Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Jan–June:345–348. https://doi.org/10.2307/40183951
Asensio OI, Delmas MA (2015) Nonprice incentives and energy conservation. Proceedings of the Natl Acad Sci 112:E510–E515. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401880112
Atlee T (2002) The Tao of democracy: using co-intelligence to create a world that works for all. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley
Avelino F (2011) Power in transition: empowering discourses on sustainability transitions. Dissertation, Erasmus University
Avelino F, Rotmans J (2009) Power in transition: an interdisciplinary framework to study power in relation to structural change. Eur J Soc Theory 12:543–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431009349830
Bao G, Wang X, Larsen GL, Morgan DF (2013) Beyond new public governance a value-based global framework for performance management, governance and leadership. Adm Soc 45:443–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712464952
Bardach E (1980) The implementation game: what happens after a bill becomes a law. MIT Press, Cambridge
Beck U (1992) Risk society: towards a new modernity. SAGE, Thousand Oaks
Beddoe R, Costanza R, Farley J et al (2009) Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: the evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812570106
Beinhocker ED (2006) The origin of wealth: evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
BIC (Bahá’í International Community) (1995) The realization of economic, social, and cultural rights. Bahá’í International Community, Geneva
Bosschaert (2018) http://thinksid.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SiD-quick-guide_v010_web.pdf
Brockner J, James EH (2008) Toward an understanding of when executives see crisis as opportunity. J Appl Behav Sci 44:94–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307313824
Brosch T, Patel MK, Sander D (2014) Affective influences on energy-related decisions and behaviors. Front Energ Res 2:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00011
Brown KW, Kasser T (2005) Are psychological and ecological well-being compatible? The role of values, mindfulness, and lifestyle. Soc Indic Res 74:349–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8
Busch H, McCormick K (2014) Local power: exploring the motivations of mayors and key success factors for local municipalities to go 100% renewable energy. Energ Sustain Soc 4:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-0567-4-5
Cannon S (2015) In Florida, officials ban term “climate change.” Miami Herald
Capra F (2002) The hidden connections: integrating the biological, cognitive, and social dimensions of life into a science of sustainability. Doubleday, New York
Carbon tracker (2011) Unburnable carbon: are the world’s financial markets carrying a carbon bubble? Carbon Tracker Initiative, London
Cilliers P (1998) Complexity and postmodernism: understanding complex systems. Psychology Press, Hove
Clayton S, Devine-Wright P, Stern PC et al (2015) Psychological research and global climate change. Nat Clim Change 5:640–646. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2622
Confino J (2015) Business leaders are not taking sustainability seriously. The Guardian
Corral-Verdugo V, Garcia C, Castro L et al (2010) Equity and sustainable lifestyle. In: Corral-Verdugo V (ed) Psychological approaches to sustainability: current trends in theory, research and applications. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York
Costanza R (2000) Visions of alternative (unpredictable) futures and their use in policy analysis. Ecol Soc 4:5
Dahl A (2012) Excellence from holistic and systemic thinking. In: EBBF (Ethical business building the future). http://ebbf.org/2012/05/arthur-dahl-excellence-from-holistic-and-systemic-thinking/. Accessed 30 Dec 2016
Damer TE (2009) Attacking faulty reasoning: a practical guide to fallacy-free arguments. Cengage Learning, Boston
Dangerman J (2013) The energy system, lock-in and adaptation. Dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen
de Haan G (2006) The BLK ‘21’ programme in Germany: a ‘Gestaltungskompetenz’-based model for education for sustainable development. Environ Educ Res 12:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620500526362
De Haan H, Rotmans J (2011) Patterns in transitions: understanding complex chains of change. Technol Forecast Soc Change 78:90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.10.008
De Young R (1996) Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior: the role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence motivation. Environ Behav 28:358–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916596283005
Deci EL, Koestner R, Ryan RM (1999) A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychol Bull 125:627–668. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
Dietz T, Jorgenson AK (2014) Towards a new view of sustainable development: human well-being and environmental stress. Environ Res Lett 9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/031001
Eccles RG, Newquist SC, Schatz R (2007) Reputation and its risks. Harvard Business Review 85:104
Feinberg M, Willer R (2013) The moral roots of environmental attitudes. Psychol Sci 24:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612449177
Finger M, Groenwegen J, Kunneke R (2005) The quest for coherence between institutions and technologies in infrastructures. J Netw Ind 6:227–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/178359170500600402
Flagg JA (2015) Aiming for zero: what makes nations adopt carbon neutral pledges? Environ Sociol 1:202–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2015.1041213
FOCP (Federal Office for Civil Protection) (2013) Kataplan guideline: hazard analysis and emergency provisions. In: FOCP. http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/en/home/themen/gefaehrdungen-risiken/kant__gefaehrdungsanalyse.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2017
Frantzeskaki N (2011) Dynamics of societal transitions: driving forces and feedback loops. Dissertation, Delft University of Technology
Frey BS (2008) Happiness: a revolution in economics. MIT Press, Cambridge
Frick J, Kaiser FG, Wilson M (2004) Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Pers Individ Differ 37:1597–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.015
Fuerth LS (2009) Foresight and anticipatory governance. Foresight 11:14–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680910982412
Galaz V, Olsson P, Hahn T et al (2008) The problem of fit among biophysical systems, environmental and resource regimes and broader governance systems: insights and emerging challenges. In: Young OR, King LA, Schroeder H (eds) Institutions and environmental change: principal findings, applications, and research frontiers. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 147–186
Gall J (1986) Systemantics: the underground text of systems lore: how systems really work and especially how they fail. General Systemantics Press, Walker
Gandelman N, Piani G, Ferre Z (2012) Neighborhood determinants of quality of life. J Happiness Stud 13:547–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9278-2
Gardener N, Gardener W, Gardener R, Loyd D (2011) Climate change operations planning: for energy, reputation and safety. IChemE, Rugby
Gardiner B (2012) We’re all climate-change idiots. The New York Times
Giddens A (1999) Risk and responsibility. Mod Law Rev 62:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00188
Gifford R (2011) The dragons of inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. Am Psychol 66:290–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023566
Göpel M (2016) The great mindshift: how a new economic paradigm and sustainability transformations go hand in hand. Springer International Publishing, New York
Gregory R, Failing L, Ohlson D, Mcdaniels TL (2006) Some pitfalls of an overemphasis on science in environmental risk management decisions. J Risk Res 9:717–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870600799895
Grin J, Rotmans J, Schot J (2010) Transitions to sustainable development: new directions in the study of long term transformative change. Routledge, London
Grinde B (2002) Happiness in the perspective of evolutionary psychology. J Happiness Stud 3:331–354. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021894227295
Hafner-Burton EM, LeVeck BL, Victor DG, Fowler JH (2014) Decision maker preferences for international legal cooperation. Int Organ 68:845–876. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081831400023X
Hahnel UJJ, Brosch T (2016) Seeing green: a perceptual model of identity-based climate change judgments. Psychol Inq 27:310–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2016.1215205
Hajer MA (2011) The energetic society: in search of a governance philosophy for a clean economy. PBL (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), The Hague
Heberlein TA (2012) Navigating environmental attitudes. Conser Biol 26:583–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01892.x
Hedlund-de Witt A (2013) Worldviews and the transformation to sustainable societies: an exploration of the cultural and psychological dimensions of our global environmental challenges. Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Heifetz R, Grashow A, Linsky M (2009) Leadership in a (permanent) crisis. Harvard Bus Rev 87:62–69
Helling A (1998) Collaborative visioning: proceed with caution!: results from evaluating atlanta’s vision 2020 project. J Am Plann Assoc 64:335–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369808975990
Higgins A (2014) Russian money suspected behind fracking protests. The New York Times
Hillon M (2014) Values and strategies for the environment and sustainable development. In: Appleton J (ed) Values in sustainable development. Routledge, London, pp 264–272
Hillson D (2006) Integrated risk management as a framework for organisational success. Washington
Hochachka G (2009) Developing sustainability, developing the self: an integral approach to international and community development. Trafford Publishing, Bloomington
Höhne N, Day T, Hansel G, Fekete H (2015) Assessing the missed benefits of countries’ national contributions. New climate—institute for climate policy and global sustainability, Berlin
Hoogeveen H, Verkooijen PVDJ (2010) Transforming sustainable development diplomacy: lessons learned from global forest governance. Dissertation, Wageningen University
Hoppmann J, Huenteler J, Girod B (2014) Compulsive policy-making: the evolution of the german feed-in tariff system for solar photovoltaic power. Res Policy 43:1422–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.014
Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Bain PG, Fielding KS (2016) Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Change 6:622. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2943
Howlett M (2009) Governance modes, policy regimes and operational plans: a multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design. Policy Sci 42:73–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9079-1
Hulme M (2010) Problems with making and governing global kinds of knowledge. Glob Environ Change 20:558–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.005
Huppé GA, Creech H (2012) Developing social capital in networked governance initiatives: a lock-step approach. IISD (International Institute for Sustainable Development), Winnipeg
IPCC (2014) Climate-resilient pathways: adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: part a: global and sectoral aspects. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1101–1131
Jackson T (2009) Prosperity without growth: economics for a finite planet. Earthscan, London
James E, Wooten LP (2005) Leadership as (un)usual: how to display competence in times of crisis. Organ Dyn 34:141–152
Jones R, Boer R (2004) Assessing current climate risks. In: Lim B, Spanger‐Siegfried E (eds) Adaptation policy frameworks for climate change: developing strategies, policies and measures. United Nations Development Programme/Cambridge University Press, New York. http://www.undp.org/climatechange/adapt/apf.html
Jost JT, Hunyady O (2005) Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 14:260–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.x
Kahan DM, Peters E, Wittlin M et al (2012) The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nat Clim Change 2:732–735. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1547
Kahneman D (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan, London
Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47:263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Kemp R, Loorbach D (2003) Governance for sustainability through transition management. Maastricht
Kim Y (2013) What drives the shift of South-Korea’s national development strategy towards the green growth paradigm? Dissertation, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Kingdon JW (1995) Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Harper Collins College Publishers, New york
Klein N (2007) The shock doctrine: the rise of disaster capitalism. Random House, New York
Lakoff G (2008) The political mind: a cognitive scientist’s guide to your brain and its politics. Penguin Books, New York
Lamb WF, Steinberger JK, Bows-Larkin A et al (2014) Transitions in pathways of human development and carbon emissions. Environ Res Lett 9:014011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014011
Leggett J (2013) The energy of nations: risk blindness and the road to renaissance. Routledge, London
Lewis B (2014) Denmark says EU green energy deal best way to sanction Russia. Yahoo News
Loorbach D (2014) To transition! Governance panarchy in the new transformation. Dissertation, Erasmus University Rotterdam
Loorbach D (2007) Transition management: new mode of governance for sustainable development. International Books, Dublin
Markard J, Raven R, Truffer B (2012) Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects. Res Policy 41:955–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.013
Markowitz EM, Shariff AF (2012) Climate change and moral judgement. Nat Clim Change 2:243–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1378
Marshall G (2014) Don’t even think about it: why our brains are wired to ignore climate change. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York
Mazur A, Rosa E (1974) Energy and life-style. Science 186:607–610. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4164.607
McGlade C, Ekins P (2015) The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 °C. Nature 517:187–190. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14016
Mebratu D (1998) Sustainability and sustainable development: historical and conceptual review. Environ Impact Assess Rev 18:493–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(98)00019-5
Meuleman L (2008) Public management and the metagovernance of hierarchies, networks and markets: the feasibility of designing and managing governance style combinations. Springer, New York
Milewicz K, Goodin RE (2012) Deliberative capacity building through international organizations. APSA (American Political Science Association), New Orleans
Morin E (2008) On complexity. Hampton Press, New York
Norgaard KM (2011) Living in denial: climate change, emotions, and everyday life. MIT Press, Cambridge
North DC (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
OECD (Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development) (2015) Policy coherence for sustainable development in the SDG framework: shaping targets and monitoring progress
Osborne SP, Brown K (2005) Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Routledge, London
Pahl-Wostl C (2009) A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Glob Environ Change 19:354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
Pelling M (2011) Adaptation to climate change: from resilience to transformation. Routledge, London
Petersmann E-U (2012) International economic law in the 21st century: constitutional pluralism and multilevel governance of interdependent public goods. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Petty RE, Cacioppo JT (1986) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 19:123–205
Pfattheicher S, Sassenrath C, Schindler S (2016) Feelings for the suffering of others and the environment: compassion fosters proenvironmental tendencies. Environ Behav 48:929–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515574549
Polanyi (1944) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)
Pollock N, Horn E, Costanza R, Sayre M (2009) Envisioning helps promote sustainability in academia: a case study at the University of Vermont. Int J Sustain High Educ 10:343–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370910990693
Presencing Institute (2015) Theory U. In: Presencing institute. https://www.presencing.com/theoryu. Accessed 22 Oct 2017
Press Association (2014a) Ukraine conflict wake-up call for EU’s looming fuel and energy crisis. The Guardian
Press Association (2014b) Ukraine conflict wake-up call for EU’s looming fuel and energy crisis. The Guardian
Prins G, Galiana I, Green C et al (2010) The Hartwell paper: A new direction for climate policy after the crash of 2009. Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, Oxford
Probst G, Bassi A (2014) Tackling complexity: a systemic approach for secision makers. Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield
Purdey SJ (2010) Economic growth, the environment and international relations: the growth paradigm. Routledge, London
Rampton R (2015) Obama: climate change poses RSK to U.S. military, national security. The Huffington Post
Razin E (2004) Needs and impediments for local government reform: lessons from Israel. J Urban Aff 26:623–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00218.x
Renn O, Schweizer P-J (2008) Inclusive risk governance: concepts and application to environmental policy making. Environ Policy Gov 19:174–185
Rifkin J (2009) The empathic civilization: the race to global consciousness in a world in crisis. Penguin Books, New York
Rifkin J (2011) The third industrial revolution: how lateral power is transforming energy, the economy and the world. Macmillan, London
Roeckelein JE (2006) Elsevier’s dictionary of psychological theories. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Rosenberg N (1969) The direction of technological change: inducement mechanisms and focusing devices. Econ Dev Cult Change 18:1–24
Rotmans J, Kemp R, Van Asselt M (2001) More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy. Foresight 3:15–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680110803003
Rotmans (2005) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4865166_Societal_Innovation_Between_Dream_and_Reality_Lies_Complexity
Sabel CF, Zeitlin J (2012) Experimentalist governance. In: Levi-Faur D (ed) The Oxford handbook of governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 169–185
Sandler T (1998) Global and regional public goods: a prognosis for collective action. Fiscal studies 19:221–247
Sarewitz D (2004) How science makes environmental controversies worse. Environ Sci Policy 7:385–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.001
Scharmer CO (2007) Theory U: learning from the future as it emerges: the social technology of presencing. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Franscico
Schwartz D, Bruine de Bruin W, Fischhoff B, Lave L (2015) Advertising energy saving programs: the potential environmental cost of emphasizing monetary savings. J Exp Psychol 21:158–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000042
Scott JC (1998) Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press, New Haven
Scrase I, Smith A (2009) The (non-)politics of managing low carbon socio-technical transitions. Environ Polit 18:707–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010903157008
Senge PM (1990) The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday, New York
Sgouridis S, Bardi U, Csala D (2015) A net energy-based analysis for a climate-constrained sustainable energy transition. Dissertation, Masdar Institute
Sharp L (2002) Green campuses: the road from little victories to systemic transformation. Int J Sustain High Educ 3:128–145. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370210422357
Snowden DJ, Boone ME (2007) A leader’s framework for decision making. Harvard Bus Rev 85:68–76
Solop FI (2001) Survey research and “visioning” in Flagstaff, Arizona. Plann Pract Res 16:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697450120049560
Stavins RN (2015) Assessing the energy-efficiency gap. Huffington Post
Stern (2007) http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_complete.pdf
Stern DI (2011) The role of energy in economic growth. Ann New York Acad Sci 1219:26–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05921.x
Tàbara JD (2011) Integrated climate governance (ICG) and sustainable development. In: Jaeger C, Tàbara JD, Jaeger J (eds) European research on sustainable development: transformative science approaches for sustainability. Springer, New York, pp 91–110
Tainter JA (1988) The collapse of complex societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Tainter JA (2011) Energy, complexity, and sustainability: a historical perspective. Environ Innov Soc Transit 1:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2010.12.001
Taufik D, Bolderdijk JW, Steg L (2015) Acting green elicits a literal warm glow. Nat Clim Change 5:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2449
Thaler RH, Sunstein CR (2009) Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness. Penguin Books, New York
The Finnish National Commission on Sustainable Development (2017) Commitment 2050. In: Welcome to the Finland we want by 2050! https://commitment2050.fi/. Accessed 30 Oct 2017
The Global Commission (2015) The new climate economy. In: The Global Commission on the economy and climate. http://newclimateeconomy.net/. Accessed 15 Feb 2017
Trindade AAC (1992) The contribution of international human rights law to environmental protection, with special reference to global environmental change. In: Brown- Weiss E (ed) Environmental change and international law. United Nations University Press, Tokyo
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2007) Towards inclusive governance: promoting the participation of disadvantaged groups in Asia-Pacific. UNDP, Bangkok
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) (2017) Behaviour and social change. In: UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/cbsc/index_42352.html. Accessed 11 Mar 2017
UNISDR (United Nations Office for disaster risk reduction) (2015) Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. UNISDR, Geneva
Van Bueren EM, Klijn E-H, Koppenjan JFM (2003) Dealing with wicked problems in networks: analyzing an environmental debate from a network perspective. J Public Adm Res Theory 13:193–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpart/mug017
Van den Belt M (2004) The mediated modelling process. In: Mediated modeling: a system dynamics approach to environmental consensus building. Island Press, Washington
Vasileiadou E, Safarzynska K (2010) Transitions: taking complexity seriously futures, 42:1176–1186
Voss J-P, Smith A, Grin J (2009) Designing long-term policy: rethinking transition management. Policy Sci 42:275–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9103-5
Walters W (2004) Some critical notes on “governance”. Stud Polit Econ 73:27–46
Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P et al (2015) Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet Elsevier 386:1861–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6
Wiek A, Withycombe L, Redman CL (2011) Key competencies in sustainability: a reference framework for academic program development. Sustain Sci 6:203–218
Wilber K (2000) A theory of everything: an integral vision for business, politics, science, and spirituality. Shambhala Publications, Boston
Williamson J (ed) (1994) The political economy of policy reform. Institute for International Economics, Washington
World Bank (2014) Climate-smart development: adding up the benefits of actions that help build prosperity, end poverty and combat climate change. World Bank, Washington
World Bank (2015) Decarbonizing development: three steps to a zero-carbon future. World Bank, Washington
Zadek (2014) https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/09/climate-change-self-interest-government-leadership/
Zadek S (2015) Selfishness for all? Project Syndicate
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Monkelbaan, J. (2019). Inferences on Improving Integrative Sustainability Governance. In: Governance for the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0475-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0475-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0474-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0475-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)