Abstract
The chapter is aimed at a state of the art related to the integration of linear machines in sustainable applications. Prior to do so, the study is initiated by a review of the topological variety of linear machines with their classification according to the morphology and the AC-type. Then, selected sustainable applications equipped with linear machines are briefly described with emphasis on those applied to mobility and free and renewable energy harvesting. Regarding mobility, the selected applications are free piston engines, electromagnetic suspensions, MAGLEV trains, and ropoless elevators. Concerning energy harvesting applications, the selected applications are human body motion energy, vibration-based energy, and wave energy conversion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
C. Xia, L. Guo, H. Wang, Modeling and analyzing of magnetic field of segmented halbach array permanent magnet machine considering gap between segments. IEEE Trans. Magn. 50(12), 8106009 (2014)
K. Halbach, Design of permanent magnet multipole magnets with oriented rare earth cobalt material. J. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 169(1), 1–10 (1980)
Y. Sui, P. Zheng, B. Yu, L. Cheng, J. Liu, Research on a tubular yokeless PM linear machine, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference, Beijing, China, May 2015
M. Galea, L. Papini, H. Zhangand, C. Gerada, T. Hamiti, Demagnetization analysis for halbach array configurations in electrical machines. IEEE Trans. Magn. 51(9), 810730 (2015)
A.M. EL-Refaie, T.M. Jahns, Optimal flux weakening in surface PM machines using fractional-slot concentrated windings. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 41(3), 790–800 (2005)
L. Alberti, M. Barcaro, N. Bianchi, Design of a low-torque-ripple fractional-slot interior permanent-magnet motor. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 50(3), 1801–1808 (2014)
I. Abdennadher, A. Masmoudi, Armature design of low-voltage FSPMSMs: an attempt to enhance the open-circuit fault tolerance capabilities. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 51(6), 4392–4403 (2015)
N. Bianchi, L. Alberti, M. Barcaro, Design and tests of a four-layer fractional-slot interior permanent-magnet motor. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 52(3), 2234–2240 (2016)
S.G. Min, G. Bramerdorfer, B. Sarlioglu, Analytical modeling and optimization for electromagnetic performances of fractional-slot PM brushless machines. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 65(5), 4017–4027 (2018)
A. Masmoudi, A. Masmoudi, 3-D analytical model with the end effect dedicated to the prediction of PM eddy-current loss in FSPMMs. IEEE Trans. Magn. 51(4), 8103711 (2015)
P. Zheng, C. Tong, J. Bai, B. Yu, Y. Sui, W. Shi, Electromagnetic design and control strategy of an axially magnetized permanent-magnet linear alternator for free-piston stirling engines. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(6), 2230–2239 (2012)
J. Wang, M. West, D. Howe, H.Z.-D.L. Parra, W.M. Arshad, Design and experimental verification of a linear permanent magnet generator for a free-piston energy converter. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 22(2), 299–306 (2007)
M.W. Zouaghi, I. Abdennadher, A. Masmoudi, No-load features of T-LSMs with quasi-Halbach magnets: application to free piston engines. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 31(4), 1591–1600 (2016)
P. Zheng, C. Tong, G. Chen, R. Liu, Y. Sui, W. Shi, S. Cheng, Research on the magnetic characteristic of a novel transverse-flux PM linear machine used for freepiston energy converter. IEEE Trans. Magn. 47(5), 1082–1085 (2011)
T.T. Dang, M. Ruellan, L. Prevond, H.B. Ahmed, B. Multon, Sizing optimization of tubular linear induction generator and its possible application in high acceleration free-piston stirling microcogeneration. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 51(5), 3716–3733 (2015)
E. Jordan, Generator of electric current, US Patent No. 1544010, June 1925
Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Free piston engine linear generator “FPEG” (2014), www.tytlabs.com/tech/fpeg/index.html
H. Kosaka, T. Akita, K. Moriya, S. Goto, Y. Hotta, T. Umeno, K. Nakakita, Development of free piston engine linear generator system part 1-investigation of fundamental characteristics, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2014-01-1203 (2014)
S. Goto, K. Moriya, H. Kosaka, T. Akita, Y. Hotta, T. Umeno, K. Nakakita, Development of free piston engine linear generator system part 2-investigation of control system for generator, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2014-01-1193 (2014)
S. Schneider, F. Rinderknecht, H.E. Friedrich, Design of future concepts and variants of the free piston linear generator, in Proceedings of the 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monte-carlo, Monaco, Mar 2014
B.L.J. Gysen, J.J.H. Paulides, J.L.G. Janssen, E.A. Lomonova, Active electromagnetic suspension system for improved vehicle dynamics. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 59(3), 1156–1163 (2010)
H.M. Isa, W.N.L. Mahadi, R. Ramli, M.A. Abidin, A review on electromagnetic suspension systems for passenger vehicle, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering (INECCE), Kuantan, Malaysia, June 2011, pp. 399–403
J.J.H. Paulides, L. Encica, E.A. Lomonova, A.J.A. Vandenput, Design considerations for a semi-active electromagnetic suspension system. IEEE Trans. Magn. 42(10), 3446–3448 (2006)
B.L.J. Gysen, J.L.G. Janssen, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, Design aspects of an active electromagnetic suspension system for automotive applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 45(5), 1589–1597 (2009)
B.L.J. Gysen, T.P.J. van der Sande, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, Efficiency of a regenerative direct-drive electromagnetic active suspension. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 60(4), 1384–1393 (2011)
J. Lin, K.W.E. Cheng, Z. Zhang, N.C. Cheung, X. Xue, Adaptive sliding mode technique-based electromagnetic suspension system with linear switched reluctance actuator. IET Electr. Power Appl. 9(1), 50–59 (2015)
A. Zehden, Elektrische bef orderungsanlage unter benutzung eines wanderfeldmotors, German Patent no. 140958, June 1902
W. Xu, J.G. Zhu, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Guo, An improved equivalent circuit model of a single-sided linear induction motor. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 59(5), 2277–2289 (2010)
J.-Q. Li, W.-L. Li, G.-Q. Deng, Z. Ming, Continuous-behavior and discretetime combined control for linear induction motor-based urban rail transit. IEEE Trans. Magn. 52(7), 8500104 (2016)
R. Cao, M. Cheng, C. Mi, W. Hua, X. Wang, W. Zhao, Modeling of a complementary and modular linear flux-switching permanent magnet motor for urban rail transit applications. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 27(2), 489–497 (2012)
H. Ohsaki, Superconducting Maglev—development and commercial service plan in Japan, in Plenary session presented in the 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Mobility Applications, Renewables and Technology (SMART), Kuwait City, Kuwait, Nov 2015
Q. Lu, Y. Li, X. Shen, Y. Ye, Y. Fang, Y. He, Analysis of linear induction motor applied in low-speed maglev train, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Sapporo, Japan, Oct 2012
Y. Guo, W. Xu, J. Zhu, H. Lu, Y. Wang, J. Jin, Design and analysis of a linear induction motor for a prototype HTS maglev transportation system, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, Chengdu, China, Sept 2009, pp. 81–84
Z. Deng, W. Zhang, J. Zheng, Y. Ren, D. Jiang, X. Zheng, J. Zhang, P. Gao, Q. Lin, B. Song, C. Deng, A high-temperature superconducting maglev ring test line developed in Chengdu, China. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 26(6), 3602408(1–8) (2016)
H.-W. Cho, H.-K. Sung, S.-Y. Sung, D.-J. You, S.-M. Jang, Design and characteristic analysis on the short-stator linear synchronous motor for high-speed maglev propulsion. IEEE Trans. Magn. 44(11), 4369–4372 (2008)
M.S. Hosseini, S. Vaez-Zadeh, Modeling and analysis of linear synchronous motors in high-speed maglev vehicles. IEEE Trans. Magn. 46(7), 2656–2664 (2010)
J. Lee, J. Jo, Y. Han, C. Lee, Development of the linear synchronous motor propulsion testbed for super speed maglev, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Busan, South Korea, Oct 2013, pp. 1936–1938
L. Yan, The linear motor powered transportation development and application in China. Proc. IEEE 97(11), 1872–1880 (2009)
S. Masoudi, M.R. Feyzi, M.B.B. Sharifan, Force ripple and jerk minimisation in double sided linear switched reluctance motor used in elevator application. IET Electr. Power Appl. 10(6), 508–516 (2016)
H.S. Lim, R. Krishnan, Ropeless elevator with linear switched reluctance motor drive actuation systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr. 54(4), 2209–2218 (2007)
S.-G. Lee, S.-A. Kim, S. Saha, Y.-W. Zhu, Y.-H. Cho, Optimal structure design for minimizing detent force of PMLSM for a ropeless elevator. IEEE Trans. Magn. 50(1), 4001104 (2014)
X. Xu, X. Wang, S. Yuan, H. Feng, Optimization of vertical linear synchronous motor for ropeless elevator with INGA method, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), Wuhan, China, June 2010, pp. 3965–3968
Z. Piech, T. Witczak, Ropeless elevator system, US Patent, Ref. US 2016/0297646 A1, Oct 2016
Z. Yang, A. Khaligh, A flat linear generator with axial magnetized permanent magnets with reduced accelerative force for backpack energy harvesting, in Proceedings of the IEEE Twenty-Seventh Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Florida, USA, Feb 2012, pp. 2534–2541
C. Ma, W. Zhao, L. Qu, Design optimization of a linear generator with dual halbach array for human motion energy harvesting, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), Idaho, USA, May 2015, pp. 703–708
P. Zeng, H. Chen, Z. Yang, A. Khaligh, Unconventional wearable energy harvesting from human horizontal foot motion, in Proceedings of the 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Virginia, USA, Mar 2011, pp. 258–264
J.-X. Shen, C.-F. Wang, P.C.-K. Luk, D.-M. Miao, D. Shi, C. Xu, A shoe-equipped linear generator for energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(2), 990–996 (2013)
K. McCarthy, M. Bash, S. Pekarek, Design of an air-core linear generator drive for energy harvest applications, in Proceedings of the 2008 Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Texas, USA, Feb 2008, pp. 1832–1838
A. Pirisi, M. Mussetta, F. Grimaccia, R.E. Zich, Novel speed-bump design and optimization for energy harvesting from traffic. IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst. 14(4), 1983–1991 (2013)
L.A.J. Friedrich, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, Modeling and optimization of a tubular generator for vibration energy harvesting application. IEEE Trans. Magn. 53(11), 8209804(1–4) (2017)
I.-C. Gros, D.-C. Popa, P. Dorel Teodosescu, M. Radulescu, A survey on green energy harvesting applications using linear electric generators, in Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Modern Power Systems (MPS), Cluj-Napoca, Romania, June 2017, pp. 1–5
J. Ye, Z. Lu, C. Chen, M. Wang, Power analysis of a single degree of freedom (DOF) vibration energy harvesting system considering controlled linear electric machines, in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Chicago, IL, USA, June 2017, pp. 158–163
H. Polinder, M.E.C. Damen, F. Gardner, Linear PM generator system for wave energy conversion in the AWS. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 19(3), 583–589 (2004)
D. Elwood, S.C. Yim, J. Prudell, C. Stillinger, A. von Jouanee, T. Brekken, A. Brown, R. Paasch, Design, construction, and ocean testing of a taut-moored dual-body wave energy with a linear generator power take-off. Renew. Energy 35(3), 348–354 (2010)
A. Savin, O. Svensson, M. Leijon, Research article study of the operation characteristics of a point absorbing direct driven permanent magnet linear generator deployed in the baltic sea. IET Renew. Power Gener. 10(8), 1204–1210 (2016)
A. Savin, O. Svensson, M. Leijon, Estimation of stress in the inner framework structure of a single heaving buoy wave energy converter. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 37(2), 309–317 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Souissi, A., Abdennadher, I., Masmoudi, A. (2019). Linear Machines: State of the Art with Emphasis on Sustainable Applications. In: Linear Synchronous Machines. Power Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0423-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0423-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0422-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0423-1
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)