Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phytoplasma Diseases in Ornamental Crops

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - I

Abstract

An extensive and updated review of the literature reporting the phytoplasma associated diseases in a number of ornamental plants and their classification is presented with major emphasis to reports in the main floricultural areas. Symptomatology of phytoplasma diseases is described in the most relevant traditional species as well as in emerging species used in floriculture and gardening worldwide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aido T (2017) Characterization and management of phytoplasma disease of Chrysanthemum morifolium R. PhD thesis, Indian Agricultural Institute. New Delhi, India, 91 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajaykumar PV, Samad A, Shasany AK, Gupta M, Kalam M, Rastogi S (2007) First record of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ associated with little leaf disease of Portulaca grandiflora. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 2, 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albouy J (1966) Le probleme des “germs fins” du glaeul. Annals de l’Epiphytie 17, 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldaghi M, Bertaccini A (2015) Preliminary study on some ornamental plant phytoplasma diseases in north of Iran.Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 5(1-Supplement), S67–S68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alioto D, Marcone C, Ragozzino E (2000) Virescence and phyllody in hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla). Informatore Fitopatologico 50, 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alma A, Marzachì C, d’Aquilio M, Bosco D (2000) Cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum L.): a dead-end host species for 16SrI-B and -C subgroup phytoplasmas. Annals of Applied Biology 136, 173–178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Saady NA, Khan AJ, Calari A, Al-Subhi AM, Bertaccini A (2008) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma omanense’, a phytoplasma associated with witches’ broom of Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. in Oman. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58, 461–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zadjali AD, Natsuaki T, Okuda S (2007) Detection, identification and molecular characterization of a phytoplasma associated with Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) witches’ broom in Oman. Journal of Phytopathology 155, 211–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arocha Y, Singh A, Pandey M, Tripathi AN, Chandra B, Shukla SK, Singh Y, Kumar A, Srivastava RK, Zaidi NW, Arif M, Narwal S, Tewari AK, Gupta MK, Nath PD, Rabindran R, Khirbat SK, Byadgi AS, Singh G, Boa E (2008) New plant hosts for group 16SrII, ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’, in India. Plant Pathology 17, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arocha-Rosete Y, Morales-Lizcano NP, Hasan A, Yoshioka K, Moeder W, Michelutti R, Satta E, Bertaccini A, Scott J (2016) First report of the identification of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’-related strain in Trillium species in Canada. New Disease Reports 34, 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avina-Padilla K, Parra-Cota F, Ochoa-Sanchez JC, Perales-Segovia C, Martinez-Soriano JP (2009) Phytoplasmas associated to diseases of ornamental cacti in Mexico. Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 268–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babaie G, Khatabi B, Bayat H, Rastgou M, Hosseini A, Salekdeh GH (2007) Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas infecting ornamental and weed plants in Iran. Journal of Phytopathology 155, 368–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Back C-G, Chung H, Jung H-Y (2010) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with yellowing and rosetting of Japanese spurge in Korea. Journal of General Plant Pathology 76, 355–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayat H, Verhoeven JThJ, Botermans M, Peters D, Hassani-Mehraban A (2013) First report of a 16SrIX group (‘Ca. P. phoenicium’-related) phytoplasma associated with a Chrysanthemum disease. Plant Disease 97, 1110–1110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellardi MG, Vicchi V, Bertaccini A (1985) Micoplasmosi del gladiolo. Informatore Fitopatologico 35, 35–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellardi MG, Vibio M, Bertaccini A (1992) Production of a polyclonal antiserum to CY-MLO using infected Catharanthus roseus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 31, 53–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellardi MG, Cavicchi L, Bozzano G, Parrella G, Contaldo N, Bertaccini A (2013) Infezione mista da fitoplasmi e TSWV in lupino ornamentale in Liguria. Clamer informa 2, 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellardi MG, Parmeggiani S, Bozzano G, Contaldo N, Bertaccini A (2017) Primo caso di un’infezione da fitoplasmi in Lachenalia. Clamer informa 2, 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A (1990) Cyclamen: a new host of mycoplasma-like organisms. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 29, 213–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Marani F (1980) Mycoplasma-like organisms in Gladiolus sp. with malformed and virescent flowers. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 19, 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Marani F (1982) Electron microscopy of two viruses and mycoplasma-like organism in lilies with deformed flowers. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 21, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Marani F, Rapetti S (1988) Phyllody and virescence in ranunculus hybrids. Acta Horticulturae 234, 123–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Davis RE, Lee I-M, Conti M, Dally EL, Douglas SM (1990a) Detection of chrysanthemum yellows mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO) by dot-hybridization and Southern blot analysis. Plant Disease 74, 40–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Davis RE, Lee I-M (1990b) Distinctions among mycoplasma like organisms (MLOs) in Gladiolus, Ranunculus, Brassica and Hydrangea through detection with nonradioactive cloned DNA-probes. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 29, 107–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Davis RE, Hammond RW, Vibio M, Bellardi MG, Lee I-M (1992a) Sensitive detection of mycoplasmalike organisms in field collected and in vitro propagated plants of Brassica, Hydrangea and Chrysanthemum by polymerase chain reaction. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 593–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG, Vibio M, Lee I-M, Davis RE (1992b) Detection of mycoplasmalike organisms in gladiolus using microscopy and DNA-probes. Acta Horticulturae 325, 703–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Vibio M, Sakalieva D, Guergov E, Karov S (1995) Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas infecting vegetable and flower crops in Bulgaria. I Congresso Nazionale Biotecnologia, Bologna, Italia, S.1.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Vibio M, Bellardi MG, Danielli A (1996a) Identification of phytoplasmas in alstroemeria. Acta Horticulturae 432, 312–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG, Vibio M (1996b) Virus diseases of ornamental shrubs. X. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Infected by viruses and phytoplasmas. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 35, 129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Kaminska M, Botti S, Martini M (2002) Molecular evidence for mixed phytoplasma infection in lily plants. Acta Horticulturae 568, 35–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Franova J, Botti S, Tabanelli D (2005) Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas in lilies with fasciation in the Czech Republic. FEMS Microbiology Letters 249, 79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG, Botti S, Paltrinieri S, Restuccia P (2006) Phytoplasma infection in Asclepias physocarpa. Acta Horticulturae 722, 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Calari A, Felker P (2007) Developing a method for phytoplasma identification in cactus pear samples from California. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N, Duduk B, Nahdi S, Benni A, Bellardi MG (2009) Different phytoplasmas infecting purple coneflower in Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology 91, S4.49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N, Cavicchi L, Mori N, Bellardi MG (2015) Severe diseases induced by viruses and phytoplasmas in Hydrangea in Italy. Acta Horticulturae 1072, 105–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boarino A, Boccardo G, D’aquilio M, Veratti F, Marzachì C (2002) Detection and molecular characterization of group V phytoplasmas in several herbaceous hosts. Petria 12, 391–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bongnam C, Jeongsoo K, Myeongil J (2007) Phytoplasma disease in field grown Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflorum). Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology 48, 81–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bos L, Perqin FW (1975) Rose bud proliferation, a disorder of unknown etiology. Netherlands Journal Plant Pathology 81, 187–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosco D, Galetto L, Leoncini P, Saracco P, Raccah B, Marzachì C (2007) Interrelationships between ‘Ca. P. asteris’ and its leafhopper vectors (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 100, 1504–1511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brierley P, Smith FF (1954) New records of virus diseases of ornamental plants. Plant Disease Reporter 38, 739–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai H, Chen HR, Kong BH, Yang GH, Liu T (2007) First report of a phytoplasma associated with Christmas cactus witches’ broom. Plant Pathology 56, 346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai H, Wei W, Davis RE, Chen H, Zhao Y (2008) Genetic diversity among phytoplasmas infecting Opuntia species: virtual RFLP analysis identifies new subgroups in the peanut witches’ broom phytoplasma group. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58, 1448–1457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carling DE, Millikan DF (1978) Banded filaments associated with the aster yellows MLO in Vinca rosea. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24, 1417–1418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes-Diaz L, Zavaleta-Mejia E, Rojas-Martinez RI, Alanis-Martinez I, Ochoa-Martinez DL, Sanchez-Garcia P (2004) First report of phytoplasma occurrence in Alstroemeria sp. plants in Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia 22, 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang KF, Howard RJ, Blade SF, Hwang SF (2000) Survey of aster yellows of Echinacea in Alberta in 1999. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 80, 88–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang KF, Hwang SF, Khadair AH, Kawchuk L, Howard R (2004) Detection and molecular characterization of an aster yellows phytoplasma in poker statice and Queen Anne’s lace in Alberta, Canada. Microbiological Research 159, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi Y, Singh M, Rao GP, Snehi SK, Raj SK (2009a) First report of association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI group) with little leaf disease of rose (Rosa alba) in India. Plant Pathology 58, 788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi Y, Tewari AK, Upadhyaya PP, Prabhuji SK, Rao GP (2009b) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ with little leaf and phyllody disease of Catharanthus roseus in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Medicinal Plants 1, 103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi Y, Rao GP, Tiwari AK, Duduk B, Bertaccini A (2010a) Phytoplasma on ornamentals: detection, diversity and management. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 45, 31–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi Y, Singh M, Snehi SK, Raj SK, Rao GP (2010b) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI group) with yellows and little leaf disease of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in India. Plant Pathology 59, 796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen MH, Hiruki C (1978) The preservation of membranes of tubular bodies associated with mycoplasma like organisms by tannic acid. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 2878–2882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZY, Shen JY, Peng BZ, Zheng GB, Chen MY (1984) Mycoplasma associated with periwinkle phyllody disease. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 14, 233–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheo P (1970) Rose wilt or dieback-a new virus disease attacks rose in California. Lasca Leaves 20, 88–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choueiri E, Massad R, Jreijiri F, Danet J-L, Salar P, Bové J-M, Foissac X (2005) First report of a 16SrII group phytoplasma associated with shoot proliferation of a cactus (Opuntia monacantha) in Lebanon. Plant Disease 89, 1129–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung BN, Jeong MI (2003) Detection and molecular characterization of a “stolbur” phytoplasma in Lilium oriental hybrids. The Plant Pathology Journal 19, 106–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung BN, Kim BD (2005) Two groups of phytoplasma from chrysanthemum (Dendrathemum grandiflorum) distinguished by symptoms and 16S rRNA gene sequence in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 21, 132–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung BN, Hun KY (2008) Occurrence of petunia flattened stem caused by phytoplasma. The Plant Pathology Journal 24, 279–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung BN, Choi GS (2010) Occurrence of poinsettia stem flat disease caused by phytoplasma in Korea. Plant Disease 94, 792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung BN, Jeong MI, Choi SK, Joa JH, Choi KS, Choi IM (2013) Occurrence of “stolbur” phytoplasma disease in spreading type Petunia hybrida cultivars in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 29, 465–470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark MF, Davies DL (1984) Mycoplasma detection and characterization. Report East Malling Research Station, 108–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connors IL (1941) 20th Annual Report of the Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 1940, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contaldo N, Bertaccini A, Bozzano G, Parrella G, Cavicchi L, Bellardi MG (2013) Infezione mista da fitoplasmi “stolbur” e dal virus dell’avvizzimento maculato del pomodoro (TSWV) in Lupinus polyphyllus Ltd. Petria 23, 37–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contaldo N, Bellardi MG, Paltrinieri S, Bertaccini A (2015a) Phytoplasma identification in iberis showing stunting and witches‘ broom symptoms. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 5(1-Supplement), S85–S86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contaldo N, Paltrinieri S, Ardizzi S, Duduk B, Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG (2015b) Identification and molecular characterization of multiple phytoplasma infection in Spartium junceum and Cytisus scoparius. Acta Horticulturae 1072, 113–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conti M, D’Agostino G, Casetta A, Mela L (1988) Some characteristics of Chrysanthemum yellows disease. Acta Horticulturae 234, 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes-Martinez NE, Moctezuma EV, Molina LXZ, Aguilar-Rios J (2007) A new phytoplasma associated with a zigzag line pattern in leaves of Lilum spp. in Mexico. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 283–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousin MT, Maillet PL, Gourret JP, Grison C, Staron T (1968) Presence de particules de type “mycoplasme” dans le phloeme de plantes infectées par trois maladies de type “jaunisse europeenne” le “stolbur” de la tomate, 1’aster yellows du glaïeul, la phyllodie du bifli. Etude cytologique et ultrastructurale. Premiers essais a le lutte chemique. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences 54, 887–895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousin MT, Abadie M (1982) Action of mycoplasmas on the anther. Light and electron microscope study. Station de Pathologie Vegetale 5, 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousin MT, Sharma AK (1986) Association of mycoplasma like organisms (MLOs) with mild type of Hydrangea virescence: a study with 60–1000 nm thick sections. Journal of Phytopathology 115, 274–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cozza R, Bernardo L, Calari A, Silvestro G, Duduk B, Bertaccini A (2008) Molecular identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ inducing histological anomalies in Silene nicaeensis. Phytoparasitica 36, 290–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Amelio RD, Massa N., Gamalero E, D’Agostino G, Sampò S, Berta G, Faoro F, Iriti M, Bosco D, Marzachì C (2007) Preliminary results on the evaluation of the effects of elicitors of plant resistance on Chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma infection. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 317–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davino S, Calari A, Davino M, Tessitori M, Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG (2007) Virescence of tenweeks stocks associated to phytoplasma infection in Sicily. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 279–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis RE, Lee I-M, Dally EL, Delwitt N, Douglas SM (1988) Cloned nucleic acid hybridization probes in detection and classification of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs). Acta Horticulturae 234, 115–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis RE, Lee I-M, Douglas SM, Dally EL (1990) Molecular cloning and detection of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA of the mycoplasma like organism associated with little leaf disease in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Phytopathology 80, 789–793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng SJ, Hiruki C (1990) Molecular cloning and detection of DNA of the mycoplasma like organism associated with clover proliferation. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12, 383–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devergne JC, Lovisolo O (1969) Les viroses des plants ornamentales dans le bassin méditaerranéen. Annales de Phytopathologie 1, 285–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devergne JC, Coujon C (1975) Etude d’anomalies de croissance chez le rosier de serre. Annales de Phytopathologies 7, 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi Y, Teranaka M, Yora K, Asuyama H (1967) Mycoplasma- or PLT group-like microorganisms found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches’ broom, aster yellows, or paulownia witches’ broom. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 33, 259–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duduk B, Dukić N, Bulajić A, Krstić B, Bertaccini A (2006). “Stolbur” phytoplasmas infecting chrysanthemum plants in Serbia. Pesticides and Phytomedicine 21, 107–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duduk B, Arocha Y, Mitrović J, Michelutti R, Benabid R, Scott J, Bertaccini A (2013) Caratterizzazione molecolare di ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ in ortensia in Canada. Petria 23, 139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein B, Gonçalves Da Silva E, Bedendo PI (2012) Shoot proliferation and leaf malformation of Celosia argentea and Celosia spicata caused by a phytoplasma of the 16SrIII-J group. Journal of Phytopathology 160, 206–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein AH, Hill J (1995) The biology of rose rosette disease: a mite-associated disease of uncertain aetiology. Journal of Phytopathology 143, 353–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi M, Khanchezar A, Shamszadeh M (2011) The first report of a phytoplasma associated with pot marigold phyllody in Iran. Bulletin of Insectology 64(Supplement), S109–S110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi M, Mirchenari SM, Bertaccini A (2016) First report of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody in Iran. New Disease Reports 34, 22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faghihi MM, Taghavi SM, Salehi M, Sadeghi MS, Samavi S, Siampour M (2014) Characterisation of a phytoplasma associated with Petunia witches’ broom disease in Iran. New Disease Reports 30, 21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti L, Costantini E, Pasquini G (2015) Identification of 16SrIX-C phytoplasmas in Argyranthemum frutescens in Italy Phytopathologia Mediterranea 54, 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franova J, Pribylova J, Petrzik K (2009) Purple coneflower with reddening and phyllody: a new host of clover phyllody phytoplasma. European Journal of Plant Pathology 123, 85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franova J, Špak J, Šimková M (2013) First report of a 16SrIII-B subgroup phytoplasma associated with leaf reddening, virescence and phyllody of purple coneflower. European Journal of Plant Pathology 136, 7–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry PR, Hammett KRW (1971) Rose wilt virus in New Zealand. Journal of Agriculture Research 14, 735–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galetto L, Bosco D, Fletcher J, Marzachì C (2007) Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific against membrane proteins of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, Chrysanthemum yellows isolate. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 211–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao R, Wang J, Li XD, Zhu XP, Tian GZ (2007) First report of Spirea witches’ broom disease in China. Plant Disease 91, 635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao R, Zhang G-M, Lan Y-F, Zhu T-S, Yu X-Q, Zhu X-P, Li X-D (2008) Molecular characterization of phytoplasma associated with rose witches’ broom in China. Journal of Phytopathology 156, 93–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gera A, Maslenin L, Rosner A, Zeidan M, Weintraub PG (2006) Phytoplasma diseases in ornamental crops in Israel. Acta Horticulturae 722, 155–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granata G, Paltrinieri S, Botti S, Bertaccini A (2006) Aetiology of Opuntia ficus-indica malformations and stunting disease. Annals of Applied Biology 149, 317–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieve BJ (1931) Rose wilt and dieback. A virus disease occurring in Australia. The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 8, 107–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths HM, Gundersen DE, Sinclair WA, Lee I-M, Davis RE (1994) Mycoplasmalike organisms from milkweed, goldenrod, and spirea represent two new 16S rRNA subgroups and three new strain subclusters related to peach X-disease MLOs. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16, 255–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths HM, Sinclair WA, Smart CD, Davis RE (1999) The phytoplasma associated with ash yellows and lilac witches broom: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49, 1605–1614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimaldi V, Grasso S (1988) Mycoplasma disease of Dimophotheca sinuata and Catharanthus roseus in Sicily. Acta Horticulturae 234, 137–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gumpf DJ, Weathers LG (1974) Detection of a new infectious disease of roses in California. Acta Horticulture 36, 53–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen DE, Lee I-M, Rehner SA, Davis RE, Kingsbury DT (1994) Phylogeny of mycoplasmalike organisms (phytoplasmas): a basis for their classification. Journal of Bacteriology 176, 5244–5254.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman F, Giolitti F, Fernandez F, Nome C, Lenardon S, Conci L (2014) Identification and molecular characterization of a phytoplasma associated with sunflower in Argentina. European Journal of Plant Pathology 138, 679–683.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison NA, Helmick E E (2008) First report of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’-related strain associated with little leaf disease of Helianthus debilis in Florida, USA. Plant Pathology 57, 772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harju VA, Skelton AL, Monger WA, Jarvis B, Mumford RA (2008) Identification of an X-disease (16SrIII) group phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’) infecting delphiniums in the UK. Plant Pathology 57, 769–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmati K, Mc Lean DL (1980) Ultrastructure and morphological characteristics of mycoplasma-like organisms associated with tulelake aster yellows. Phytopathology Zeitschrift 99, 146–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Gutiérrez L (1993) Plagas y enfermedades del nopal en México. Reporte de investigación No. 11. Ciestaam, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Ed. de México. México, pp. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibben CR, Lewis CA, Castello JD (1986) Mycoplasma like organisms, cause of lilac witches’ broom. Plant Disease 70, 342–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibben CR, Franzen LM (1989) Susceptibility of lilacs to mycoplasma like organisms. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, 163–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindal DF, Amrine JW, Williams RL, Stasny TA (1988) Rose rosette disease on multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) in Indian and Kentucky. Weed Technology 2, 442–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiruki C (1986) Little-leaf disease of Brugmansia candida a new disease associated with mycoplasma-like organisms. Annals of Phytopathological Society of Japan 52, 675–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiruki C (1987) Witches’ broom of Hibiscus heterophyllus, a mycoplasma disease occurring in Australia. Annals of Phytopathological Society of Japan 53, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiruki C, Romg XD, Deng SJ (1994) Hydrangea virescence, a disease associated with mycoplasma like organisms in Canada. Acta Horticulturae 377, 325–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollings M (1961) Virus and its effect on some ornamental shrubs. Nurseryman, Seedsman and Glasshouse Grower, 930–931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong C, Aolin LX, Baohoa K, Hairu C (2005) Detection and identification of phytoplasma associated with sunshine tree witches’ broom. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 35, 19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hristova M (1974) Rose virus diseases. Plant Science 10, 121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang SF, Chang KF, Howard RJ, Khadhair AH, Gaudiel RG, Hiruki C (1997) First report of a yellows phytoplasma disease in purple coneflower (Echinacea spp.) in Canada. Journal of Plant Disease & Protection 104, 182–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamala-Kannan S, Park S-M, Oh B-T, Kim H-M, Lee K-J (2010) First report of aster yellows phytoplasma in goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata) in Korea. Journal of Phytopathology 158, 197–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Korbin M, Komorowska B, Pulawska J (1998) Stunting and flower buds defiency of Lilium sp.: a new phytoplasma associated disease. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 20, 49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Korbin M (1999) Graft and dodder transmission of phytoplasma affecting lily to experimental hosts. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 21, 21–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Korbin M (2000) Phytoplasma infection in Lilium sp. plants. Phytopathologia Polonica 20, 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Dziekanowska D, Rudzinska-Langwald A (2001a) Detection of phytoplasma infection in rose, with degeneration symptoms. Journal of Phytopathology 149, 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Sliwa H, Rudzinska-Langwald A (2001b) The association of phytoplasma with stunting, leaf necrosis and witches’ broom symptoms in magnolia plants. Journal of Phytopathology 149, 719–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Sliwa H, Malinowski T, Skrzypczak CZ (2003) The association of aster yellows phytoplasma with rose dieback disease in Poland. Journal of Phytopathology 151, 469–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Sliwa H (2004) First report of phytoplasma belonging to apple proliferation group in roses in Poland. Plant Disease 88, 1283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Śliwa H, Rudzińska-Langwald A (2004) First report of shoot proliferation of bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis) in Poland, associated with phytoplasma infection. Plant Pathology 53, 801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Sliwa H, Malinowski T (2006) Occurrence of rose degeneration symptoms in rose plant in Poland; presumed phytoplasmal aetiology of rose proliferation and dieback. Acta Horticulturae 722, 163–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Śliwa H (2008a). First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in oriental lilies and its association with leaf scorch in Poland. Plant Pathology 57, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaminska M, Śliwa H (2008b) Mixed infection of dahlia plants in Poland with apple proliferation and aster yellows phytoplasmas. Plant Pathology 57, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesumawati E, Kimata T, Uemachi T, Hosokawa M, Yazawa S (2006) Correlation of phytoplasma concentration in Hydrangea macrophylla with green-flowering stability. Scientia Horticulturae 108, 74–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khadhair AH, Hwang SF, Chang KF, Howard RJ (1997) Molecular identification of aster yellows phytoplasmas in purple coneflower and monarda based on PCR amplification and RFLP analysis of 16SrDNA sequences. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 104, 403–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khasa E, Taloh G, Prabha AK, Madhupriya, Rao GP (2016) Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas of clover proliferation group associated with three ornamental plant species in India. 3 Biotech 6, 252.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khew KL, Davis RE, Ong CA, Lee I-M, Su HJ, Tsai MC (1991) Detection of a Malaysian mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) and its differentiation from other Asian, European, and North American MLOs by use of cloned chromosomal and extrachromosomal MLO DNA probes. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 8, 167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khurana SMP, Singh V, Nagaich BB (1981) Floral abnormalities in periwinkle and calendula induced by potato yellows pathogens. Indian Journal of Horticulture 38, 282–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitajima EW (1994) Enfermidades de plantas associadas a organismos do tipo micoplasma. Annual Review of Plant Pathology 2, 153–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitajima EW, Costa AS (1979) Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with yellow-type diseases in cultivated plants and ornamentals in Sǎo Paulo state and the Federal district. Fitopatologia Brasileira 4, 317–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitajima EW, Ribeiro RLD, Lin MR, Ribeiro MISD, Kimura O, Costa CL, Pimentel JP (1984) Lista comentada de vírus e organismos do tipo micoplasma em plantas cultivadas esilvestres do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Fitopatologia Brasileira 9, 607–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Byadgi AS (2012) Molecular detection and characterization of phytoplasma associated with periwinkle. Vegetos 25, 127–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Singh V, Lakhanpaul S (2012a) Molecular detection and phylogeny of phytoplasmas affecting cycads in India. New Disease Reports 26, 27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Singh V, Lakhanpaul S (2012b) First report of Mirabilis and Chrysanthemum little leaf associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ in India. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 7, 71–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones P, Arocha Y (2006) A natural infection of Hebe is associated with an isolate of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ causing a yellowing and little leaf disease in the UK. Plant Pathology 55, 821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee I-M, Klopmeyer M, Bartoszyk IM, Gundrrse-Rindal DE, Chou TS, Thomson KL, Eisenreich R (1997) Phytoplasma induced free-branching in commercial poinsettia cultivars. Nature Biotechnology 15, 178–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee I-M, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Bertaccini A (1998) Phytoplasma: ecology and genomic diversity. Phytopathology 88, 1359–1366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee I-M, Bottner KD, Dally EL, Davis RE (2008) First report of purple coneflower phyllody associated with a 16SrI-B phytoplasma in Maryland. Plant Disease 92, 654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JT, Kim EH, Yea MC, Kwon OY (1996) Detection of phytoplasmas from Paulownia tomentosa, Syringa vulgaris and Solidago virgaurea var. gigantea using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their relationships. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology 12, 191–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JT (2004) Phytoplasmal diseases in Korea. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwan, Korea, 226 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyva-Lopez NE, Aguilar-Rojas OI, Leal-Klevezas DS, Martinez-Soriano JP (1999) Presence of phytoplasmas in Mexican cacti. Phytopathology 89, S45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Wu Z, Liu H, Hao X, Zhang C, Wu H-F (2010) Spiraea salicifolia: a new plant host of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’-related phytoplasma. Journal of General Plant Pathology 76, 299–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Zhang L, Liu P, Bai Y, Wu Y (2011) First report of an aster yellows phytoplasma as the cause of rose balsam phyllody in China. Journal of Phytopathology 159, 799–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li ZY, Hao ZM, Dong JG, Wu D, Cao ZY (2014) First report of elm yellows subgroup 16SrV-B phytoplasma as the cause of rose balsam phyllody in China. Disease Notes 98, 565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart B, Mollov D, Voth-Hulshout J (2012) Association of spirea stunt phytoplasma with a disease of Spiraea spp. in Minnesota. Plant Health Progress https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/brief/2012/spirea/

  • Louro D, Vibio M, Bertaccini A (1996) Deteccao e caracterizacao molecular de fitoplasmas associados a doencas de culturas ornamentais em Portugal. 1 Meeting of the Portuguese Society of Plant Pathology, Vila Real, Portugal, 166–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mafia RG, Barreto RW, Vanetti CA, Hodgetts J, Dickinson M, Alfenas AC (2008) A phytoplasma associated with witches’ broom disease of Tabebuia pentaphylla in Brazil. Plant Pathology 57, 365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini E, Marcone C, De Feo V, Senatore F, Formisano C (2010) Changes in the composition of volatile compounds of Spartium junceum induced by the phytoplasmal disease, Spartium witches’ broom. Plant Biosystems 144, 568–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcone C, Ragozzino A, Schneider B, Lauer U, Smart CD, Seemüller E (1996) Genetic characterization and classification of two phytoplasmas associated with Spartium witches’ broom disease. Plant Diseases 80, 365–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcone C, Ragozzino A, Seemüller E (1997a) Witches’ broom of Sarothamnus scoparius: a new disease associated with a phytoplasma related to the spartium witches’ broom agent. Journal of Phytopathology 145, 159–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcone C, Ragozzino A, Seemüller E (1997b) Detection and identification of phytoplasmas in yellows-diseased weeds in Italy. Plant Pathology 46, 530–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcone C, Ragozzino A, Camele I, Rana GL, Seemüller E (2001) Updating and extending genetic characterization and classification of phytoplasmas from wild and cultivated plants in southern Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology 83, 133–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcone C, Gibb KS, Streten C, Schneider B (2004) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae’, respectively associated with spartium witches’ broom, buckthorn witches’ broom and allocasuarina yellows diseases. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 1025–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzachì C, Alma M, d’Aquilio M, Minuto G, Boccardo G (1999) Detection and identification of phytoplasmas infecting cultivated and wild plants in Liguria (Italian Riviera). Journal of Plant Pathology 2, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Rao GP, Khurana SMP (2013a) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ association with leaf yellows and witches’ broom symptoms of Brachyscome species in India. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 3, 91–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Rao GP, Khurana SMP (2013b) Association of pigeon pea witches’ broom phytoplasma (16SrIX) infecting Phlox drummondii in India. New Disease Reports 27, 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Rao GP, Khurana SMP (2014) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI group) with flattened stem and witches’ broom symptoms of Petunia hybrida in India. Indian Phytopathology 67, 106–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Rao GP, Khurana SMP (2015) Rice yellow dwarf phytoplasma (16SrXI-B subgroup) infecting Jasminum sambac in India. Phytoparasitica 43, 77–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Tiwari AK, Rao GP (2016) First molecular identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ (16SrVI-C) in Croton bonplandianum from India. Journal of Plant Pathology 98, 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhupriya, Banyal N, Dantuluri RVS, Manimekalai R, Rao GP, Khurana SMP (2017) Association of different groups of phytoplasma in flower malformation, phyllody, foliar yellowing, and little leaf disease of rose (Rosa sp.). The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 94, 424-431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magie RO, Smith FF, Brierly P (1952) Occurrence of western aster yellows virus infection in gladioulus in eastern United States. Plant Disease Reporter 36, 468–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurya R, Madhupriya, Chaturvedi Y, Upadhaya PP, Rao GP (2014) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI group) with chlorosis and little leaf disease of Streblus asper. Medicinal Plants 6, 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Coy RE, Thomas DL (1980) Periwinkle witches’ broom on South Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 93, 179–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertelik J, Kloudova K, Vanc P, Mokra V, Sediva J (2004) First detection of phytoplasmas in rhododendron in the Czech Republic. Plant Disease 88, 906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Min H, Hu SB, Li ZN, Wu YF, Zhang CP, Wei T (2009) A phytoplasma associated with an outbreak of an unusual disease of chrysanthemum in China in 2008. Plant Disease 93, 840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Misra S, Sharma AK, Cousin MT (1985) Phyllody disease of Phlox drummondii Hook in Rajasthan, India, associated with mycoplasma-like organism-study on thin-thick sections. International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases 3, 7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montano HG, Davis RE, Dally EL, Hogenhout S, Pimentel JP, Brioso PS (2001) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with hibiscus witches’ broom disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51, 1109–1118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montano HG, Contaldo N, David TVA, Silva IB, Paltrinieri S, Bertaccini A (2011) Hibiscus witches’ broom disease associated with different phytoplasma taxa in Brazil. Bulletin of Insectology 64(Supplement), S249–S250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno P, Llacer G, Medina V (1985) Description and comparison of several yellow disease on Vinca rosea. Agricola 28, 287–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naito T, Tanaka M, Taba S, Toyosata T, Oshiro A, Takaesu K, Hokama K, Usugi T, Kawano S (2007) Occurrence of Chrysanthemum virescence caused by ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ in Okinawa. Journal of General Plant Pathology 73, 139–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navalinskiene M, Samuitiene M (2004) Identification of Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus and 16SrI-M phytoplasma sub group in Phlox drummondii plants. Botanica Lithuanica 10, 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navalinskiene M, Samuitienė M, Jomantienė R (2005) Molecular detection and characterization of phytoplasma infecting Callistephus chinensis plants in Lithuania. Phytopathologia Polonica 35, 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nejat N, Vadamalai G, Davis RE, Harrison NA, Sijam K, Dickinson M, Abdullah SN and ZhaoY (2013) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma malaysianum’, a novel taxon associated with virescence and phyllody of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutinary Microbiology 63, 540–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nour MA (1962) Witches’ broom and phyllody in some plants in Khatoum province Sudan. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 10, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvic L, Guterman CEF (1929) A mosaic disease of the aster lily. Phytopathology 19, 311–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okuda S (1977) Studies on the causal agents of yellows or witches’ broom diseases of plants. Special Bulletin of the College of Agriculture Utsunomiya University 32, 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar AF, Emeran AA, Abass JM (2008) Detection of phytoplasma associated with periwinkle virescence in Egypt. Plant Pathology Journal 7, 92–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omar AF, Dewir YH, El-Mahrouk ME (2014) Molecular identification of phytoplasmas in fasciated cacti and succulent species and associated hormonal perturbation. Journal of Plant Interactions 9, 632–639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N, Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG, Cavicchi L (2015) First report of phytoplasmas associated with Erysimum linifolium L. stunting. Acta Horticulturae 1072, 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrella G, Paltrinieri S, Botti S, Bertaccini A (2008) Molecular identification of phytoplasmas from virescent ranunculus plants and from leafhoppers in southern Italian crops. Journal of Plant Pathology 90, 537–543.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parrella G, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N, Vitale MR, Bertaccini A (2014) Characterization of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ strains associated with periwinkle virescence in Southern Italy. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 4, 53–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlovic S, Ivanovic Z, Stojanovic S, Starovic M, Josic D, Martini M (2010) Identification of phytoplasma of 16SrXIIA group infecting two Echinacea species in Serbia. In: Current status and perspectives of phytoplasma disease research and management. Eds Bertaccini A, Lavina A, Torres E. COST FA0807, Sitges, Spain, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlovic S, Starovic M, Stojanovic S, Aleksic G, Zdravkovic M, Josic D (2014) The first report of “stolbur” phytoplasma associated with phyllody of Calendula officinalis in Serbia. Plant Disease 98, 1152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perilla-Henao ML, Dickinson M, Franco-Lara L (2012) First report of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ affecting woody hosts (Fraxinus uhdei, Populus nigra, Pittosporum undulatum, and Croton spp.) in Colombia. Plant Disease 96, 1372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson ML, Tomenius K (1979) Mycoplasma-like organisms in marguerite, Chrysanthemum frutescens hybr. Vaxtskyddsnotiser 43940, 95–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisi A, Bellardi MG, Rizzi E, Scala C, Filippini G (1990) Ultrastructural study of Hydrangea leaf tissue infected by mycoplasma-like organisms. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 29, 168–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ploaie PG, Petre Z, Ionica M (1977) Identification of some plant diseases with symptoms of proliferation, chlorosis and dwarfing associated with mycoplasma in Romania. Analele Institutulve de Cercetari pentree Protectia Plantelor 12, 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ploaie PG, Nicolaescu M, Ionica M, Avram M (1981) Chlorosis and virescence of gladiolus, a new disease caused by organisms of the class Mollicutes-mycoplasmatales. Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor 16, 35–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poghosyan A, Hernandez-Gonzalez J, Lebsky V (2015) Phytoplasmas associated with naturally infected Catharanthus roseus in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 5(1-Supplement), S25–S26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poncarova-Vorackova Z, Franova J, Valova P, Mertelik J, Navratil M, Nebesarova J (1998) Identification of phytoplasma infecting Lilium martagon in the Czech Republic. Journal of Phytopathology 146, 609–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radisek S, Ferant N, Jakse J, Javornik B (2008) Identification of a phytoplasma from the aster yellows group infecting purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) in Slovenia. New Disease Reports 18, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj SK, Khan MS, Snehi SK (2007a) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ with little leaf disease of desert rose. Plant Pathology 56, 1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj SK, Khan MS, Kumar S (2007b) Molecular identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with little leaf disease of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Plant Pathology 2, 21–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raj SK, Snehi SK, Kumar S, Banerji BK, Dwivedi AK, Roy RK, Goel AK (2009) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI group) associated with colour-breaking and malformation of floral spikes of gladiolus in India. Plant Pathology 19, 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj SK, Snehi SK, Khan MS, Singh M, Chaturvedi Y, Tiwari AK, Rao GP (2011) Molecular detection and identification of phytoplasmas associated with little leaf and witches’ broom disease of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) in India. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 1, 41–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rani A, Misra P, Singh J, Kumar P, Rani R, Shukla P (2014) PCR based detection of phytoplasma association in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) and guldawari (Dendranthema grandiflora L.). Asian Journal of Biological Science l, 238–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao BLS, Husain A, Manohar SK (1983) Association of mycoplasma-like bodies with little leaf disease of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus G.) in India. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 1, 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao GP, Tiwari AK, Singh M, Chaturvedi Y, Madhupriya (2012) Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationships of an isolate of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ affecting Zinnia elegans in India. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 2, 33–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro CFL, Amaral Mello APO, Bedendo IP, Gioria R (2006) Phytoplasma associated with shoot proliferation in begonia. Piracicaba Brazil 63, 475–477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha DA, Okhi ST, Hiruki C (1986) Detection of mycoplasma like organisms in situ by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Phytopathology 76, 864–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Martínez RI, Zavaleta-Mejía E, Martínez-Soriano JP, Lee I-M (2003a) Identification of the phytoplasma associated with cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) phyllody and classification by RLFP analysis of 16S rDNA. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia 21, 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Martínez RI, Zavaleta-Mejia E, Lee I-M, Martini M, Aspiros HS (2003b) Detection and characterization of the phytoplasma associated with marigold phyllody in Mexico. Journal of Plant Pathology 85, 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudzinska-Langwald A, Kaminska M (2003) Changes of ultrastructure and cytoplasmic free calcium in Gladiolus x hybridus van Houtte roots infected by aster yellows phytoplasma. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 72, 269–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi M, Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi E (2015) Characterisation of a phytoplasma associated with sunflower phyllody in Fars, Isfahan and Yazd provinces of Iran. New Disease Reports 31, 6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samad A, Ajaykumar PV, Shasany AK, Gupta MK, Alam M, Rastogi S (2008) Occurrence of a clover proliferation (16SrVI) group phytoplasma associated with little leaf disease of Portulaca grandiflora in India. Plant Disease 92, 832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuitiene M, Navalinskiene M, Jomantiene R, Davis RE (2004) Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas infecting columbine (Aquilegia sp. L.) plants. Biologija 2, 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuitiene M, Navalinskiene M (2006) Molecular detection and characterization of phytoplasma infecting Celosia argentea L. plants in Lithuania. Agronomy Research 4, 345–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satta E, Contaldo N, Mejia JF, Paltrinieri S, Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG (2013) Characterization on six genes of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’- related phytoplasmas infecting cyclamen. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 3, 72–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawayanagi T, Horikoshi N, Kanheira T, Shinhoara M, Bertaccini A, Cousin MT, Hiruki C, Namba S (1999) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Japanese hydrangea phyllody. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49, 1275–1285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt U, Peterzold H, Marwitz R (1983) On the pleomorphism of MLO in Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea). Phytopathology Zeitschrift 108, 314–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt U, Peterzold H, Martwitz R (1987) Bud like structure of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) demonstrated by freeze-fracturing. Naturwissenschaften 74, 396–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seemüller E, Marcone C, Lauer U, Ragozzino A, Göschl M (1998) Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas. Journal of Plant Pathology 80, 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw ME, Kirkpatrick BC, Golino DA (1993) The beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent causes tomato big bud disease in California. Plant Disease 77, 290–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi T, Sugiura M (1983) Water dropwort yellows and Chrysanthemum witches’ broom occurred in Ishikawa prefecture. Annals of Phytopathology Society Japan 49, 367–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shishlova ZHN, Andreeva LG (1978) Some biological features and diseases of Catharanthus roseus in geographic investigations in the Rostov Botanic Garden. Referativnyi Zhurnal 3, 108–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla K, Madhupriya, Dubey D, Upadhyaya PP, Rao GP (2014) Association of pigeon pea witches’ broom phytoplasma infecting Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br in India. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 4, 27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla K, Madhupriya, Upadhyaya PP, Rao GP (2015) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ association with little leaf and leaf yellows symptoms of Viola tricolor in India. Indian Phytopathology 68, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sichani FV, Bahar M, Zirak L (2014) Characterization of phytoplasmas related to aster yellows group infecting annual plants in Iran, based on the studies of 16S rRNA and rp genes. Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddique ABM (2006) Phytoplasma associated with gerbera phyllody in Australia. Jounal of Phytopathology 154, 730–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Signoret PA, Louis C, Alliot B (1976) Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with sunflower phyllody in France. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 86, 186–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Chaturvedi Y, Tiwari AK, Rao GP, Snehi SK, Raj SK, Khan MS (2011) Diversity among phytoplasmas infecting ornamental plants grown in India. Bulletin of Insectology 64(Supplement), S69–S70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha RC, Benhamou N (1983) Detection of mycoplasma-like organism antigens from aster yellows-diseased plants by two serological procedures. Phytopathology 73, 1199–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slack SA, Traylor JA, Williams HE, Nyland G (1976a) Rose leaf curl, a distinct component of a disease complex which resembles rose wilt. Plant Disease Reporter 60, 178–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slack SA, Traylor JA, Nyland G, Williams HE (1976b) Symptoms, indexing and transmission of rose spring dwarf disease. Plant Disease Reporter 60, 183–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev I, Weintrab PG, Gera A, Tam Y, Spiegel S (2007) Phytoplasma infection in the four o’clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa). Bulletin of Insectology 60, 281–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanò R, Marzachì C, Mascia T, Bubici G, Gallitelli D (2011) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ from Gerbera jamesonii in Apulia, southern Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology 93, S4.63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanosz GR, Heimann MF, Lee I-M (1997) Purple coneflower is a host of the aster yellows phytoplasma. Plant Disease 81, 424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takinami Y, Maejima K, Takahashi A, Keima T, Shiraishi T, Okano Y, Komatsu K, Oshima K, Namba S (2013) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ infecting hydrangea showing phyllody in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology 79, 209–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanne E, Kuznetsova L, Cohen J, Alexandrova S, Gera A (2000) Phytoplasmas as causal agents of Celosia disease in Israel. HortScience 35, 1103–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tazehkand S, Akbar Hosseini P, Heydarnejad J, Varsani A, Massumi H (2010) Identification of phytoplasmsa associated with cultivated and ornamental plants in Kerman province, Iran. Journal of Phytopathology 158, 713–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tessitori M, Masenga V, Marzachì C (2006) First report of phytoplasma associated with abnormal proliferation of cladodes in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in Italy. Plant Pathology 55, 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas BJ (1979) Some degeneration and dieback diseases of the rose. Annual Report -Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, 178–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipping PW, Sindermann AB (2000) Natural and augmented spread of rose rosette disease of multiflora rose in Maryland. Plant Disease 12, 1344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Shukla K, Kumar S, Madhupriya, Rao GP (2014) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ association with leaf yellows and witches’ broom symptoms of Codiaeum variegatum in India. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 96, S4.114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolu G, Botti S, Garau R, Prota VA, Sechi A, Prota U, Bertaccini A (2006) Identification of 16SrII-E phytoplasmas in Calendula arvensis, Solanum nigrum, and Chenopodium spp. Plant Disease 90, 325–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres E, Botti S, Paltrinieri S, Martin MP, Bertaccini A (2002) First report of Spartium witches’ broom disease in Spain. Plant Pathology 51, 807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres L, Galdeano E, Docampo D, Conci L (2004) Characterization of aster yellows phytoplasma associated with Catharanthus little leaf in Argentina. Journal of Plant Pathology 86, 209–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valiunas D, Samuitiene M, Rasomavicius V, Staniulis J, Davis RE (2007) Subgroup 16SrIII-F phytoplasma strains in an invasive plant, Heracleum sosnowskyi, and an ornamental, Dictamnus albus. Journal of Plant Pathology 88, 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoyen M, Genot M, Colin J, Horvat F (1979) Chrysanthemum yellows etiology. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 96, 59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vibio M, Bertaccini A, Schilirò E, Rapetti S (1995) Caratterizzazione molecolare di fitoplasmi associati a virescenza in anemone. Informatore fitopatologico 11, 60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicente M, Caner J, July JR (1974) Corpúsculos do tipo micoplasma em Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico Saho Paulo 41, 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Hiruki C (2005) Distinctions between phytoplasmas at the subgroup level detected by heteroduplex mobility assay. Plant Pathology 54, 625–633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Win NKK, Kim Y-H, Chung H, Jung H-Y (2011) Detection of 16SrII group phytoplasma in China aster (Callistephus chinensis). Tropical Plant Pathology 36, 186–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Win NKK, Back CG, Kim YH, Jung HY (2012) Desert rose witches’ broom disease associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’. Journal of General Plant Pathology 78, 73–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajak Z (1979) Mycoplasma-like organisms in phloem of (Phlox paniculata L.) with symptoms of flower greening. Referativny Zhurnal 3, 79–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak LF, Yáñz-Morales MJ, Alanis-Martínez I, González-Pérez E (2011) New hosts of 16SrI phytoplasma group associated with edible Opuntia ficus-indica crop and its pests in Mexico. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5, 910–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zavaleta-Mejia E, Cardenas SE, Gomez RO (1993) Organismos tipo micoplasma asociados con la filodia del cempazuchil. XX Congreso Nacional de Fitopatologia, Zacatecas, Mexico, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang CP, Wu KK, Li ZN, Zhang J, Wang WL, Wu YF (2009) Occurrence of an aster yellows (16SrI) group phytoplasma associated with a leaf roll disease of shiny leaf yellow horn in China. Plant Pathology 58, 790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong B-X, Shen Y-W (2004) Accumulation of pathogenesis-related type-5 like proteins in phytoplasma infected garland chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium. Acta Biochimica Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai) 36, 773–779.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Maria Grazia Bellardi & Assunta Bertaccini

  2. Division of Plant Pathology, Advance Center for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Madhupriya & Govind Pratap Rao

Authors
  1. Maria Grazia Bellardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Assunta Bertaccini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Madhupriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Govind Pratap Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Grazia Bellardi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plant Pathology, Advance Center for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Govind Pratap Rao

  2. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Assunta Bertaccini

  3. Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, RM – Santiago, Chile

    Nicola Fiore

  4. Ministry for Primary Industries, Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Lia W. Liefting

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bellardi, M.G., Bertaccini, A., Madhupriya, Rao, G.P. (2018). Phytoplasma Diseases in Ornamental Crops. In: Rao, G., Bertaccini, A., Fiore, N., Liefting, L. (eds) Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - I. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0119-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation