Abstract
The Philippines is highly vulnerable to drought, resulting in severe impacts on crop productivity, water availability, and food security. This chapter explores water security in the country by examining the effects of drought on risk governance and its social impacts on the 1997–1998 and 2015–2016 El Niño episodes in Metro Manila, Iloilo City, and Cebu City. During these periods, widespread dryness occurred in both urban and rural areas, as rainfall was reduced by more than 50%. This decrease in rainfall affects most especially the urban poor as they experience acutely the dwindling supply of potable water, increasing costs of water, and compromised access to hygiene and sanitation services. Consequently, droughts have become a major concern for risk governance in major urban centers. Science-informed and contextually driven local climate adaptation plans (LCAP) seem to be the most appropriate response to mitigate and adapt to the effects of drought brought about by El Niño.
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Notes
- 1.
Increases of water costs across income deciles were computed from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) of the Philippine Statistical Authority by Justin Charles See, Coastal Cities at Risk (CCAR), Social Sector, Manila Observatory and Ateneo de Manila University. The authors are also grateful to Justin Charles See for his technical assistance in preparing this chapter.
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Appendix
Appendix
See Tables 12.1, 12.2 and Figs. 12.13, 12.14.
Source 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Philippine Statistics Authority 2010
Percentage of urban–rural population in the Philippines (1950–2050).
Source Platform for Smart, Inclusive, and Sustainable City Region: Report, 2016
Current rated water supply capacity in Metro Cebu.
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Porio, E., Dator-Bercilla, J., Narisma, G., Cruz, F., Yulo-Loyzaga, A. (2019). Drought and Urbanization: The Case of the Philippines. In: Ray, B., Shaw, R. (eds) Urban Drought. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8947-3_12
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