Abstract
The Stone Town of Zanzibar has been a major case study for the development of the HUL recommendation providing a continuous interaction since 2009 when the drafting group met to validate the approach in the African context. The threats identified in the State of Conservation reporting and accompanying missions have required new approaches to resolving these issues. Together with support from outside funding and academic institutions, the wider context of cultural heritage inscription has been developed and integrated into the planning processes of the island. However, the integrated long-term planning approach changes have not been matched by the level of management needed to address short-term local development projects in a climate of urban poverty and unemployment. This paper traces the steps of these interactions and evaluates the effectiveness of the various stakeholders identified in the Historic Urban Landscape approach in achieving the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals and New Urban Agenda.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Zanzibar Government, Zanzibar Tourism Commission, 2015, and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Zanzibar Figures 2016, Zanzibar, 2017.
- 2.
Further to the inscription of the Stone Town of Zanzibar as a fine example of the Swahili coastal trading towns of East Africa in 2000, a Retrospective Statement of Outstanding Universal Value was adopted in 2015:
-
Criterion (ii): The Stone Town of Zanzibar is an outstanding material manifestation of cultural fusion and harmonisation.
-
Criterion (iii): For many centuries there was intense seaborne trading activity between Asia and Africa, and this is illustrated in an exceptional manner by the architecture and urban structure of the Stone Town.
-
Criterion (vi): Zanzibar has great symbolic importance in the suppression of slavery, since it was one of the main slave-trading ports in East Africa and also the base from which its opponents, such as David Livingstone, conducted their campaign.
-
- 3.
This report and subsequent missions identified among the threats:
-
(a) Development pressures, (b) environmental pressures in relation with the Malindi port project,
-
(c)
natural disasters and lack of risk preparedness, (d) visitors/ tourist pressures,
-
(e) lack of resources, (f) lack of legal framework and (g) weak urban/heritage governance
-
- 4.
World Heritage Committee Decision: 35 COM 7B.45; Stone Town of Zanzibar (United Republic of Tanzania) (C 173rev)
- 5.
Zanzibar Recommendation on the Application of the Concept of the Historic Urban Landscape In The African Context, Zanzibar, 30 November–3 December 2009.
- 6.
This was also the subject of a special essay on Culture and Urban Development in Zanzibar by Muhammad Juma – Can UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape play a role in developing a Spatial Strategy for Culture? (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2013) pp. 74–76.
- 7.
(a) Civic engagement tools, (b) knowledge and planning tools, (c) regulatory systems, (d) financial tools.
- 8.
The Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amended the Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment and in the promotion of efforts to simplify the preparation of impact assessments.
- 9.
HerO, Heritage as Opportunity, was to develop integrated and innovative management strategies for historic urban landscapes and was part of the URBACT action being the European Territorial Cooperation programme aiming to foster sustainable integrated urban development in cities across Europe. SUIT was a programme for sustainable development of urban historical areas through an active integration within towns.
References
Ali, M. H., & Sulaiman, M. S. (2002). The making and contents of Zanzibar national land use plan: A brief account on a donor funded project. FIG XXII international congress – Urban regeneration and environment, Washington, DC.
Bakker, K. A., & Eloundou, L. A. (2008). Mission to the Stone Town of Zanzibar. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS.
City of Regensburg. (2011). The road to success – Integrated management of historic towns guidebook (p. 83). Regensburg: City of Regensburg.
Commission of Land and Environment. (1995). National land use plan: 1. Appraisal – Analysis of potentials and issues 2. Policies and proposals. Zanzibar: COLE.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. (2005). Guidance for the environmental assessment of the impacts of certain plans, programmes or projects upon the heritage value of historical areas, in order to contribute to their long-term sustainability (Research report no. 16). Luxembourg: The Publications Office of the European Union.
ICOMOS. (2011). Guidance on heritage impact assessments for cultural world heritage properties. Paris: ICOMOS.
Lanchester, H. V. (1923). Zanzibar, a study in tropical town planning. Cheltenham: Ed. J. Burrow &, Ltd.
Middleton, J. (1992). The world of the Swahili: An African Mercantile civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sheriff, A. (2010). Dhow cultures of the Indian Ocean – Cosmopolitanism, commerce and Islam. London: C. Hurst & Company.
Siravo, F. (1996). A plan for the historic Stone Town. In Historic Cities Support Programme (Ed.), Zanzibar Stone Town projects (pp. 34–47). Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture.
Strandes, J. (1961). The Portuguese period in East Africa (J. Kirkman, Ed.). (J. F. Wallwork, Trans.). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
UNESCO. (2011). Recommendation on the historic urban landscape (p. 6). Recommendation. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO Culture Sector. (2016). Culture urban future – Global report on culture for sustainable urban development (p. 304). Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS. (2014). Joint reactive monitoring mission to the Stone Town of Zanzibar. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2013). Swahili historic urban landscapes – Report on the HUL workshops and field activities on the Swahili Coast in East Africa 2011–2012 (p. 127). Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlement. (1983). The Stone Town of Zanzibar: A strategy for an integrated approach. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlement.
Vroomen, Y., ten Hoope, D., Moor, B., Pereira-Roders, A., Veldpaus, L., & Colenbrander, B. (2012). Assessing the cultural significance of world heritage cities: Zanzibar as a case-study. 6th international seminar on measuring heritage conservation performance. CECI and ICCROM, pp. 67–74.
World Tourism Organization. (1983). Zanzibar Tourism Development Plan. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Zanzibar Government. (1958). Zanzibar Planning Scheme. Zanzibar.
Zanzibar Government. (1968). Zanzibar Town Scheme. Zanzibar.
Zanzibar Government. (1982). Zanzibar Master Plan. Zanzibar.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Juma, M., Turner, M. (2019). Zanzibar: The HUL Approach Explored. In: Pereira Roders, A., Bandarin, F. (eds) Reshaping Urban Conservation. Creativity, Heritage and the City, vol 2. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8887-2_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8887-2_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8886-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8887-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)