Post-LBA Dynamics: An Assessment

Ranjan, Amit

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8384-6_5

Amit Ranjan⁶

Part of the book series: South Asia Economic and Policy Studies ((SAEP))

298 Accesses

Abstract

After the demarcation of the boundaries under the LBA, it is considered that the two countries have resolved their decades of border related disputes, however, many reasons for tensions still persists. Before demarction of the physical boundary, the main causes for tension were movement of popoulation across the boundary, smuggling etc. As they will remain tensions at border and between people are not going to come down.

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Notes

1.
Schendel [1].
2.
Shamshad [2].
3.
Cited in Ahmed [3].
4.
United Nations Children Fund, Bangladesh: Migration Profile, 2013. Retrieved from https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Bangladesh.pdf. Accessed on 13 November 2015.
5.
As the Pakistani Army started Operation Searchlight in Bangladesh killing, torturing and raping many people, many Bangladeshi citizens, especially from border areas, crossed into Indian borders. At that time, as a refugee, they were welcomed, but problem started after the war ended and the number of refugees ‘crowded’ into the cities. The Government of India decided that those who entered into Indian territory before 25 March 1971 to be as Indian citizen. This had been contested by the All Assam Student’s Union (AASU). The Government of India set up Illegal Migration (Determination by Tribunal) in 1983 to tackle the issue but it was challenged in the Supreme Court, which in 2005 struck down the Act. The main problem the Hindu right wing groups have is with the Muslims and not with the Hindu migrants. See Datta [4].
6.
Border is not effective (physical) in nature they also have affective values. Many people in south Asia cross into other side of the border because he/she has a relative there. In case, one does not have documents to do so he/she crosses physical border by any available means.
7.
‘15 Nations sending Highest Remittances to India’ (22 May 2013). Retrieved from http://www.siliconindia.com/news/business/15-Nations-Sending-Highest-Remittances-to-India-nid-147515-cid-3.html. Accessed on 13 January 2017.
8.
Gait [5].
9.
Ibid.
10.
Datta [4].
11.
Ibid.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Nag [6].
14.
Ibid 101.
15.
Baruah [7].
16.
Nag [8].
17.
Datta [4].
18.
Nag [9].
19.
Cited in Baruah [10].
20.
Guha [11].
21.
Datta [4].
22.
Ibid.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Mukherjee [12].
26.
See, Khan [13] and Raghavan [14].
27.
‘Report of the Union Powers Committee’ Constituent Assembly Debate: Official Report, Second Reprint, Volume V p. 95. Reprinted by Lok Sabha Secretariat: New Delhi.
28.
Van Schendel [15].
29.
This division is on the basis of farm land a farmer owns. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, the small farmers own between 1 and 1.99 hectare acres (ha) of land while medium farmer owns 5–9.99 ha. Average size of land holding in Bangladesh, according to 2005 Agricultural Survey Report carried out by Bangladesh is 0.3 ha. Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics: Twenty-Third Session. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fileadmin/…/ess/…/APCAS-10-28_-Small_farmers.pdf on 18 Sept 2015.
30.
South Asia Development and Cooperation Report: Economic Integration for Peace-Creating 2015 Research and Information System for Developing Countries New Delhi.
31.
Rashid and Paul [16].
32.
‘Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina gets Champion of the Earth Programme’ (15 September 2015) The Daily Star.
33.
Ibid.
34.
‘More Diseases, More Deaths’ (18 November 2015) The Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/more-diseases-more-deaths-174082 on 18 November 2015.
35.
‘Netherlands to help BD implement Delta Plan 2100’ (2015, 4 November) Daily Sun. Retrieved from http://www.daily-sun.com/post/88377/Netherlands-to-help-BD-implement-Delta-Plan-2100 on 5 November 2015.
36.
Tisdall and Ridout [17].
37.
Ahmed [18].
38.
Weiner [19].
39.
UNHCR Report [20].
40.
Millions Return to Bangladesh’ (17 January 1972) The Bryan Times. Retrieved from http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b08LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5268,831408&dq=bangladesh&hl=en. Accessed on 7 April 2017.
41.
Bangladesh Genocide Archive. Retrieved from http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/refugees/. Accessed on 7 April 2017.
42.
Chatterji [21].
43.
Ibid.
44.
Sen [22].
45.
Sen [22].
46.
Ibid.
47.
Hasina [23].
48.
Hazarika [24].
49.
Mishra [25].
50.
Hazarika [24].
51.
Goswami [26].
52.
Hussain [27].
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Kaustubh Deka [28].
56.
Kimura [29].
57.
Ibid.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Ibid.
60.
Ibid.
61.
Ibid.
62.
Baruah [7], p. 132).
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid.
65.
Baruh [30].
66.
Ibid.
67.
Misra [31].
68.
Sen [22].
69.
‘I don’t think many Bangladeshis go to India, they are doing quite well here’.
Khaleda Zia, two-term former Bangladesh PM, in conversation with Shubhajit Roy.(1 July 2014) The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/i-dont-think-many-bangladeshis-go-to-india-they-are-doing-quite-well-here/.
70.
Dixit [32].
71.
Ibid.
72.
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and Government of Republic of India on Bilateral Cooperation for Prevention of Human Trafficking in Women and Children; Rescue, Recovery Repatriation and Reintegration of victims of Trafficking. Retrieved from www.mofa.gov.bd/sites/default/files/MoU%20on%20Human%20Trafficing.pd.
73.
Haokip [33].
74.
‘The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016’ PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved from http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016-4348/. Accessed on 12 December 2017.
75.
‘Bengali Group Slams AASU for opposing Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016’ India Today 25 October 2016. Retrieved from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengali-group-slams-aasu-for-opposing-citizenship-amendment/1/795452.html. Accessed on 20 December 2016.
76.
AASU heat on Hindu Migrants The Telegraph 25 June 2016 https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160626/jsp/frontpage/story_93301.jsp#.WG8oUNL5jIU. Accessed on 7 January 2017.
77.
Accord between AASU, AAGSP and the Central Government on the Foreign National Issue (Assam Accord) 15 August 1985. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_850815_Assam%20 Accord.pdf. Accessed on 25 October 2017.
78.
Ibid.
79.
Kashyap [34].
80.
Ibid.
81.
Kashyap [35].
82.
Ibid.
83.
“What Are the Admissible Documents?” Office of the Coordinator of National Registration, Assam, Government of Assam Retrieved from http://nrcassam.nic.in/admin-documents.html. Accessed on 4 January 2017.
84.
Ibid.
85.
Ibid.
86.
Bhasin [36].
87.
Ibid., p. 2092.
88.
Vardarajan [37].
89.
Bhasin [36].
90.
‘Bangladesh’s Border Guard says cattle smuggling across India border has come down. The Indian Express 20 September 2016. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bangladesh-border-guard-cattle-cow-smuggling-3040688/.
91.
Ibid.
92.
Ibid.
93.
Ibid.
94.
Rahman [38].
95.
Ibid.
96.
Ibid.
97.
Cattle smuggling across Indo–Bangla border a security threat: Experts. Retrieved from http://www.orfonline.org/research/cattle-smuggling-across-indo-bangla-border-a-security-threat-experts/. Accessed on 6 January 2017.
98.
Ibid.
99.
India–Bangladesh Joint Statement During the State Visit of Prime Minister of Bangladesh to India (8 April 2017), Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/28362/India_Bangladesh_Joint_Statement_during_the_State_Visit_of_Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh_to_India_April_8_2017. Accessed on 10 April 2017.
100.
Ramachandran [39].
101.
It is also called as Romanian AK-22 which is used to train the military recruits before handing them AK-47.
102.
Roy [40].
103.
Hasan [41].
104.
‘Bloody End to Dhaka Hostage Crisis’ [42].
105.
Ibid.
106.
Miglani [43].
107.
Ibid.
108.
A journalist friend based in West Asia and covers the news for Al-Jazeera told me that about 99 percent of the local cadres from the IS has no idea that there is a world beyond Europe, America and Middle East.
109.
Riaz [44].
110.
Ghosh [45].
111.
“Burdwan Blast: JMB Tried to Induct Boys from Assam Madrasa to Create Modules,” (7 December 2014) The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/burdwan-blast-probe-key-suspect-shahnoor-alam-arrested/. Accessed on 6 June 2016.
112.
“2005 Intel Revealed Bangladesh Radicals Plan for India: WikiLeaks,” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2005-intel-revealed-Bangladesh-radicals-plan-for-India-Wikileaks/articleshow/44921152.cms. Accessed on 20 December 2014.
113.
Hauzel [46].
114.
Ibid.
115.
See Schendel, William Van “A war within a war: Mizo Rebels and Bangladesh Liberation Struggle”. Modern Asian Studies Volume 50, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 75–117.
116.
“BSF Gives List of 66 Terror Camps to Bangladesh,” rediff.com, 9 March 2014. Retrieved from URL: http://www.rediff.com/news/report/bsf-gives-list-of-66-terror-campsto-bangladesh/20140309.htm.
117.
“NSCN’s Cox’s Bazar Armsdrop Plan Revealed,” bdnews24.com, 1 April 2014. Retrieved from https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/04/01/nscn-s-cox-s-bazar-armsdrop-plan-revealed. Accessed on 15 January 2017.
118.
‘North Dinajpur-BSF finds 80-metre tunnel near Border outpost’ The Indian Express 27 April 2017. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/north-dinajpur-bsf-finds-80-metre-tunnel-near-border-outpost-4629722/. Accessed on 27 April 2017.
119.
Security, a prime concern after enclaves exchange The Hindu 2 August 2015. Retrieved from http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indiabangladesh-land-boundary-agreement-security-a-prime-concern-after-enclaves-exchange/article7491756.ece.
120.
Ibid.
121.
Ibid.
122.
Ibid.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Ibid.
125.
Vardarajan [37].
126.
India, Bangladesh sign pact to amend Extradition Treaty 28 July 2016. The Assam Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2916/at054.
127.
‘Visit of foreign secretary to Bangladesh (11–12 May 2016)’ Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26819/Visit_of_Foreign_Secretary_to_Bangladesh_May_1112_2016. Accessed on 12 May 2016.
128.
‘Together against all terrorism’ (2016, 13 May). The Daily Star Retrieved http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/together-against-all-terrorism-1222996.
129.
Ibid.
130.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=153334.
131.
‘First Integrated Check post along Bangladesh Border’ The Hindu (9 November 2013) http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/first-integrated-check-post-along-bangladesh-border/article5332466.ece. Accessed on 3 January 2017.
132.
Yikun and Wei [47].
133.
Ibid.
134.
Dubey [48].
135.
‘Management of Indo-Bangladesh Border’ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf. Accessed on 12 December 2017.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Ibid.
138.
Bhasin [36, p. 2076]
139.
Rajagopal [49].
140.
‘Laser Walls and Smart Censors at India-Bangladesh Border, Soon’ The Indian Express 2 January 2017. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/laser-walls-smart-sensors-at-india-bangladesh-border-soon-4454961/).
141.
Ibid.
142.
Ibid.
143.
Ibid.
144.
Ibid.
145.
Ibid.
146.
Pisharoty [50].
147.
43rd BSF (India)—BGB (Bangladesh) Director General Level Border Coordination Conference––2016 (30 September–5 October 2016), at New Delhi. Retrieved from http://bsf.nic.in/en/press.html. Accessed on 15 November 2017.
148.
Ibid.
149.
Ibid.
150.
41ST BSF (India)—BGB (Bangladesh) Director General Level Border Coordination Conference––2015 IS Under Progress at BSF HQ, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://bsf.nic.in/en/press.html. Accessed on 15 November 2017.
151.
43RD BSF (India)—BGB (Bangladesh) Director General Level Border Coordination Conference—2016 (30 September to 5 October 2016), at New Delhi. Retrieved from http://bsf.nic.in/en/press.html. Accessed on 15 November 2017.
152.
Law [51].
153.
Ibid.
154.
http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/mou-between-india-and-bangladesh-and-mode-of-operation-of-border-haats-for-setting-up-of-border-haats/.
155.
Ibid.
156.
‘Border Haats’ Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. Retrieved from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155324. Accessed on 12 November 2017.
157.
Ibid.
158.
Ibid.
159.
List of Agreements/MoUs Exchanged During the State Visit of Prime Minister of Bangladesh to India (7–10 April 2017), Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/28360/List_of_AgreementsMoUs_exchanged_during_the_State_Visit_of_Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh_to_India_April_0710_2017.

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Ranjan, A. (2018). Post-LBA Dynamics: An Assessment. In: India–Bangladesh Border Disputes. South Asia Economic and Policy Studies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8384-6_5

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