Abstract
Thidiazuron (TDZ) has been in use for in vitro shoot regeneration, in particular, recalcitrant woody perennials. Owing to its superiority over natural cytokinins in plant regeneration, TDZ has been the plant growth regulator (PGR) of choice for mature tissues. In majority of the tree species, TDZ has induced regeneration via axillary shoot proliferation, adventitious shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Interestingly, TDZ has evoked different regeneration routes from the same explant at different concentrations. In addition, various other factors like pretreatment, explant type, maturity, orientation, TDZ concentration, combination with other PGRs and organic additives interact synergistically to promote shoot regeneration. Despite being potent PGR, supra-optimal level of TDZ produces shoot abnormalities like vitrification/hyperhydricity (stunted shoots) or fasciation (fused shoots). In shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, prolonged exposure to TDZ resulted in callus necrosis or reversal of shoot buds or somatic embryos to callus. Therefore, this review paper is intended to bring out the effectiveness of TDZ in woody plant tissue culture. The authors also emphasize on various interacting factors to minimize the negative consequences of TDZ treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- BA:
-
Benzyladenine
- GA3 :
-
Gibberellic acid
- IAA:
-
Indole-3-acetic acid
- IBA:
-
Indole-3-butyric acid
- Kin:
-
Kinetin
- MS:
-
Murashige and Skoog
- NAA:
-
α-naphthalene acetic acid
- PGR:
-
Plant growth regulator
- SE:
-
Somatic embryo
- SSE:
-
Secondary somatic embryo
- TDZ:
-
Thidiazuron
References
Aggarwal G, Gaur A, Srivastava DK (2015) Establishment of high frequency shoot regeneration system in Himalayan poplar (Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle) from petiole explants using thidiazuron cytokinin as plant growth regulator. J For Res 26:651–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-015-0048-6
Ahmad N, Anis M (2007) Rapid plant regeneration protocol for cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82:585–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2007.11512277
Ahmed MR, Anis M (2012) Role of TDZ in the quick regeneration of multiple shoots from nodal explant of Vitex trifolia L.-an important medicinal plant. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 168:957–966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9799-0
Ahn YJ, Vang L, McKeon TA, Chen GQ (2007) High-frequency plant regeneration through adventitious shoot formation in castor (Ricinus communis L.) In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 43:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-006-9009-2
Arndt FR, Rusch R, Stillfried HV, Hanisch B, Martin WC (1976) SN 49537, a new cotton defoliant. Plant Physiol 57:S–99
Bandyopadhyay S, Hamill JD (2000) Ultrastructural studies of somatic embryos of Eucalyptus nitens and comparisons with zygotic embryos found in mature seeds. Ann Bot 86:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1192
Barrueto Cid LP, Machado AC, Carvalheira SB, Plant BAC (1999) Regeneration from seedling explants of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 56:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006283816625
Baskaran P, van Staden J (2012) Somatic embryogenesis of Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 109:517–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0118-9
Bunn E, Senaratna T, Sivasithamparam K, Dixon KW (2005) In vitro propagation of Eucalyptus phylacis L. Johnson and K. Hill., a critically endangered relict from western Australia. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:812–815. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2005700
Caboni E, Tonelli M, Falasca G, Damiano C (1996) Factors affecting adventitious shoot regeneration in vitro in the apple rootstock ‘Jork 9’. Adv Hortic Sci 10:146–150
Capelle SC, Mok DWS, Kirchner SC, Mok MC (1983) Effects of thidiazuron on cytokinin autonomy and the metabolism of N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)[8-14C] adenosine in callus tissues of Phaseolus lunatus L. Plant Physiol 73:796–802. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.73.3.796
Corredoira E, Ballester A, Vieitez AM (2008) Thidiazuron-induced high-frequency plant regeneration from leaf explants of Paulownia tomentosa mature trees. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 95:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-008-9433-6
Cuenca B, Ballester A, Vieitez AM (2000) In vitro adventitious bud regeneration from internode segments of beech. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 60:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006428717309
Daigny G, Paul H, Sangwan RS, Sangwan-Norreel BS (1996) Factors influencing secondary somatic embryogenesis in Malus x domestica Borkh. (cv ‘Gloster 69’). Plant Cell Rep 16:153–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890857
Deore AC, Johnson TS (2008) High-frequency plant regeneration from leaf-disc cultures of Jatropha curcas L.: an important biodiesel plant. Plant Biotechnol Rep 2:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-008-0042-y
Devi PS, Arundathi A, Rao TR (2011) Multiple shoot induction and regeneration of whole plants from cotyledonary node and nodal explants of Sterculia urens Roxb., a gum yielding tree. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 20:161–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-011-0041-x
Dobránszki J, Magyar-Tábori K, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Kiss E, Lazányi J, Bubán T (2002) Effect of conditioning apple shoots with meta-topolin on the morphogenic activity of in vitro leaves. Acta Agron Hung 50:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAgr.50.2002.2.1
Ďurkovič J, Mišalová A (2008) Micropropagation of temperate noble hardwoods: an overview. Func Plant Sci Biotechnol 2:1–19
Etienne H, Bertrand B, Georget F, Barry-Etienne D (2013) Development of coffee somatic and zygotic embryos to plants differs in the morphological, histochemical and hydration aspects. Tree Physiol 33:640–653. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt034
Faisal M, Ahmad N, Anis MF (2005) Shoot multiplication in Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. using thidiazuron. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 80:187–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-0567-x
Feyissa T, Welander M, Negash L (2005) In vitro regeneration of Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. (Rosaceae) from leaf explants. Plant Cell Rep 24:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0949-5
George MW, Tripepi RR (1994) Cytokinins, donor plants and time in culture affect shoot regenerative capacity of American elm leaves. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 39:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037588
Hammatt N, Grant NJ (1998) Shoot regeneration from leaves of Prunus serotina Ehrh. (black cherry) and P. avium L. (wild cherry). Plant Cell Rep 17:526–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050436
Hosseini-Nasr M, Rashid A (2004) Thidiazuron-induced high-frequency shoot regeneration from root region of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings. Biol Plant 47:593–596. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000041068.19770.95
Huetteman C, Preece J (1993) Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 33:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01983223
Ipekci Z, Gozukirmizi N (2004) Indirect somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf and internode explants of Paulownia elongata. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 79:341–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-003-4632-7
Jiménez VM, Bangerth F (2001) Endogenous hormone levels in explants and in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cultures of carrot. Physiol Plant 111:389–395. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110317.x
Khan MI, Anis M (2012) Modulation of in vitro morphogenesis in nodal segments of Salix tetrasperma Roxb. through the use of TDZ, different media types and culture regimes. Agrofor Syst 86:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9512-x
Kieber JJ, Schaller GE (2014) Cytokinins. Arabidopsis Book 12:e0168. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0168
Kim KM, Kim MY, Yun PY, Chandrasekhar T, Lee HY, Song PS (2007) Production of multiple shoots and plant regeneration from leaf segments of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) J Plant Biol 50:440–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030680
Kumar S, Kumaria S, Tandon P (2010a) Efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol from leaf explant of Jatropha curcas L. – a promising biofuel plant. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 19:273–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03263356
Kumar N, Vijay Anand KG, Reddy MP (2010b) In vitro plant regeneration of non-toxic Jatropha curcas L.: direct shoot organogenesis from cotyledonary petiole explants. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 13:189–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-010-0039-2
Kuzovkina YA, Volk TA (2009) The characterization of willow (Salix L.) varieties for use in ecological engineering applications: co-ordination of structure, function and autecology. Ecol Eng 35:1178–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.03.010
Li Z, Traore A, Maximova S, Guiltinan MJ (1998) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from floral explants of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using thidiazuron. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 34:293–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02822737
Lin HS, De Jeu MJ, Jacobsen E (1997) Direct shoot regeneration from excised leaf explants of in vitro grown seedlings of Alstroemeria L. Plant Cell Rep 16:770–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050317
Liu X, Pijut PM (2008) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of mature black cherry (Prunus serotina). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 94:113–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-008-9393-x
Lu CY (1993) The use of thidiazuron in tissue culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 29:92–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632259
Magyar-Tábori K, Dobránszki J, da Silva JAT, Bulley SM, Hudák I (2010) The role of cytokinins in shoot organogenesis in apple. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 101:251–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9696-6
Mamaghani MS, Assareh MH, Omidi M, Matinizadeh M, Ghamari-Zare A, Shahrzad S et al (2009) The effect of thidiazuron level on in vitro regeneration type and peroxidase profile in Eucalyptus microtheca F. muell. Plant Growth Regul 59:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-009-9404-x
Mante S, Scorza R, Cordts JM (1989) Plant regeneration from cotyledons of Prunus persica, Prunus domestica, and Prunus cerasus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 19:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037771
Mashkina OS, Tabatskaya TM, Gorobets AI, Shestibratov KA (2010) Method of clonal micropropagation of different willow species and hybrids. Appl Biochem Microbiol 46:769–775. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683810080065
Meyer HJ, Van Staden J (1988) In vitro multiplication of Ixia flexuosa. Hortscience 23:1070–1071
Mok MC, Mok DWS, Armstrong DJ, Shudo K, Isogai Y, Okamoto T (1982) Cytokinin activity of N-phenyI-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron). Phytochemistry 21:1509–1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(82)85007-3
Mok MC, Mok DWS, Turner JE, Mujer CV (1987) Biological and biochemical effects of cytokinin-active phenylurea derivatives in tissue culture systems. Hort Sci 22:1194–1196
Mulwa RMS, Bhalla PL (2006) In vitro plant regeneration from immature cotyledon explants of macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla L. Johnson). Plant Cell Rep 25:1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0182-x
Murch SJ, Saxena PK (2001) Molecular fate of thidiazuron and its effects on auxin transport in hypocotyls tissues of Pelargonium hortorum Bailey. Plant Growth Regul 35:269–275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014468905953
Murthy BNS, Saxena PK (1998) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) Plant Cell Rep 17:469–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050427
Murthy BNS, Murch SJ, Saxena PK (1998) Thidiazuron: a potent regulator of in vitro plant morphogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 34:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02822732
Newton AC, Allnutt TR, Gillies ACM, Lowe AJ, Ennos RA (1999) Molecular phylogeography, intraspecific variation and the conservation of tree species. Trends Ecol Evol 14:140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01555-9
Nickle TC, Yeung E (1993) Failure to establish a functional shoot meristem may be a cause of conversion failure in somatic embryos of Daucus carota (Apiaceae). Am J Bot 80:1284–1291. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445712
Oldfield S, Lusty C, Mac Kinven A (1998) The world list of threatened trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge
Pal A, Negi VS, Borthakur D (2012) Efficient in vitro regeneration of Leucaena leucocephala using immature zygotic embryos as explants. Agrofor Syst 84:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9438-8
Paul S, Dam A, Bhattacharyya A, Bandyopadhyay TK (2011) An efficient regeneration system via direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis for the medicinal tree Murraya koenigii. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 105:271–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9864-8
Pawlicki N, Welander M (1994) Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf segments of in vitro cultured shoots of the apple rootstock ‘Jork 9’. J Hortic Sci 69:687–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1994.11516501
Perttu KL, Kowalik PJ (1997) Salix vegetation filters for purification of waters and soils. Biomass Bioenergy 12:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00063-3
Pesce PG, Rugini E (2004) Influence of plant growth regulators, carbon sources and iron on the cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of transgenic cherry rootstock Colt’ (Prunus avium × P. pseudocerasus). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 79:223–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-0663-y
Poudyal BK, Zhang Y, Du G (2008) Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro. Front Agric China 2:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-008-0016-4
Rao AN, Lee SK (1986) An overview of the in vitro propagation of woody plants and plantation crops. In: Withers LA, Aldeson PG (eds) Plant tissue culture and its agricultural application. University Press, Cambridge, pp 123–138
Shaik NM, Arha M, Nookaraju A, Gupta SK, Srivastava S, Yadav AK et al (2009) Improved method of in vitro regeneration in Leucaena leucocephala – a leguminous pulpwood tree species. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 15:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-009-0035-5
Shi X, Dai X, Liu G, Zhang J, Ning G, Bao M (2010) Cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis and efficient plant regeneration in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L.) In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 46:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-009-9272-0
Singh M, Jaiswal U, Jaiswal VS (2001) Thidiazuron-induced shoot multiplication and plant regeneration in bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus nees). J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 10:133–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03263122
Singh CK, Raj SR, Jaiswal PS, Patil VR, Punwar BS, Chavda JC et al (2016) Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro plant regeneration of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) via organogenesis. Agrofor Syst 90:281–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9853-3
Sriskandarajah S, Goodwin P (1998) Conditioning promotes regeneration and transformation in apple leaf explants. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 53:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006044429449
van Staden J, Zazimalova E, George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators. II. Cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 205–226
Sugiyama M (1999) Organogenesis in vitro. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:61–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(99)80012-0
Sujatha K, Panda BM, Hazra S (2008) De novo organogenesis and plant regeneration in Pongamia pinnata, oil producing tree legume. Trees 22:711–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0230-y
Tang W, Newton RJ (2005) Plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos in white pine (Pinus strobus L.) Plant Cell Rep 24:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0914-3
Taylor MG, Vasil IK (1996) The ultrastructure of somatic embryo development in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Poaceae). Am J Bot 83:28–44
Thengane SR, Kulkarni DK, Shrikhande VA, Krishnamurthy KV (2001) Effect of thidiazuron on adventitious shoot regeneration from seedling explants of Nothapodytes foetida. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 37:206–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0036-8
Thomas JC, Katterman FR (1986) Cytokinin activity induced by thidiazuron. Plant Physiol 81:681–683
Vervaeke P, Luyssaert S, Mertens J, Meers E, Tack FMG, Lust N (2003) Phytoremediation prospects of willow stands on contaminated sediment: a field trial. Environ Pollut 126:275–282
Vieitez AM, San-José MC (1996) Adventitious shoot regeneration from Fagus sylvatica leaf explants in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 32:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02822757
Vila S, Conzalez A, Rey H, Mroginski L (2003) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature zygotic embryos of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 39:239–243. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2002377
Vinocur B, Carmi T, Altman A, Ziv M (2000) Enhanced bud regeneration in aspen (Populus tremula L.) roots cultured in liquid media. Plant Cell Rep 19:1146–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990000243
Vinoth A, Ravindhran R (2013) In vitro propagation – a potential method for plant conservation. Int J Comput Algorithm 2:268–272
Wang Y, Yao R (2017) Plantlet regeneration of adult Pinus massoniana Lamb. trees using explants collected in March and thidiazuron in culture medium. J For Res:1–7. 10.1007/s11676-017-0412-9
Wang HM, Liu HM, Wang WJ, Zu YG (2008) Effects of thidiazuron, basal medium and light quality on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro cultured stem of Populus alba × P. berolinensis. J For Res 19:257–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0042-3
Xie D, Hong Y (2001) In vitro regeneration of Acacia mangium via organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 66:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010632619342
Yang M, Xie X, He X, Zhang F (2006) Plant regeneration from phyllode explants of Acacia crassicarpa via organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 85:241–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-006-9082-6
Zhang X, Zhao J, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ma G (2016) In vitro plant regeneration from nodal segments of the spontaneous F1 hybrid Santalum yasi × S. album and its parents S. album and S. yasi. Trees 30:1983–1994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-016-1426-1
Zhou H, Li M, Zhao X, Fan X, Guo A, Zhang X et al (2010) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of the peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’ (Prunus persica × P. davidiana). Plant Cell Rep 101:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9666-z
Acknowledgements
The project is financially supported by University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi [F. 39-259/2010 (SR) dated 27 December 2010] under the scheme Major Research Project granted to Dr. R. Ravindhran. The authors are also thankful to the Loyola College management, Chennai, for providing the laboratory and infrastructure facilities. We also express our sincere gratitude to Dr. G. Ganesan and Dr. S. Selvalakshmi for their critical comments and suggestions on the manuscript.
Author Contributions
AV and RR conceptualized the manuscript. AV prepared the manuscript, while RR edited and provided critical inputs to the manuscript for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the review paper was written in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vinoth, A., Ravindhran, R. (2018). In Vitro Morphogenesis of Woody Plants Using Thidiazuron. In: Ahmad, N., Faisal, M. (eds) Thidiazuron: From Urea Derivative to Plant Growth Regulator. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8003-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8004-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)