Skip to main content

Abstract

Deep convolutional neural networks are becoming increasingly popular in large-scale image recognition, classification, localization, and detection. In this paper, the performance of state-of-the-art convolution neural networks (ConvNets) models of the ImageNet challenge (ILSVRC), namely VGG16, VGG19, OverFeat, ResNet50, and Inception-v3 which achieved top-5 error rates up to 4.2% are analyzed in the context of face recognition. Instead of using handcrafted feature extraction techniques which requires a domain-level understanding, ConvNets have the advantages of automatically learning complex features, more training time, and less evaluation time. These models are benchmarked on AR and Extended Yale B face dataset with five performance metrics, namely Precision, Recall, F1-score, Rank-1 accuracy, and Rank-5 accuracy. It is found that GoogleNet ConvNets model with Inception-v3 architecture outperforms than other four architectures with a Rank-1 accuracy of 98.46% on AR face dataset and 97.94% accuracy on Extended Yale B face dataset. It confirms that deep CNN architectures are suitable for real-time face recognition in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 259.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. T. Ojala, M. Pietikäinen and T. Mäenpää, “Multiresolution Gray Scale and Rotation Invariant Texture Classification with Local Binary Patterns”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 971–987, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D.G. Lowe, “Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints”, International Journal of Computer Vision, 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:visi.0000029664.99615.94, 2004.

  3. N. Dalal and B. Triggs, “Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection”, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Vol. 1, 886–893, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. Yang, Y.G. Jiang, A.G. Hauptmann, and C.W. Ngo, “Evaluating Bag-of-Visual Words Representations in Scene Classification”, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Information Retrieval (ACM), 197–206, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G.E. Hinton, “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks”, Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp. 1106–1114, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition”, International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  7. C. Szegedy, W. Liu, Y. Jia, P. Sermanet, S. Reed, D. Anguelov, D. Erhan, V. Vanhoucke, and A. Rabinovich, “Going Deeper with Convolutions”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  8. P. Sermanet, D. Eigen, X. Zhang, M. Mathieu, R. Fergus, and Y. LeCun, “Overfeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks”, International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  9. K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, “Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Z. Cao, Q. Yin, X. Tang, and J. Sun, “Face Recognition with Learning based Descriptor”, Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  11. P. Li, S. Prince, Y. Fu, U. Mohammed, and J. Elder. “Probabilistic Models for Inference about Identity”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  12. T. Berg and P. Belhumeur, “Tom-vs-Pete Classifiers and Identity preserving Alignment for Face Verification”, Proceedings of British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. F. Schroff, D. Kalenichenko, and J. Philbin, “Facenet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Taigman, M. Yang, M. Ranzato, and L. Wolf, “Deep-Face: Closing the Gap to Human Level Performance in Face Verification”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. Romero, N. Ballas, S.E. Kahou, A. Chassang, C. GattaandY. Bengio, “Fitnets: Hints for Thin Deep Nets”, arXiv:1412.6550, 2014.

  16. J. Ba and R. Caruana, “Do deep nets really need to be deep?”, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27, arXiv:1312.6184, 2014.

  17. M.D. Zeiler, and R. Fergus, “Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks”, European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  18. A.M. Martinez and R. Benavente, “The AR Face Database”, CVC Technical Report #24, June 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  19. “The Extended Yale Face Database B”, available online: http://vision.ucsd.edu/~leekc/ExtYaleDatabase/ExtYaleB.html.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research project is supported by DAE-BRNS, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India. The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to DAE-BRNS for their support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohan Raj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Raj, M., Gogul, I., Deepan Raj, M., Sathiesh Kumar, V., Vaidehi, V., Sibi Chakkaravarthy, S. (2018). Analyzing ConvNets Depth for Deep Face Recognition. In: Chaudhuri, B., Kankanhalli, M., Raman, B. (eds) Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Computer Vision & Image Processing . Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 703. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7895-8_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7895-8_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7894-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7895-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics