Abstract
Although India is home to some of the biggest global metropolises, it is still predominantly rural though in the midst of an ongoing urban transition. In this context, the Indian system of cities challenges trends currently associated with an urban transition. The goal of this chapter is to assess how India’s urban transition impacts the demographic and economic evolution of its urban system. Our analysis is based on a diachronic city series that adjusts and harmonizes changes in the definition of urban localities over 50 years.
We find that India’s urban growth is evenly distributed among cities, across size and location. One third of the fastest growing cities are small towns, emphasizing that the Indian urbanization goes beyond the million-plus cities. This can be attributed to a slow process of metropolitanization of the economy and the development of specialized clusters, often combining cities of different sizes and villages. The proportion of marginal workers tends to be higher in the small towns and in the cities of the Indo-Gangetic valley, where job intensity is also the lowest, highlighting the challenge of the economic transition from agriculture in terms of employment and the associated role of the smaller towns. Urban growth is mostly due to the natural growth of cities and to a lesser extent to rural-urban migration. Finally, seasonal migration and daily commuting that connect the rural world to the urban system also contribute to urban growth and blur the limits of the urban localities.
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Notes
- 1.
The Indian cities’ population has been counted since 1881. Between 1881 and 1961, cities have first been defined as localities of at least 5000 inhabitants, with urban characteristics, which are defined as a juxtaposition of houses that must be separated only by streets, even if these localities were not managed by a municipal government (Bose 1964 and 1970; Véron 1987; Bhagat 2002). But such a definition of the “urban localities” generated difficulties, mainly because it left too much latitude for interpretation to State Census superintendents regarding the designation of the urban entities (Bhagat 2005). As a consequence, the cities’ definition criteria were standardized for whole India in 1961 with the establishment of the Statutory Town and Census Town categories (Sivaramakrishnan et al. 2007).
- 2.
The classification is done prior to the census since the urban and rural schedules are different. This is done on the basis of information in the prior census. For details, see L http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/Circulars/11-31-10-Circular-02.doc (Accessed on 10 January 2016).
- 3.
From the project e-Geopolis, coordinated by François Moriconi-Ebrard: http://www.e-geopolis.eu/?lang=en
- 4.
Only the male workers have been considered in order to avoid the significant undercounting of women and their irregular counting from state to state (Jose 1989; Mazumdar and Neetha 2011; Thomas 2012; Ghani et al. 2013). It tends to reinforce the imbalances already observed between states (Vaidyanathan 1986; Duvvury 1989; Bhagat 2005; Behera and Behera 2013).
- 5.
When fixed city groups based on cities’ initial size are used, trends observed with mobile classes are the same; the city groups’ growth rates are less differentiated than when mobile classes are used.
- 6.
Pradhan (2013) calculated for the 2489 new census towns recognized in 2011 that 37% only were located near cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (10 km maximum of cities between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants, 15 km for cities between 500,000 and 1 million, 20 km for cities between 1 to 4 million and 25 km for cities over 4 million).
- 7.
India was divided in 593 districts according to the 2001 census (there are 707 in 2016).
- 8.
District is a substate level of territorial administration; India is subdivided in 683 districts.
- 9.
There is no data on district GDP for Karnataka available after 2005.
- 10.
Based on National Sample Survey data usual status (principal status and subsidiary status). Adding 2011 census data for cultivators and agricultural laborers, the share reaches 54.6% of the total workforce.
- 11.
The census of India defines marginal workers as people who have worked less than 6 months during the year of reference.
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Swerts, E., Denis, E., Mukhopadhyay, P. (2018). Diffuse Urbanization and Mega-Urban Regions in India: Between Reluctant and Restrictive Urbanism?. In: Rozenblat, C., Pumain, D., Velasquez, E. (eds) International and Transnational Perspectives on Urban Systems. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7799-9_11
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