Abstract
China’s opening-up to the outside world can be termed as unprecedented practical innovation. It is a process of constant independent exploration, keeping pace with the times, and constant adjustment by the CPC. Opening-up to the outside world is an important means for the CPC Central Committee to improve and develop China’s socialist system with Chinese characteristics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Hu Jintao: Firmly March on the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to Complete Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects—Report at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, November 8, 2012.
- 2.
Hu Jintao: Firmly March on the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to Complete Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects—Report at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, November 8, 2012.
- 3.
Speech of Xi Jinping at the Second Collective Learning of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on Firmly Promoting Reform and Opening-up, People’s Daily, January 2, 2013.
- 4.
Communique of the 5th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, adopted at the 5th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on October 29, 2015.
- 5.
The Chinese nation loves peace. From their bitter sufferings during war and from poverty in modern times, the Chinese people have learned the value of peace and the pressing need for development. They firmly believe that only peace can allow them to live and work in prosperity and contentment, and that only development can bring a decent standard of living. Therefore, the central goal of China’s diplomacy is to create a peaceful and stable international environment for its development. In the meantime, China strives to make its due contribution to world peace and development. It never engages in aggression or expansion, never seeks hegemony, and remains a staunch force for upholding regional and world peace and stability. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 6.
China has learned from its development course that it cannot develop behind a closed door. Taking reform and opening-up as a fundamental policy, China engages in both domestic reform and opens itself up to the outside world. It pursues independent development and takes part in economic globalization. China carries forward the fine traditions of the Chinese nation while also drawing on the achievements of other civilizations. It combines both domestic and foreign markets and uses both domestic resources and foreign resources. China integrates itself with the rest of the world with an open attitude, expands and deepens its opening-up strategy, and strengthens its exchanges and cooperation with other countries. China strives to build an open economic system that ensures better linkages with the global economy, and mutually beneficial cooperation as well as security and efficiency. China will never close its door to the outside world, and will open itself increasingly wider. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 7.
Countries are becoming increasingly interdependent in the world today. Only when the common development of all countries is realized and more people share the fruit of development can world peace and stability have a solid foundation and be effectively guaranteed. Only then can development be sustainable in all countries. Therefore, China is unswervingly following a strategy of opening-up and mutual benefit. It pursues both its own interests and the common interests of humankind and works to ensure that its own development and the development of other countries are mutually reinforcing, thus promoting the common development of all countries. China sincerely hopes to work with other countries to realize common development and prosperity. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 8.
Chapter 36 of Tao Te Ching of Lao Tze: “We must temporarily promote a person if we want to depose him and we must temporarily give to a person if we want to seize him. We must first learn from a person if we want to exterminate him.” Over time the text has changed to “We must first give to a person if we want to take from him”, which is different from the author’s meaning.
- 9.
Xi Jinping: Speech at the International Friendly Plenary Meeting and the 60th Anniversary Activity of the Founding of Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 15, 2014.
- 10.
Namely, mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, peaceful coexistence, equality and cooperation for mutual benefit, representing earliest basic principle of the concept of win-win, as followed by China.
- 11.
On February 22, 1974, Mao Tse-tung presented the concept of hegemony specifically to the United States and the Soviet Union when meeting President Kaunda of Zambia. According to Mao Tse-tung, Deng Xiaoping’s speech (approved by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC via discussions at the Special Session of the UN General Assembly) elaborated Mao Tse-tung’s strategic thought on the division of three worlds, and also presented anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, and anti-hegemonism in public, especially anti-plunder and anti-control by the superpowers. Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee: Mao Tse-tung’s Manuscripts since the Founding of New China, pp. 379–387, Vol. 13, Beijing: Central Party Literature Publishing House, 1998.
- 12.
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, p. 102, Vol. 3. People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 13.
Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, December 2005.
- 14.
By making full use of the favorable conditions created by economic globalization and regional economic cooperation, we will realize the transformation of opening-up to the outside world by focusing on exports and attracting foreign investment. An equal emphasis will be placed on imports and exports, and on attracting foreign investment and making overseas investment. We will continuously expand the reach of China’s opening-up strategy, and improve and enhance the level of the open economic system to promote China’s development, reform, and innovation. Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September, 2011.
- 15.
Wang Yi: 2014 is a year of bumper harvest for China’s diplomacy. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 24, 2014.
- 16.
Xi Jinping pointed out that, “China will work alongside other parties to actively advocate a common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security concept in Asia, establish a new regional security cooperation framework, and to jointly build a road for the security of Asia that is shared by all and is a win-win for all. China’s peaceful development begins in Asia, finds its support in Asia, and delivers tangible benefits to Asia. The Chinese people are willing to work together with other parties to realize the Asian dream of lasting peace and common development.” Xi Jinping: Actively Practice the Asian Security Concept and Jointly Create a New Situation of Security Cooperation-Speech at the Fourth Summit of Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia, Xinhua News Agency, Shanghai, May 21, 2013.
- 17.
Xi Jinping: Seek Sustained Development and Fulfill the Asia-Pacific Dream-speech at the opening ceremony of the APEC CEO Summit, Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 9, 2014.
- 18.
Xi Jinping pointed out at a conference on diplomatic work with neighboring countries that the basic policy of diplomacy with neighbors is to treat them as friends and partners, to make them feel safe, to help them develop, and to highlight the idea of affinity, sincerity, mutual benefit, and inclusiveness. To do well in diplomacy with neighbors under the latest conditions, we must analyze and deal with issues strategically, improve the capability to control the overall situation, the overall planning operation, and implementation, and to comprehensively promote diplomacy with neighbors. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, October 25, 2013.
- 19.
Xi Jinping commented at a central foreign affairs meeting that we should adhere to win-win cooperation, promote the establishment of new international relations centered on win-win cooperation, adhere to a mutually beneficial and win-win opening-up strategy, and reflect the idea of win-win cooperation in all aspects of foreign cooperation including politics, economy, security, and culture. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 29, 2014.
- 20.
Xi Jinping also mentioned at the central foreign affairs meeting that we should make a lot of friends on the prerequisite of adhering to the principle of nonalignment, and form a worldwide partnership network. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 29, 2014.
- 21.
At that time, three problems required urgent solutions: (1) Will a Sino–US war and a Sino–Soviet war occur? (2) Which country poses a greater threat to the safety of China, the Soviet Union or the United States? (3) Are there any new ideas on opening the situation? In response, Mao Tse-tung directed that Chen Yi take command, and Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, and Ye Jianying presented two international issue reports: Preliminary Estimate of the War Situation (July 1969) and View on the Current Situation (September 1969). Chen Yi et al. considered that within the triangular relations among the Soviet Union, the United States, and China, the Sino–Soviet conflict was of greater concern than the Sino–US conflict, and the US–Soviet Union was of greater concern than the Sino–Soviet conflict. In the situation that both the United States and the Soviet Union were eager to play the “China card”, China was able to exercise some strategic initiatives. See pp. 1624–1625 of Mao: A Biography (1949–1976) edited by Pang XianZhi and Jin Chongji, Beijing: Central Literature Publishing House, 2003.
- 22.
Qian Qishen: Mao Tse-tung is creating new diplomacy and international strategic thought of New China-speech at the opening ceremony of Mao Tse-tung’s life and thought seminar on December 26, 1993, Ten Episodes in China’s Diplomacy, Beijing: World Affairs Press, 2003.
- 23.
Jin Chongji: Outline of History of China in the 20th Century, pp. 1072–1073, Vol. 3, Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2009.
- 24.
In September 1983, Deng Xiaoping wrote a motto for Beijing Jingshan School, “education shall be oriented to modernization, the world and the future”.
- 25.
Hu AnGang: Reassessment of China’s accession to the WTO: how does China implement comprehensive opening-up, comprehensive participation, comprehensive cooperation and comprehensive promotion. China Study, (26), 2006, November 28.
- 26.
Planning Department of the National Development and Reform Commission. Key Special Planning on Accession to the World Trade Organization to Improve the International Competitiveness. Key Special Planning on the National “10th Five-Year Plan”. Beijing: China Prices Press, 2002.
- 27.
Xi Jinping: Speech by President Xi Jinping at the 2nd Plenary Meeting of the 5th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee (Excerpts), Qiushi, No. 1, 2016.
- 28.
Peaceful development. The Chinese nation loves peace. From their bitter sufferings from war and poverty since modern times, the Chinese people have learned the value of peace and the pressing need of development. They firmly believe that only peace can allow them to live and work in prosperity and contentment and that only development can bring them decent living. Therefore, the central goal of China’s diplomacy is to create a peaceful and stable international environment for its development. In the meantime, China strives to make its due contribution to world peace and development. It never engages in aggression or expansion, never seeks hegemony, and remains a staunch force for upholding regional and world peace and stability. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 29.
Open development. China has learned from its development course that it cannot develop itself with its door closed. Taking reform and opening-up as a basic policy, China both carries out domestic reform and opens itself to the outside world, both pursues independent development and takes part in economic globalization and both carries forward the fine traditions of the Chinese nation and draws on all the fine achievements of other civilizations. It combines both the domestic market and foreign market and uses both domestic resources and foreign resources. China integrates itself with the rest of the world with an open attitude, expands and deepens the opening strategy, and strengthens exchanges and cooperation with other countries. It strives to build an open economic system which ensures better linkages with the global economy, mutually beneficial cooperation as well as security and efficiency. China will never close its door to the outside world, and will open itself increasingly wider. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 30.
Common development. In the present world, countries are becoming increasingly interdependent. Only when common development of all countries is realized and more people share the fruit of development, can world peace and stability have a solid foundation and be effectively guaranteed, and can development be sustainable in all countries. Therefore, China unswervingly follows a strategy of opening-up and mutual benefit. It pursues consistency of its own interests and the common interests of mankind and works to ensure that its own development and the development of other countries are mutually reinforcing, thus promoting the common development of all countries. China sincerely hopes to work with other countries to realize common development and prosperity. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 31.
China encourages least-developed countries to expand their exports to China and has pledged zero tariffs for more than 95% exports from least-developed countries that have have diplomatic relations with China. The Chinese government has reduced and canceled 380 debts incurred by 50 heavily indebted poor countries and least-developed countries, trained 120,000 people for other developing countries, and sent 21,000 medical personnel and nearly 10,000 teachers abroad to help in other countries. See Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 32.
Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, December 22, 2005.
- 33.
Information Office of the State Council: White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development, September 6, 2011.
- 34.
Colonialism means an aggressive policy in which a capitalist power oppresses, enslaves, and exploits backward countries, and makes these countries their colony or semi-colony (CiHai (sixth edition) compact edition, p. 2450). It can be divided into two stages: the first stage is from 1450 to 1763 with the colonial expansion of European countries, commonly called “colonies of the mercantilism times” by Western commentators; the second stage is from 1763 to 1875 with colonial expansion from Europe to the rest of the world, and termed “colonies of the Industrial Revolution” in the West.
- 35.
Lenin pointed out in the book Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1979) that if it is necessary to give imperialism a brief definition, then imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism (Lenin Collected Works, p. 650, vol. 2). Lenin pointed out that the transition of capitalism from the free competition stage to the monopoly stage was finally completed in between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Only capitalist countries have the foundation to implement imperialism. Imperialism is monopolistic, parasitic, decayed, and dying capitalism, and is the highest and final stage of the capitalist development.
- 36.
Hegemonism refers to the policy of seeking hegemony in the world or a region, and usually means that a big power or a great power does not respect the sovereignty and independence of other countries, and interferes with, controls, and rules other countries (CiHai (sixth edition) compact edition, p. 54).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hu, A., Yan, Y., Tang, X. (2018). Open Development. In: Xi Jinping's New Development Philosophy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7736-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7736-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7735-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7736-4
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)