Abstract
This chapter will examine the power of politics in influencing culture, memory, the community, institutions, and social order, which together condition individual and collective action. While, for historical reasons, the politics of nationalism in China has emerged through historical experiences of greatness and humiliation, it aims to maintain cultural autonomy and unity in China’s education to serve the purpose of nation-building depending on the prevailing contemporary political ideology. In particular, this chapter will map out some forms of authorities and illustrations on how historical memory has been strengthened by Chinese educational socialization. With tensions between China and foreign countries, it will also describe how Chinese people’s historical consciousness has been traced and educated by the complexities of myth and trauma, particularly between 1949 and the mid-2010s.
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- 1.
This book project adopted simplified Chinese characters, but I do not have a political stand on this usage. As this book is based on contemporary China’s education, simplified characters were adopted for today’s society. Simplified Chinese characters are used in Mainland China and Singapore, while traditional Chinese characters have been adopted in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other overseas Chinese communities in the world.
- 2.
Most stories about the Great Wall of China claim that it was built in order to keep the nomadic tribes from the northern boundary. In 221 BC, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang , conquered the other six states and unified China and then ordered the construction of the 5000-km Great Wall to repel incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. Over the following 2000 years, more than 20 stages and dynasties have played a part in its construction across northern China and southern Mongolia. The best-known and best-preserved section of the Great Wall was built during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) to protect the country from invading nomads from Mongolia. The Great Wall was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987.
- 3.
The following website lists the distribution of major ethnic groups in China: http://www.absolutechinatours.com/ethnic-groups.html
- 4.
The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and the disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. The roots of the Boxer Rebellion can be found in the 1895 Euro-centric settlement after Japan’s defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War. “Boxers” was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the I-ho ch’üan (“Righteous and Harmonious Fists” 义和团). Members of the Boxers practiced boxing and callisthenic rituals (hence, the nickname the “Boxers”), and they believed that foreign bullets could not harm them. The Boxer Rebellion served as yet another excuse for the powerful countries in Europe, the U.S., and Japan to interfere with the Chinese Government and take partial political and economic control within China (see Buck, 1987; Purcell, 1963).
- 5.
During the First World War, China supported the Allies on the condition that control over Shandong Province would be returned to China if the Allies triumphed. At the end of the Frist World War in 1918, China was convinced that it would be able to reclaim the territories occupied by the Germans. However, the transfer of German rights to Shandong to Japan at the Versailles Peace Conference created anger among the Chinese people. Infuriated by China’s humiliation at the Versailles Peace Conference, approximately 3000 students from 13 Beijing universities assembled at the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Tiananmen Square to protest against the Conference on May 4, 1919.
- 6.
The Mukden Incident (or Manchurian Incident), which took place in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China, was a staged event engineered by Japanese troops as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in Northeast China in 1931 and the establishment of the Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo in the area.
- 7.
Manchukuo was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy.
- 8.
Yan’an is regarded as a holy place of the Chinese Revolution. It is a small town located in the north of Central China’s Shaanxi Province , about 300 km from Xian , the capital of Shaanxi Province. It became the headquarters of the CPC from 1936, after the Long March, to 1949. The Yan’an period is always referred to by the years 1937–1945, and it was crucial in preparing the CPC for power.
- 9.
The China Expeditionary Army was an army group of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War.
- 10.
The poster can be viewed at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/17732992262541425
- 11.
After the First Opium War (1839–1942), Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories beginning in 1898. Under British administration, the Hong Kong Government was in the hands of the Governor, with an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. The transfer of sovereignty of Macau from the Portuguese Republic to the PRC happened on December 20, 1999.
- 12.
The KMT (also spelled Guomindang by its Pinyin transliteration) Party is often translated as the Nationalist Party of China or the Chinese Nationalist Party. Supported by Sun Yat-sen , Chiang Kai-shek was appointed commandant of the Wham poa Military Academy in Canton in 1924, where he established the Nationalist Army . After Sun’s death in 1926, Chiang became leader of the KMT for five decades.
- 13.
The “century of humiliation ” (also known as the “hundred years of national humiliation”) refers to the period between 1839 and 1949, a time of intervention and imperialism by Western powers and Japan in China. This period came to an end only after the CPC and the Red Army (the predecessor of the current People’s Liberation Army) won the Chinese Civil War , banished Chiang Kai-shek ’s KMT from the mainland, and established the PRC on October 1, 1949.
- 14.
The Central Propaganda Department of the CPC has a central guiding role over Chinese society in the current era. It oversees the propaganda and education systems and is responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China’s publishers, in particular its news publishers and the publishing industry, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the CPC’s political dogma. It also instructs and monitors film, television, and radio broadcasting, the Internet, and other aspects of cultural and information production. Moreover, it requires publishers and editors to attend indoctrination sessions where they are instructed to implement a proper ideological approach in reporting politically sensitive topics.
- 15.
Mei Lanfang (1894–1961) is the most famous Chinese theatrical performer of the twentieth century, with his dedication and tasteful characterization of dan (the female roles of Beijing (Peking) opera). He was a leading figure in spreading Beijing opera throughout the world. In 1931, Mei established the National Drama Study Association (guoju xuehui 国剧学会) for the promotion of opera. He claimed that opera was not only an appreciation of the drama in its national tradition but also “the drama that best represents the nation” (cited in Zou, 1998, p. 26). Such an assertion has been applauded by all Chinese governments ever since.
- 16.
The plot was a Japanese invasion in China at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Japanese troops overran China’s capital city, Nanking, in December and carried out the brutal Nanking Massacre . This movie is regarded as one of the first major Chinese films to prominently feature an American Hollywood star as its main character.
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Ho, WC. (2018). Exhibiting the Past: The Politics of Nationalism, Historical Memory, and Memory Practices in China’s Culture and Education. In: Culture, Music Education, and the Chinese Dream in Mainland China. Cultural Studies and Transdisciplinarity in Education, vol 7. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7533-9_2
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