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Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion pp 363–394Cite as

Modelling of Soot Formation in a Kerosene Spray Flame

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Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Modelling the formation of soot in a kerosene spray flame is an important consideration in the design and development of gas turbine combustors. The aviation gas turbine engines run on kerosene-type jet fuels. Formation and emission of soot not only pollutes the environment but also augments the radiative heat flux from the flame, which may result in overheated liners and atomizers. Many complex processes are involved in the spray combustion in gas turbine combustors, which include turbulent transport of gas, formation of the fuel spray, droplet motion and evaporation, chemical reaction and thermal radiation in addition to pollutant formation. Each of these requires adequate modelling efforts for the right prediction of the overall process. In this chapter, a modelling technique for the prediction of spray flame and soot formation has been discussed in connection with the kerosene fuel. Considering the computational economy, we have restricted the discussion on RANS-based modelling, which is still popular in the industrial scale for the prediction of combustion phenomenon. Stochastic separated flow model is considered for the two-phase transport of the droplets formed in the atomized spray. The combustion of fuel follows the non-premixed flame mode, which has been modelled using the laminar flamelet model. The soot model is a semi-empirical one for which the model constants have been optimized for kerosene fuel. It is found that the optimized constants work well for kerosene in predicting the soot, which finally leads to good predictions of the liner wall temperature and exit gas temperature from the combustor. Different cases have been run with different air flow split into the combustor to analyse the effects using the developed model.

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Abbreviations

\( a_{k} \) :

Weighting factor

\( C_{Drag} \) :

Drag coefficient

\( c_{p} \) :

Specific heat, J/kg-K

\( D \) :

Diameter of the combustor, m

D :

Diffusivity

\( d \) :

Diameter, m

\( d_{o} \) :

Mean droplet diameter, m

\( d_{{p_{soot} }} \) :

Mean diameter of soot particle, m

\( \Delta H_{v} \) :

Latent heat of vapourization, J/kg

\( h \) , H :

Enthalpy

\( h_{c} \) :

Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K

\( h_{D} \) :

Mass transfer coefficient, m/s

\( I \) :

Radiation intensity, W/m2.sr

\( k \) :

Turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2

LS :

Length scale

\( M \) :

Soot mass concentration, kg/m3

\( m \) :

Mass, kg

\( \dot{m} \) :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

\( N \) :

Particle number density, 1/m3

\( N_{A} \) :

Avogadro number

p :

Pressure, N/m2

P :

Probability density function

\( \text{Re} \) :

Reynolds number

S :

Source term

Sc :

Schmidt number

\( T \) :

Temperature, K

TI :

Turbulent intensity

\( u \), U:

Velocity, m/s

\( u^{\prime} \) :

Fluctuating velocity

\( w_{i} \) :

Quadrature weight

\( X \) :

Mole fraction

Y :

Mass fraction

\( z \) :

Path length

\( \varepsilon \) :

Rate of dissipation of turbulent KE

\( \kappa \) :

Absorption coefficient

λ:

Thermal conductivity, W/m K

\( \mu \) :

Dynamic viscosity

\( \mu_{t} \) :

Eddy viscosity

\( \nu \) :

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

\( \xi \) :

Mixture fraction

\( \xi^{\prime\prime} \) :

Variance of mixture fraction

\( \rho \) :

Density, kg/m3

\( \sigma \) :

Turbulent Prandtl number

\( \phi \) :

Scalar variable

\( \phi^{\prime} \) :

Fluctuation of scalar variable

\( \chi \) :

Scalar dissipation rate, s−1

\( \dot{\omega } \) :

Reaction rate

\( \delta_{ij} \) :

Chroneker delta

\( crit \) :

Critical

\( d \) :

Droplet

\( eff \) :

Effective

\( f \) :

Fuel

\( g \) :

Gas

\( i \) , j, k :

Coordinate direction

in :

Inlet

k :

kth species

\( l \) :

Liquid/fuel

\( rad \) :

Radiation

st :

Stoichiometric

\( \phi \) :

Scalar variable

0:

Reference value

w :

Wall

z:

In z-direction

K :

kth species

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding support from the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Govt. of India under the GATET scheme (Grant No. GTRE/GATET/CA07/1012/026/11/001) to conduct the research whose results are presented here.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Prakash Ghose

  2. Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

    Amitava Datta & Ranjan Ganguly

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

    Achintya Mukhopadhyay & Swarnendu Sen

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  1. Prakash Ghose
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  2. Amitava Datta
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  3. Ranjan Ganguly
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  4. Achintya Mukhopadhyay
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  5. Swarnendu Sen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amitava Datta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Santanu De

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  3. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Swetaprovo Chaudhuri

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Swarnendu Sen

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Ghose, P., Datta, A., Ganguly, R., Mukhopadhyay, A., Sen, S. (2018). Modelling of Soot Formation in a Kerosene Spray Flame. In: De, S., Agarwal, A., Chaudhuri, S., Sen, S. (eds) Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7410-3_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7410-3_12

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