Abstract
The Chinese society has gone through more than one hundred years of modernization. Trying to understand the tremendous social changes, scholars in the modern times wrote books on various aspects of social transformation, including artifacts, institutions, ethos, etc.
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Notes
- 1.
Fei (1999, p. 336).
- 2.
Wu and Fei (1948, p. 28).
- 3.
Xisheng (1930, pp. 12–33).
- 4.
See Xisheng (1998).
- 5.
Xisheng (1930, pp. 32–33).
- 6.
Weber (2004).
- 7.
Hansheng (2007). Several chapters of the book were first published in the 1930s.
- 8.
See Durkheim (2001).
- 9.
“The masters treated the apprentices like family members. Their relationship resembled that between father and son, or that between brothers.” See Hansheng (2007, p. 187).
- 10.
See Yang (1937).
- 11.
According to the theory of social organism in the West, which often compares the composition of the modern society to an organism, the organ of the social body, or society, is organization (or the organizational process of society). In this sense, the formation of organization, or the formation of the modern enterprise and modern government according to the principles of labor division and cooperation, is just the process by which the logic of society is realized. It can be said that without organization, there will be no basic order for the making of the modern society. For reference, see Spencer (1887), Durkheim (2000), Schaeffle (1885, pp. 84–101). Quoted in Durkheim (1888, pp. 3–7).
- 12.
This opinion can be seen in the early thoughts of Yan Fu. See Mill (1903).
- 13.
See Zhongping (2007).
- 14.
See Xiaotong (2001).
- 15.
For details about the statistics and analysis of the poverty-stricken population at that time, see Xiangfeng (1937).
- 16.
Zheng (1983, p. 30).
- 17.
The Peking Institute of Social Survey carried out a rich variety of social researches. Its research projects can be classified into ten major categories, including economic history, political system, foreign trade, population issues, statistics, etc., with the largest number of research projects going into the category of labor problems. Such projects include (1) compilation of The Second China Labor Yearbook; (2) International Labor Organization; (3) research on labor disputes in Hebei, Beiping and Tianjin; (4) survey of factory workers in Tanggu; (5) survey of Shanghai workers’ family livelihood; (6) survey of railway workers’ wages in North China; (7) survey of flour mill workers’ wages in Tianjin; (8) survey of textile workers’ wages in Northern China; (9) survey of coal mine workers’ wages in Shandong Zhongxing. Based on these projects, a series of important books were published, such as the first and second China Labor Yearbook, An Analysis of the Living Costs in Beiping, A Study on Shanghai Workers’ Living Conditions, A Survey of Tanggu Workers.
- 18.
Tao (1930, p. 14).
- 19.
Xu (1992).
- 20.
Chen (1933, pp. 140–249).
- 21.
Chen (1933, p. 578).
- 22.
Ren and Pan (2006a) reports that, according to statistics of written historical records, from 1840 to the May 4th Movement in 1919, the Chinese workers launched a total of 533 economic strikes, of which 285 strikes were launched by industrial workers in large-scale mechanized industries, accounting for 53.5% of the total. Urban handicraftsmen and unskilled laborers launched 247 strikes, accounting for 46.5% of the total. See Ren and Pan (2006a). Also see Liu and Tang (2002).
- 23.
Chen (陈达) (1931).
- 24.
Chen (1993).
- 25.
Chen (1946, p. 241).
- 26.
Chen (1933, pp. 557–558).
- 27.
See Footnote 25.
- 28.
Fang (1933, p. 1447).
- 29.
ibid. p. 1451.
- 30.
See Shen (1998).
- 31.
Sun (1998, pp. 27–36).
- 32.
In a study in the 1980s, Han Qilan queried the validity of this view. She believes that the Green Gang’s power in Shanghai and its grasp of the labor market were the root causes of the indentured laborer system. See Han (1987, pp. 129–138).
- 33.
Wu (2009, p. 321).
- 34.
Fang (2009, p. 515).
- 35.
Fei (1946, p. 223).
- 36.
Chen (1984).
- 37.
Mao (1991).
- 38.
See Yan (1943, pp. 1–7).
- 39.
See also Wu (1956).
- 40.
Perry (2001).
- 41.
Mao (1991).
- 42.
See Footnote 41.
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Qu, J., Fu, C., Wen, X. (2018). Introduction. In: Organizational Transition and Systematic Governance. Social Development Experiences in China. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7377-9_1
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